Editing Punk ideologies

{{Short description|Beliefs associated with the punk subculture}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2007}}
{{original research|date=October 2009}}
{{coatrack|details=punk musicians who advocated certain social and political beliefs rather than the DIY ethic and back-to-basics music methodologies quintessential to punk|date=February 2018}}
{{lead extra info|date=February 2018}}
}}

[[File:AntiIII%25AntiAntiRefugeeBoiseanPunk.jpg|thumb|right|A punk protests against an [[ACT! for America]] counter-protest against refugee policy in Boise, Idaho, in November 2015.]]

'''Punk ideologