Editing Pula

{{Short description|City in Istria County, Croatia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Pola (Istria)|other uses|Pola (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Pula
| official_name      = {{lang|hr|Grad Pula}} / {{lang|it|Città di Pola}}<br />City of Pula
| other_name         = Pola
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| total_width = 260
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Pula Aerial View.jpg
| caption1 = Pula Aerial View
| image2 = Catedral de Pula, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-17, DD 65-67 HDR.jpg
| caption2 = [[Pula Cathedral]]
| image3 = Templo de Augusto, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-17, DD 71-73 HDR.jpg
| caption3 = [[Temple of Augustus, Pula|Temple of Augustus]]
| image4 = Arch of the Sergii - Pula (Croatia).jpg
| caption4 = [[Arch of the Sergii]]
| image5 = Croatia Pula Town Hall BW 2014-10-11 12-00-09.jpg
| caption5 = Town Hall
| image6 = Porta gemini.jpg
| caption6 = [[Porta Gemina]]
| image7 = Anfiteatro de Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-17, DD 13-18 HDR PAN.jpg
| caption7 = [[Pula Arena]]
}}
| image_flag         = Zastava Pule.svg
| flag_size          = 120px
| image_shield       = Grb Pule (2).svg
| shield_size        = 80px
| image_map          = {{infobox mapframe | zoom = 8 | stroke-width = 1 | shape-fill-opacity = 0.25 }}
| map_caption        = Location of Pula in Croatia
| pushpin_map        = Croatia#Europe
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{Coord|44|52|13|N|13|50|44|E|region:HR-18_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{CRO}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Istria County}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Municipalities of Croatia|Municipality]]
| leader_party       = Independent
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Filip Zoričić
| leader_title1      = City Council
| leader_name1       = {{Collapsible list
| title = 22 members<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijećnici Gradskog vijeća |url=https://www.pula.hr/hr/gradska-uprava/gradsko-vijece/vijecnici-gradskog-vijeca/ |website=pula.hr |publisher=City of Pula |access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
| frame_style=border: none; padding: 0;
| list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
| {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Filip Zoričić NL]] (4)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|We can! (Croatia)}}|border=darkgray}} [[We Can! (Croatia)|M!]] (4)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}|border=darkgray}} [[Istrian Democratic Assembly|IDS]] (4)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}|border=darkgray}} [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]] (3)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}|border=darkgray}} [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] (2)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independents]] (5)
|
}}
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite Q|Q119585703|mode=cs1}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 53.8
| area_land_km2      = 41.59
| area_urban_km2     = 53.8
| elevation_m        = 30
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2021">{{Croatian Census 2021|S}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_total   = 52220
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 52220
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = HR-52 100
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in Croatia|Area code]]
| area_code          = +385 52
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Croatia|PU]]
| website            = {{URL|pula.hr}}
}}
'''Pula''',{{efn|{{IPA|hr|pǔːla|lang|hr-Pula.ogg}}}} also known as '''Pola''',<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-10-30 |first1=Ivana |last1=Lalli Paćelat |first2=Marija |last2=Brkić Bakarić |first3=Isabella |last3=Matticchio |title=Službena dvojezičnost u Istarskoj županiji: stanje i perspektive |pages=815-837 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/245472 |doi=10.31724/rihjj.46.2.20 |journal=Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik |eissn=1849-0379 |volume=46 |issue=2 |language=hr |trans-title=Official Bilingual Status in Istria County: State and Perspectives}}</ref>{{efn|{{IPA|it|ˈpɔːla|lang}}; {{langx|vec|Pola}}; {{langx|ist|Puola}}; {{langx|sl|Pulj}}; {{langx|hu|Póla}}}} is the largest city in [[Istria County]], [[Croatia]], and the [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|seventh-largest city in the country]], situated at the southern tip of the [[Istria|Istrian peninsula]] in western Croatia, with a population of 52,220 in 2021.<ref name="Census 2021" /> It is known for its multitude of ancient [[Roman Empire|Roman]] buildings, the most famous of which is the [[Pula Arena]], one of the best preserved Roman [[amphitheaters]]. The city has a long tradition of [[wine making]], fishing, [[shipbuilding]], and tourism. It was the administrative centre of Istria from [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman times]] until superseded by [[Pazin]] in 1991.

== History ==
=== Pre-history ===
Evidence of the presence of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' one million years ago has been found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jadran.html |title=A short historical overview of Istria and, especially, Pula |first=Jadranka |last=Skorin-Kapov |author-link=Jadranka Skorin-Kapov |work=croatianhistory.net |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120144114/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jadran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pottery from the [[Neolithic]] period (6000–2000 BC), indicating [[Colonization|human settlement]], has been found around Pula. In the [[Bronze Age]] (1800–1000 BC), a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called 'gradine', or hill-top fortifications.<ref name="archeology">{{Cite web |url=http://istrianet.org/istria/archeology/history_bronze.htm |title=Istria in the Bronze Age (1800-1000 B.C.) |work=istrianet.org |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130174100/https://istrianet.org/istria/archeology/history_bronze.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in the area around Pula.<ref name="Castellieri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.istrianet.org/istria/archeology/castellieri/hillforts-istria-slovenia.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415083613/http://www.istrianet.org/istria/archeology/castellieri/hillforts-istria-slovenia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Tracking the History of the Hillforts in Istria and Slovenia |work=istrianet.org |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube.<ref name="Castellieri"/> The inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians.<ref name="Castellieri"/>

[[Pottery of ancient Greece|Greek pottery]] and a part of a statue of [[Apollo]] have been found, attesting to the presence or influence of [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]].<ref name="ShortHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jadran.html |title=A short historical overview of Istria and, especially, Pula |publisher=croatianhistory.net |access-date=6 January 2010 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120144114/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jadran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Greek tradition attributed the foundation of ''Polai'' to the [[Colchis|Colchians]], mentioned in the context of the story of [[Jason]] and [[Medea]], who had stolen the [[golden fleece]]. The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called ''Polai'', signifying "city of refuge".<ref name="Jason">{{Cite web |url=http://www.istrianet.org/istria/legends/pola_myth.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415014616/http://www.istrianet.org/istria/legends/pola_myth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Istria on the Internet – Customs – Legends – Pola |work=istrianet.org |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref>

=== Ancient period ===
[[File:Pola Anfiteatro.jpg|thumb|left|Pula Arena in 1728]]
[[File:Portageminapolacroatia01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porta Gemina]]]]
In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the [[Histri]],<ref name="Histri">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/ancient.html |title=A HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF ISTRIA |work=www2.arnes.si |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608065151/http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/ancient.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[Venetic language|Venetic]] or [[List of ancient tribes in Illyria|Illyrian tribe]].
[[Strabo]], [[Pomponius Mela]] and [[Lycophron]] wrote that it was inhabited by [[Colchians]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.2.39 |title=Strabo, Geography, 1.2.39 |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024102900/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.2.39 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://topostext.org/work/145#2.57 |title=Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, 2.57 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128090544/https://topostext.org/work/145#2.57 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1_%28%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%29#v1000 |title=Lycophron, Alexandra, 1011 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608000229/https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1_%28%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%29#v1000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Istria|Istrian peninsula]] was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC,<ref name="Histri"/> starting a period of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between 46 and 45 BC as the tenth region of the late [[Roman Republic]], under [[Julius Caesar]].<ref name="Histri"/><ref>{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=10}}</ref> During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction.

During the civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of [[Augustus|Octavian]], [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Lepidus]] against Caesar's assassins [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger|Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], the town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by [[Quintus Cassius Longinus|Cassius Longinus]], brother of Cassius. After Octavian's victory, the town was demolished. It was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavian's daughter Iulia and was then called ''Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea''. The colony was part of [[Roman Italy#Augustan organization|Venetia et Histria]], a region of [[Roman Italy]]. Great classical constructions were built of which a few remain.

A great [[amphitheatre]], [[Pula Arena]], was constructed between 27&nbsp;BC and 68&nbsp;AD,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Džin|2009|p=7}}</ref> much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied the city with water and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates remain: the triumphal [[Arch of the Sergii]], the Gate of Hercules (in which the names of the founders of the city are engraved), and the Twin Gates. During the reign of the emperor [[Septimius Severus]] the name of the town was changed to "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of an execution of two reigning ''[[Caesar (title)|caesares]]'', [[Crispus]] in 326 AD and [[Constantius Gallus]] in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a diocese, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings.<ref name="Histri"/>

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Capilla de Santa María Formosa, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 49.jpg|thumb|right|Chapel of St. Mary Formosa]]
[[File:Church-of-st-nicholas-pula.jpg|thumb|Church of St Nicholas (Sv. Mikula)]]
[[File:Fuerte Kaštel, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 46.jpg|thumb|right|Kaštel Pula]]

After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the city and region were attacked by the [[Ostrogoths]], Pula being virtually destroyed by [[Odoacer]], a Germanic ''foederati'' general in 476&nbsp;AD.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=12}}</ref> The town was ruled by the [[Ostrogoths]] from 493 to 538 AD.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> When their rule ended, Pula came under the rule of the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] (540–751). During this period Pula prospered and became the major port of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet and an integral part of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="Arheoloski">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mdc.hr/pula/eng/zbirke/sredvijek/index.htm |title=Arheoloski muzej Istre |work=mdc.hr |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081013234448/http://www.mdc.hr/pula/eng/zbirke/sredvijek/index.htm |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref> The [[Santa Maria del Canneto (Pula, Croatia)|Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa]] was built in the 6th century.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

From 788 onwards, Pula was ruled by the [[Frankish Empire]] under [[Charlemagne]], with the introduction of the [[Feudalism|feudal system]].<ref name="Arheoloski"/><ref>{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=13}}</ref><ref name="Museum">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mhas-split.hr/english/exhibitions/CharlemagneThemakingofEurope/tabid/141/AlbumID/496-24/language/hr-HR/Default.aspx |title=Charlemagne – The making of Europe |publisher=The Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments |work=mhas-split.hr |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101721/http://www.mhas-split.hr/english/exhibitions/CharlemagneThemakingofEurope/tabid/141/AlbumID/496-24/language/hr-HR/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the Franks it was part of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]]. Pula became the seat of the elective counts of Istria until 1077. The town was taken in 1148 by the Venetians and in 1150 Pula swore allegiance to the [[Republic of Venice]], thus becoming a Venetian possession. For centuries thereafter, the city's fate and fortunes were tied to those of Venetian power. It was conquered by the [[Pisa]]ns in 1192 but soon reconquered by the Venetians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zrs-kp.si/zrs/zgodovina/e-middle.html |title=A Historical Outline of Istria |work=zrs-kp.si |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406170148/http://www.zrs-kp.si/zrs/zgodovina/e-middle.html |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

In 1238 [[Pope Gregory IX]] formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against the Empire, and consequently against Pisa too. As Pula had sided with the Pisans, the city was sacked by the Venetians in 1243. It was destroyed again in 1267 and again in 1397 when the [[Genoa|Genoese]] defeated the Venetians in a naval battle. Pula then slowly went into decline. This decay was accelerated by the infighting of local families: the ancient Roman Sergi family and the Ionotasi (1258–1271) and the clash between Venice and Genoa for the control of the city and its harbour (late 13th and 14th centuries). In 1291, by the Peace of Treviso, Patriarch Raimondo della Torre gained the city as part of the [[secular realm of the Patriarchate of Aquileia]], only to lose it to Venice in 1331, which then held it until its downfall in 1797.

Pula is quoted by the Italian poet [[Dante Alighieri]], who had visited Pula, in the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'': "Sì come a Pola, presso del Carnaro, ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "As Pola, along the [[Kvarner Gulf|Quarnero]], that marks the end of Italy and bathes its boundaries".

=== Venetian, Napoleonic and early Habsburg rule ===
The [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] took over Pula in 1331 and would rule the city until 1797. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, Pula was attacked and occupied by the Genoese, the Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to war, the [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[malaria]] and [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] ravaged the city. By the 1750s there were only 3,000 inhabitants left in ancient city, an area now covered with weeds and ivy.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=15}}</ref>

With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797 following [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s [[Treaty of Campo Formio]], the city became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. It was invaded again in 1805 after the French had defeated the Austrians. It was included in the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] of Napoleon as part of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]], then placed directly under the French Empire's [[Illyrian Provinces]].

=== Austrian Littoral province and union with Italy ===

[[File:Vittoriano altare Pola P1000735.jpg|thumb|Altar of the city of Pola at the [[Altare della Patria]] in [[Rome]], Italy. Pola was at the time a so-called "[[Italian irredentism|irredent land"]]]]

In 1813, Pola (with Istria) came back to the [[Austrian Empire]]. Under the [[compromise of 1867]], the town – under the original Italian name, Pola – remained in [[Austria-Hungary]] until the latter's defeat and dissolution in 1918.<ref>Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967</ref> Under Austrian rule, Pola regained prosperity. Its large [[Harbor|natural harbour]] became Austria's main naval base and a major shipbuilding centre.<ref name="WILL"/>{{sfn|Cresswell|Atkins|Dunn|2006|p=117}} It was chosen for the base in 1859 by [[Hans Birch Dahlerup]], a Danish admiral in the service of Austria.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Subsequently, Pola grew from a fading provincial town into an industrial city. The island of Brioni (in Croatian renamed [[Brijuni]]) to the North West of Pola became the summer vacation resort of Austria's [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[royal family]]. In World War I, the port was the main base for Austro-Hungarian [[dreadnought]]s and other naval forces of the Empire.<ref name="WILL">''First World War'' – Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 186-187</ref> During this period many inhabitants were Italian speaking. The 1910 Austrian census recorded a city population of 58,562 (45.8% Italian speaking; 15.2% Croatian, the rest were mostly German-speaking military).<ref>Kocsis, Károly; Az etnikai konfliktusok történeti-földrajzi háttere a volt Jugoszlávia területén; Teleki László Alapítvány, 1993 {{ISBN|963-04-2855-5}}</ref>

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole of Istria, except the territory of Castua/[[Kastav]], went to Italy.{{sfn|Cresswell|Atkins|Dunn|2006|p=117}} Pola became the capital of the [[Province of Pola]]. The decline in population after World War I was mainly due to economic difficulties caused by the withdrawal of Austro-Hungarian military and bureaucratic facilities and the dismissal of workers from the shipyard.<ref name="Cser.it">{{cite web |url=http://www.cser.it/sunti_147.htm |title=Summary: Islam in Europe, European Islam |publisher=Cser.it |access-date=11 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306072317/http://www.cser.it/sunti_147.htm |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> Under the [[Italian Fascist]] government of [[Benito Mussolini]], non-Italians, especially Croatian residents who came to Pola under [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule, faced stringent political and cultural repression because they had now to integrate themselves into the Kingdom of Italy and learn the Italian language. Many left the city and went back to the newly created [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. After the collapse of Fascist Italy in 1943, the city was occupied by the German [[Wehrmacht]] and remained a base for U-boats. Consequently, the city was subjected to repeated Allied bombing from 1942 to 1944. In the last phase of the war, Pola saw the arrest, deportation, and execution of people suspected of aiding the Axis, by the partisans who together with the Yugoslav communists killed many soldiers and civilians, in the first episodes of what would have been named, later on, the [[Foibe massacres]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
<gallery widths="150" heights="135">
File:Pula Hotel Riviera 1904.jpg|Pula Riviera in 1904
File:Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl Matrosen.jpg|[[Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl]], Sailors in the Harbor of Pola, pastel on paper, c.&nbsp;1916. The [[James (Jack) Daulton|Jack Daulton]] Collection, Los Altos Hills, California.
File:Austro-Hungarian Dreadnoughts At Pula.jpg|Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts at Pola
File:Flag of Pula (1923-1947).svg|alt=Flag in use during the Italian rule of the city[22]|Flag in use during the Italian rule of the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trentino Friuli città |url=http://www.rbvex.it/province/comunali/trentinofriulcitta.html#pl |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.rbvex.it}}</ref>
File:Pola-Stemma (1918-1943).svg|Coat of arms in use during the Italian rule of the city
</gallery>

=== Post–World War II and modern era ===
[[File:Pula University.JPG|thumb|right|[[Juraj Dobrila University of Pula|Pula University]] building]]

After [[World War II]], the [[Istrian Italians]] of Pula left Yugoslavia towards Italy ([[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=E. White and J. Reinisch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJN9DAAAQBAJ&dq=pula+exodus+italians&pg=PA81 |title=The Disentanglement of Populations – Migration, Expulsion and Displacement in Postwar Europe, 1944–49 |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |access-date=16 February 2022 |page=81 |isbn=9780230297685 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809031808/https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Disentanglement_of_Populations/MJN9DAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=pula+exodus+italians&pg=PA81&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> For two years after 1945, Pola was administered by the [[Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories]] (AMG). Pola formed an enclave within south Istria that was occupied by Yugoslavia since 1945 with the help of Churchill. The AMG was occupied by a company of the United States 351st Infantry and a [[British battalion]] of the 24th [[Brigade of Guards|Guards Brigade]]. Istria was partitioned into occupation zones until the region became officially united with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ([[SFR Yugoslavia]]) on 15 September 1947, under terms of the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]]. The city became part of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]], a federal state within [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]], upon the ratification of the Paris Peace Treaties on 15 September 1947 – which also created the [[Free Territory of Trieste]]. Initially, Pola's population of 45,000 was largely made up of ethnic Italians, however, between December 1946 and September 1947, the vast majority of Italians fled to Italy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Subsequently, the city's Croatian name, Pula, became the official name. Today the city of Pula or Pola is officially bilingual, Croatian and Italian, hence both Pula and Pola are official names.<ref>{{cite web |publication-date=2024-11-28 |date=November 2023 |title=Izvješće o provođenju Ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i o utrošku sredstava osiguranih u Državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske za 2023. godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina |url=https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2016/Sjednice/2024/Listopad/28_sjednica_VRH//28%20-%2015.docx?lang=ro |website=Vlada Republike Hrvatske |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430005044/https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2016/Sjednice/2024/Listopad/28_sjednica_VRH//28%20-%2015.docx?lang=ro |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Since the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, Pula has been part of the [[Republic of Croatia]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Geography and climate ==
{{climate chart
| Pula (Pula, City of Pula)
| 2 | 10 | 78
| 2 | 10 | 64
| 4 | 13 | 65
| 8 | 16 | 70
| 12 | 21| 56
| 16| 25 | 53
| 18| 28 | 48
| 18| 28 | 75
| 15 | 24 | 85
| 12 | 20 | 85
| 7 | 14 | 80
| 4 | 10 | 112
| float = right
| source = [[EuroWeather]] }}
The city lies on and beneath seven hills on the inner part of a wide gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to {{cvt|38|m}}) open to the northwest with two entrances: from the sea and through Fažana channel.

Today, Pula's geographical area amounts to {{cvt|5165|ha|acre}}, {{cvt|4159|ha|acre}}<ref>{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=24}}</ref> on land and {{cvt|1015|ha|acre}} at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim and Kozada, city areas Štinjan/Stignano, Veli Vrh/Monte Grande and Sianna with its 'Kaiserwald' forest; from the east area Monteserpo, Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from the south with the old gas works, commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela, Lungomare and Musil.

Protected from the north by the mountain chain of [[Alps]] as well the inner highland, the [[climate]] is [[humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa''), with the highest [[Temperature|air temperature]] averaging {{cvt|23|°C|°F}} during July and August and lowest averaging {{cvt|6|°C|°F}}, in January and February. Summers are usually quite hot, although some unusual heat wave patterns are also common.{{clarify|date=July 2022}}

Normally, it is humid. Temperatures above {{cvt|10|°C|°F}} last for more than 240 days a year. There are two different kinds of winds here – the [[bora (wind)|bora]] brings cold and clear weather from the north in winter, and the southern [[Sirocco]] bringing rain in summer.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Sirocco | volume= 25 | page = 157 }}</ref> The '[[Mistral (wind)|Maestral]]' is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea.

Like the rest of the region Pula is known for its mild climate and tame sea with an average of sunny days of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours a day, with an average air temperature of {{cvt|13.7|°C|°F}}<ref>{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=28}}</ref> ({{cvt|6.1|°C|°F}} in February to {{cvt|26.4|°C|°F}} in July and August) and sea temperature from {{cvt|7|°C|°F}} to {{cvt|26|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Ivelja-Dalmatin|2009|p=29}}</ref><ref name="Tutiempo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/PULA/132090.htm |title=CLIMATE PULA – Weather |work=tutiempo.net |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702101104/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/PULA/132090.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EuroWeather">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurometeo.com/english/climate/city_LDPL/meteo_Pula |title=EuroWEATHER – Maximum temperature, Pula/Pola, Croatia – Climate averages |work=eurometeo.com |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224716/http://www.eurometeo.com/english/climate/city_LDPL/meteo_Pula |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since records began in 1963, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station was {{convert|39.0|C|F}}, on 5 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-19 |author=DHMZ |title=Najviše izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najvise_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref> The coldest temperature was {{convert|-9.0|C|F}}, on both 3 January 1979 and 3 February 1991.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-21 |author=DHMZ |title=Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najnize_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Pula

| Jan high C = 10
| Feb high C = 10
| Mar high C = 13
| Apr high C = 16
| May high C = 21
| Jun high C = 25
| Jul high C = 28
| Aug high C = 28
| Sep high C = 24
| Oct high C = 20
| Nov high C = 14
| Dec high C = 10
| Jan mean C = 6
| Feb mean C = 6
| Mar mean C = 9
| Apr mean C = 12
| May mean C = 17
| Jun mean C = 21
| Jul mean C = 23
| Aug mean C = 23
| Sep mean C = 20
| Oct mean C = 16
| Nov mean C = 11
| Dec mean C = 7
| Jan low C = 2
| Feb low C = 2
| Mar low C = 4
| Apr low C = 8
| May low C = 12
| Jun low C = 16
| Jul low C = 18
| Aug low C = 18
| Sep low C = 15
| Oct low C = 12
| Nov low C = 7
| Dec low C = 4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 78
| Feb rain mm = 64
| Mar rain mm = 65
| Apr rain mm = 70
| May rain mm = 56
| Jun rain mm = 53
| Jul rain mm = 48
| Aug rain mm = 75
| Sep rain mm = 85
| Oct rain mm = 85
| Nov rain mm = 80
| Dec rain mm = 112
| Jan rain days = 12
| Feb rain days = 12
| Mar rain days = 12
| Apr rain days = 13
| May rain days = 13
| Jun rain days = 13
| Jul rain days = 10
| Aug rain days = 11
| Sep rain days = 11
| Oct rain days = 12
| Nov rain days = 13
| Dec rain days = 13
| Jand sun = 3
| Febd sun = 4
| Mard sun = 5
| Aprd sun = 6
| Mayd sun = 8
| Jund sun = 9
| Juld sun = 10
| Augd sun = 9
| Sepd sun = 7
| Octd sun = 5
| Novd sun = 3
| Decd sun = 3
| Jan percentsun = 33
| Feb percentsun = 40
| Mar percentsun = 42
| Apr percentsun = 43
| May percentsun = 53
| Jun percentsun = 56
| Jul percentsun = 67
| Aug percentsun = 64
| Sep percentsun = 58
| Oct percentsun = 45
| Nov percentsun = 30
| Dec percentsun = 33
| source 1= [http://www.eurometeo.com/english/climate/city_LDPL/meteo_Pula EuroWeather]
| date = August 2010
| source 2 = Weather Atlas (sunshine data)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/croatia/pula-climate |title=Pula, Croatia – Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424103452/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/croatia/pula-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{| style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! colspan=14|Climate data for Pula
|-
! Month
! Jan
! Feb
! Mar
! Apr
! May
! Jun
! Jul
! Aug
! Sep
! Oct
! Nov
! Dec
! style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
! Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="background:#A9A9FF;color:#000000;" | 11.3<br />(52.4)
| style="background:#9C9CFF;color:#000000;" | 10.4<br />(50.7)
| style="background:#A8A8FF;color:#000000;" | 11.2<br />(52.1)
| style="background:#CDCDFF;color:#000000;" | 13.7<br />(56.7)
| style="background:#FFE799;color:#000000;" | 18.2<br />(64.8)
| style="background:#FF8900;color:#000000;" | 23.0<br />(73.3)
| style="background:#FF6200;color:#000000;" | 25.0<br />(77.0)
| style="background:#FF5E00;color:#000000;" | 25.2<br />(77.3)
| style="background:#FF7B00;color:#000000;" | 23.7<br />(74.6)
| style="background:#FFCB21;color:#000000;" | 19.6<br />(67.3)
| style="background:#FCFCFF;color:#000000;" | 16.8<br />(62.3)
| style="background:#D4D4FF;color:#000000;" | 14.2<br />(57.5)
| style="background:#FFF1C4;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|17.7<br />(63.8)
|-
! Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" | 9.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" | 10.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" | 12.0
| style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;" | 14.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" | 15.0
| style="background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;" | 16.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" | 15.0
| style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;" | 14.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" | 12.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" | 11.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" | 10.0
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" | 9.0
| style="background:#FFFF37;color:#000000;" | 12.3
|-
! Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" | 1
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" | 2
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" | 3
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" | 5
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" | 7
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" | 8
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" | 8
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" | 7
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" | 5
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" | 3
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" | 2
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" | 1
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|4.3
|-
! colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" | Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas" />
|}

== Population ==
{{Historical populations|1857|3628|1869|10601|1880|25390|1890|31498|1900|36143|1910|59498|1921|38591|1931|44219|1948|20812|1953|28259|1961|37099|1971|47156|1981|56153|1991|62378|2001|58594|2011|57460|2021|52220|source=Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2021, [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics|DZS]]}}Pula is the largest city in [[Istria County]], with a [[metropolitan area]] of 90,000 people.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} The city itself has 57,460 residents (census 2011),<ref name="Census 2011">{{Croatian Census 2011|S|18|3590}}</ref> while the metropolitan area includes [[Barban]]/Barbana (2,802 residents), [[Fažana]]/Fasana (3,050 residents), [[Ližnjan]]/Lisignano (2,945 residents), [[Marčana]]/Marzana (3,903 residents), [[Medulin]]/Medolino (6,004 residents), [[Svetvinčenat]]/Sanvicenti (2,218 residents) and [[Vodnjan]]/Dignano (5,651 residents). Its population density is {{cvt|1093.27|PD/km2}}, ranking Pula fifth in Croatia.

In 1910 Pula had a total of 58,562 inhabitants, of which 45.8% were [[Istrian Italians]], 15.2% Croatians, while the rest of the population was mostly ethnic Germans.<ref>Kocsis, Károly; Az etnikai konfliktusok történeti-földrajzi háttere a volt Jugoszlávia területén; Teleki László Alapítvány, 1993 {{ISBN|963-04-2855-5}}</ref> The number of Istrian Italians in Pula decreased drastically following the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which occurred from 1943 to 1960.

Its [[birth rate]] is 1.795 per cent and its [[mortality rate]] is 1.014 per cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a [[Sub-replacement fertility|natural population decrease]] of 0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45. The majority of its citizens are [[Croats]] representing 75.88% of the population (2021 census). The largest ethnic minorities are: 2,661 [[Serbs]] (5.10 per cent), 1,860 local [[Italians]] (3.56 per cent), 1,479 [[Bosniaks]] (2.83 per cent), 440 [[Albanians]] (0.84 per cent), 357 [[Slovenes|Slovenians]] (0.68 per cent).<ref name="Census 2021"/>
{{Croatian population data graph |popisi=HRV |upisano=2022-06-04 |područje=City of Pula |p1857=3628 |p1869=10601 |p1880=25390 |p1890=31498 |p1900=36143 |p1910=59498 |p1921=38591 |p1931=44219 |p1948=20812 |p1953=28259 |p1961=37099 |p1971=47156 |p1981=56153 |p1991=62378 |p2001=58594 |p2011=57460 |p2021=52220}}

== Sights ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2019}}

The city is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its 1st-century [[amphitheatre]], which is among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and locally known as the [[Pula Arena|Arena]]. This is one of the best-preserved amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist administration, there were attempts to dismantle the arena and move it to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs involved.

Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the 1st-century BC [[triumphal arch]], the [[Arch of the Sergii]] and the co-eval [[Temple of Augustus, Pula|Temple of Augustus]], built in the 1st century AD on the [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] during the reign of the Roman emperor [[Augustus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arch of the Sergii Pula – Visit Pula, Croatia |url=https://www.visitpula.hr/see-do/arch-of-the-sergii/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.visitpula.hr |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple of Augustus Pula – Visit Pula, Croatia |url=https://www.visitpula.hr/see-do/temple-of-augustus/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.visitpula.hr |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Twin Gates ([[Porta Gemina]]) is one of the few remaining gates after the [[Defensive wall|city walls]] were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. It dates from the mid-2nd century, replacing an earlier gate. It consists of two arches, columns, a plain [[architrave]], and a decorated [[frieze]]. Closeby are a few remains of the old city wall.

The Gate of Hercules dates from the 1st century. At the top of the single arch, one can see the bearded head of [[Hercules]], carved in [[Relief|high-relief]], and his club on the adjoining [[voussoir]]. A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 BC)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] who were entrusted by the [[Roman senate]] to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deduced that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC.

The Augustan Forum was constructed in the 1st century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] and [[Minerva]]. This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It is still the main administrative and legislative centre of the city. The temple of Augustus is still preserved today. A part of the back wall of the temple of Juno was integrated into the [[Pula/Pola Communal Palace|Communal Palace]] in the 13th century.

Two Roman theatres have withstood the ravages of time: the smaller one (diameter c. 50 m; 2nd century AD) near the centre, the larger one (diameter c. 100 m; 1st century AD) on the southern edge of the city.

The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones.

The Byzantine chapel of [[Santa Maria del Canneto (Pula, Croatia)|Santa Maria del Canneto]] (or St. Mary Formosa) was built in the 6th century (before 546) in the form of a Greek cross, resembling the churches in [[Ravenna]]. It was built by [[Maximianus of Ravenna]], then a [[deacon]], but later [[Archbishop of Ravenna]]. It was, together with another chapel, part of a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine abbey]] that was demolished in the 16th century. The floors and the walls are decorated with 6th-century mosaics. The decoration bears some resemblance to the [[Mausoleum of Galla Placidia]] in [[Ravenna]]. The wall over the door contains a Byzantine carved stone panel. The 15th-century wall paintings may be restorations of Early Christian paintings. When the Venetians raided Pula in 1605, they removed many treasures from this chapel and took them to Venice, including the four columns of oriental alabaster that stand behind the high altar of [[St Mark's Basilica]].

The [[Pula Cathedral|Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] was built in the 6th century, when Pula became the seat of a bishopry, over the remains of the original site where the Christians used to gather and pray in Roman times. It was enlarged in the 10th century. After its destruction by Genoese and Venetian raids, it was almost completely rebuilt in the 15th century. It got its present form when a late Renaissance façade was added in the early 16th century. The church still retains several Romanesque and Byzantine characters, such as some parts of the walls (dating from the 4th century), a few of the original column [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] and the upper windows of the nave. In the altar area and in the room to the south one can still see fragments of 5th- or 6th-century floor mosaics with memorial inscriptions from worshippers who paid for the mosaics. The windows of the aisles underwent reconstruction in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] after a fire in 1242. The belfry in front of the church was built between 1671 and 1707 using stones from the amphitheatre. There also used to stand a baptistery from the 5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885.

The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal apse originally dates from the 6th century, but was partially rebuilt in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community of Pula, mainly immigrants from [[Cyprus]] and [[Nafplion|Nauplion]]. The church owns several icons from the 15th and the 16th century and an [[iconostasis]] from the Greek artists [[Tomios Batos]] from the 18th century.

The star-shaped castle with four [[bastion]]s is situated on top of the central hill of the old city. It was built, over the remains of the Roman [[Capitoline Hill|capitolium]], by the Venetians in the 17th century, following the plans of the [[Military of France|French military]] architect [[Antoine de Ville]]. Since 1961 it houses the [[Historical Museum of Istria]]. Close by, on the north-eastern slopes, one can see the remains of a 2nd-century theatre.

The Church of St. Francis dates from the end of the 13th century. It was built in 1314 in the late [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style with Gothic additions such as the [[rose window]]. The church consists of a single [[nave]] with three [[apse]]s. An unusual feature of this church is the double [[pulpit]], with one part projecting into the street. A 15th-century wooden [[polyptych]] from an [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]n artist adorns the altar. The west portal is decorated with shell motifs and a [[rose window]]. The adjoining monastery dates from the 14th century. The cloisters display some antique Roman artefacts.

The ''Archaeological Museum of Istria'' is situated in the park on a lower level than the [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]] and close to the Twin Gates. Its collection was started by Marshall [[Auguste de Marmont|Marmont]] in August 1802 when he collected the stone monuments from the temple of Augustus. The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from Pula and surroundings from prehistory until the [[Middle Ages]]. The building was constructed under Austro-Hungarian rule and was the former k.u.k. ''Staatsgymnasium'', the Austrian high school.
The [[Aquarium Pula]] is the biggest aquarium in Croatia, located in the Austro-Hungarian fortress Verudela, which was built in 1886 on the peninsula {{cvt|3|km|0}} from the centre of the city of Pula. Transforming the fortress into the aquarium has been in progress since 2002. The installation encompasses about 60 tanks on the ground floor, the moat, and the first floor of the fortress. In an area of approximately {{cvt|2000|m2|0}}, visitors can view inhabitants of the Northern and Southern Adriatic Sea, tropical marine and freshwater fish, and representatives of European rivers and lakes. From the roof of the fort, visitors may view the entire city of Pula. It is also possible to see the first marine turtle rescue centre in Croatia.

[[Fort Bourguignon]] is one of many fortresses in Pula that the Austrian empire erected to protect the port for its navy.

[[Nesactium]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Historical sites in Pula |title=Nesactium near Pula |url=https://www.pulacroatia.net/pula/ |website=PulaCroatia |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805074800/https://www.pulacroatia.net/pula/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is an ancient hill fort settlement, which is considered to be the oldest urban settlement in Istria. The town is settled about 10&nbsp;km north of Pula, next to Valtura and Pula Airport. The site itself is located above Bay of Budava, and it is well protected by its steep hills. Nesactium is first mentioned as the main settlement of the Histri, the oldest people on the peninsula, which was the eponym for Istria. Livy was the first who mentioned Nesactium, and the altar dedicated to Emperor Gordian from the 3rd century, where "Res Republica Nesactiensium" is mentioned, confirmed the actual existence of this city. The search for the city began in 1900, when [[Pietro Kandler]] first put together the toponym Vizače with ancient Nesactium.

As a result of its rich political history, Pula is a city with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula's architecture reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in both Croatian and Italian but also in foreign languages like German and English. From 30 October 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer [[James Joyce]] taught English at the Berlitz School; his students were mainly [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian naval officers]] who were stationed at the [[Shipyard|Naval Shipyard]]. While he was in Pola he organised the local printing of his broadsheet ''The Holy Office'', which satirised both [[William Butler Yeats]] and [[George William Russell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/speccoll/JJoyce/dear_dirty_dublin.htm |title=Dear Dirty Dublin – redirect |publisher=Lib.utulsa.edu |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329091621/http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/speccoll/JJoyce/dear_dirty_dublin.htm |archive-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Pula Arena exterior.jpg|Pula Arena (exterior)
File:Anfiteatro de Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 13.jpg|Pula Arena (interior)
File:Teatro Politeama Ciscutti.jpg|Istrian National Theatre
File:Pula Punta Verudela.JPG|Punta Verudela
File:Arco de los Sergios, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 43.jpg|Arch of Sergii
File:Piran Reliquary.jpg|Byzantine Piran Reliquary at the Pula Archeological Museum
File:Pula beach (1).JPG|Lungo Mare beach
File:Pula Lighting Giants.jpg|Light design by [[Dean Skira]] on cranes in Pula harbour
File:Catedral de Pula, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 53.jpg|[[Pula Cathedral]]
File:Templo de Augusto, Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 51.jpg|The [[Temple of Augustus, Pula|Temple of Augustus]]
</gallery>

== Tourism ==
[[File:MV Monet.JPG|thumb|Riviera Hotel (right)]]

Pula's surrounding natural environment, countryside and the turquoise water of the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] have made the city popular [[summer vacation|summer holiday]] destination. The pearl nearby is Brioni island or [[Brijuni]] [[Protected areas of Croatia|national park]] visited by numerous world leaders since it was the summer residence of [[Josip Broz Tito]]. [[Roman villa]]s and temples still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of the dozens of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters offer beaches, fishing, [[Wreck diving|wreck dives]] to ancient Roman [[galley]]s and World War I warships, [[Diving (sport)|cliff diving]], and sailing to unspoiled coves and islands large and small.

Pula is the end point of the [[EuroVelo]] 9 [[Segregated cycle facilities|cycle route]] that runs from [[Gdańsk]] on the [[Baltic Sea]] through Poland, the [[Czech Republic]], Austria, [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]].

It is possible to track [[dinosaur]] footprints on the nearby seashores; certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location near [[Bale, Croatia|Bale]].

== Transport ==
[[File:Žverinac (4).JPG|thumb|Žverinac hydrofoil at the port of Pula]]

Pula had an electric tramway system in the early 20th century. It was built in 1904 as a part of Pula's economic crescendo during the Austro-Hungarian rule. After World War I, during the Fascist rule, the need for tram transportation declined and it was finally dismantled in 1934.

[[Pula Airport]] is located north-east of Pula, and serves both domestic and international destinations.<ref name="AIP">[http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/eadcms/eadsite/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=25&Itemid=3.html AIP] from the [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation]] {{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Similarly to nearby [[Rijeka Airport]], it is not a major international destination. However, this has changed over recent years as [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airline]] [[Ryanair]] started scheduled flights to Pula in November 2006. [[Easyjet]] offers many flights to UK airports. Jet2 also offers flights from Newcastle, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds-Bradford, Belfast, Manchester, and East Midlands Airports. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operates scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen during summertime. Nearby [[international airport]]s include [[Trieste]], [[Zagreb]] and [[Ljubljana]]. There are direct flights into Pula airport from London during the whole year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer.
[[File:Pulapromet (05) edit.JPG|thumb|right|''Pulapromet'' city bus]]
On 9 April 2015 [[European Coastal Airlines]] established a daily [[seaplane]] service from the downtown seaplane terminal at the city's main waterfront. Destinations as of April 2015 are [[Rijeka Airport|Rijeka]], the [[island of Rab]] and [[Mali Lošinj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasistre.hr/multimedija/pula_istra/u-pulu-iz-splita-hidroavionom-stigli-prvi-putnici-497671 |title=Fotogalerija : U Pulu iz Splita hidroavionom stigli prvi putnici – GlasIstre.hr |work=glasistre.hr |access-date=23 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411010318/http://www.glasistre.hr/multimedija/pula_istra/u-pulu-iz-splita-hidroavionom-stigli-prvi-putnici-497671 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ec-air.eu/hr/pristaniste/timetable/ |title=Timetable – European Coastal Airlines |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417031732/http://www.ec-air.eu/hr/pristaniste/timetable/ |archive-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> The airline ceased operation in 2016.

A train service operates north from Pula through to Slovenia, however, the line remains disconnected from the rest of the [[Croatian Railways]] network. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line and from Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work commencing on this project previously, have never seen completion. People traveling to Rijeka or Zagreb by train must get off in Lupoglav and take a bus to Rijeka.

[[Pula Bus Terminus/Terminal]] is the main hub for Istria and is located on the edge of town just west of the Amphitheatre. From there, excellent service to a wide range of local, domestic, and international locations is available throughout the year. Several bus companies operate from this Terminus including the local service run by Pulapromet. There is also a guaranteed direct line from Pula to Trieste/Venice, especially into spring/summertime.

Passenger ferries also operate from the port area to nearby islands, and also to [[Venice]] and [[Trieste]] in Italy from June to September.

== Nearby towns and villages ==
[[File:Porer Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|Porer Lightouse]]
{{Div col}}
* [[Bale (town)|Bale]] / Valle d'Istria
* [[Banjole]] / Bagnole
* [[Barban]] / Barbana d'Istria
* [[Brijuni]] / Brioni (Isole)
* [[Fažana]] / Fasana
* [[Galizana|Galižana]] / Gallesano
* [[Ližnjan]] / Lisignano
* [[Medulin]] / Medolino
* [[Pomer, Croatia|Pomer]] / Pomero
* [[Premantura]] / Promontore (Capo)
* [[Šišan]] / Sissano
* [[Štinjan]] / Strugnano
* [[Valtura]] / Valtura
* [[Vinkuran]]/ Vincurano
* [[Vodnjan]] / Dignano d'Istria
{{Div col end}}

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia}}

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Pula is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Pula twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123 |title=Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule |access-date = 2013-07-28 |work=Grad Pula |language=hr, it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505091330/http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123 |archive-date=2012-05-05}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Graz]], Austria <small>''(since 1972, partnership established in 1961)''</small><ref name="Graz">{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version |publisher=graz.at |access-date=5 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108153010/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Trier]], Germany <small>''(since 8 September 1970)''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=199&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=1989&cHash=787a992f60 |title=Grad Pula: Građani Triera u posjeti gradu prijatelju Puli |date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019184930/http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=199&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=1989&cHash=787a992f60 |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Imola]], Italy <small>''(since 1972)''</small>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Verona]], Italy <small>''(since 1982)''</small>
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Čabar]], Croatia <small>''(since 1974)''</small>
* {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Kranj]], Slovenia <small>''(since 1974)''</small>
||

* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Varaždin]], Croatia <small>''(since 1979)''</small>
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Novorossiysk]], Russia <small>''(since 1999)''</small><ref>''(Protocol of partnership and town twinning in 1997)''{{full citation needed|date=March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admnvrsk.ru/aboutcity/foreginlinks/index.php |script-title=ru:Международные Связи – Администрация муниципального образования город-герой Новороссийск |language=ru |access-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223053822/http://www.admnvrsk.ru/aboutcity/foreginlinks/index.php |archive-date=23 December 2011}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hekinan, Aichi|Hekinan]], Japan <small>''(since 2007)''</small>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Villefranche-de-Rouergue]], France <small>''(since 2008)''</small><ref>location of Croatian rebellion</ref>
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina <small>''(since 2012)''</small>
|}

;Other forms of city partnership
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]], Hungary<ref>''(since 2003)''</ref>
* {{flagicon|NMK}} [[Veles Municipality|Veles]], North Macedonia<ref>''(since 2002)''</ref>
|}

;Friendly relationships
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], Austria
* {{flagicon|AUT}} several towns from [[Styria]] region
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic
* {{flagicon|NMK}} [[Skopje]], North Macedonia
|}

== Notable people ==
* [[Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria]], Austrian and Polish officer and landowner
* [[Danijel Aleksić]], Serbian footballer
* [[Susy Andersen]], Italian actress
* [[Laura Antonelli]], Italian actress
* [[Giovanni Arpino]], Italian writer and journalist
* [[Vladimir Arsenijević]], Serbian author
* [[Lidia Bastianich]], Italian American chef-restaurateur
* [[Erma Bossi]], Italian expressionist painter
* [[Dzenan Cisija|Dženan Čišija]], Swedish politician
* [[Crispus]], Roman ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]''
* [[Lilia Dale]], Italian actress
* [[Jadranka Đokić]], Croatian actress
* [[Wilhelm Ehm]], German [[Admiral (Germany)|admiral]] and chief of the [[Volksmarine]]
* [[Sergio Endrigo]], Italian singer-composer
* [[Samanta Fabris]], Croatian volleyball player
* [[Pasqualino Gobbi]], Italian Catholic cleric and author
* [[Stjepan Hauser]], Croatian cellist
* [[James Joyce]], Irish writer, lived in Pula from 1904 to 1905 with his wife [[Nora Barnacle]]
* [[Geppino Micheletti]], Italian surgeon
* [[Helena Minić]], Croatian actress<ref name="Globus">{{cite news |last1=Mikuličin |first1=Ivana |title=HELENA MINIĆ MATANIĆ 'Mnogi muškarci i u 21. stoljeću svoje supruge tretiraju kao ukras života' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/Globus-kultura/helena-minic-matanic-mnogi-muskarci-i-u-21-stoljecu-svoje-supruge-tretiraju-kao-ukras-zivota/6809514/ |access-date=2 October 2018 |work=Globus |date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002181614/https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/Globus-kultura/helena-minic-matanic-mnogi-muskarci-i-u-21-stoljecu-svoje-supruge-tretiraju-kao-ukras-zivota/6809514/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Johann Palisa]], Austrian astronomer
* [[Mate Parlov]], Croatian boxer
* [[Jolanda di Maria Petris]], Italian-Finnish operatic soprano and voice pedagog
* [[Herman Potočnik]], Austrian [[Austro-Hungarian Army|officer]], electrical engineer and [[astronautics]] theorist
* [[Rossana Rossanda]], Italian journalist
* [[Orlando Sain]], Italian footballer
* [[Antonio Smareglia]], Italian-Croatian classical composer
* [[Roberto Soffici]], Italian pop singer-songwriter
* [[Pietro Tradonico]], Venetian [[Doge of Venice|Doge]]
* [[Alida Valli]], Italian actress
* [[Raimondo Vianello]], Italian actor who lived in Pula in his youth
* [[Hede von Trapp]], painter
* [[Alka Vuica]], Croatian singer

== See also ==
* [[List of people by city in Croatia#Pula|List of people from Pula]]
* [[List of ancient cities in Illyria]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč-Pula]]

== Notes ==
{{notes}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cresswell |first1=Peterjon |last2=Atkins |first2=Ismay |last3=Dunn |first3=Lily |title=Time Out Croatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZweAAAACAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, [[Random House|Random House Ltd.]] |edition=First |location=London, Berkeley & Toronto |pages=116–123 |isbn=978-1-904978-70-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Džin |first=Kristina |year=2009<!--validation needed--> |title=Arena Pula |editor=Mirko Žužić |publisher=Viza MG d.o.o. Remetinečka cesta 81, Zagreb |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-7422-15-8}}{{Verify source|date=April 2011}}<!--ISBN does not seem to exist-->
* {{Cite book |last=Ivelja-Dalmatin |first=Ana |title=Pula |publisher=Turistička naklada |location=[[Zagreb]] |series=Tourist Monograph |year=2009 |isbn=978-953-215-120-6}}{{Verify source|date=April 2011}}<!-- ISBN seems to be to another book in the series or the author is wrong see http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A9532151206 -->
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
=== Published in the 19th century ===
* {{Citation |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |author=Thomas Graham Jackson |author-link = Thomas Graham Jackson |title=Dalmatia |date=1887 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/dalmatiaquarnero03jackuoft#page/280/mode/2up |chapter=Pola |access-date = 2016-02-12 |ol=23292286M}}
* {{Citation |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |author=R. Lambert Playfair |author-link = Lambert Playfair |title=Handbook to the Mediterranean |edition=3rd |date=1892 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/handbooktomedit01firgoog#page/n17/mode/2up |chapter=Pola |access-date= 2016-02-12 |ol=16538259M}}

=== Published in the 20th century ===
* {{Citation |publisher=Sturgis & Walton Company |location=New York |title=Roman Cities in Italy and Dalmatia |author=Arthur L. Frothingham |date=1910 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/romancitiesinita00frotuoft#page/288/mode/2up |chapter=Pola |access-date = 2016-02-12 |ol=7027058M}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Pola | volume= 21 | pages = 901–902 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=J. |title=Grove Dictionary of Art |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |edition=New |date=2 January 1996 |isbn=0-19-517068-7|title-link=Grove Dictionary of Art}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.ami-pula.hr/en/home/ Archaeological Museum of Istria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126170657/http://www.ami-pula.hr/en/home |date=26 January 2018 }}
* [http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Destinations/Town/Pula?ZHNcMjU5LHBcNw%3d%3d Croatian National Tourist Board – Pula]
* [http://www.istra.hr/en/regions-and-towns/pula-medulin Official tourist website of Istria – Pula] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922211728/http://www.istra.hr/en/regions-and-towns/pula-medulin |date=22 September 2017 }}

{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Pula
| North = {{cvt|67|km|0}} [[Motovun]]
| Northeast = {{cvt|106|km|0}} [[Rijeka]]
| East = [[Ližnjan]]
| Southeast = {{cvt|81|km|0}} [[Lošinj|Mali Lošinj]]
| South = [[Medulin]]
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest = {{cvt|57|km|0}} to [[Poreč]]
}}
{{Croatian cities}}
{{Cities and Municipalities of Istria county}}
{{Illyrians}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pula| ]]<!-- Leave the empty space as per [[WP:EPONYMOUS]]. -->
[[Category:Cities and towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Greek colonies in Illyria]]
[[Category:Illyrian Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Croatia where Italian is an official language]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Istria County]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Croatia]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Croatia]]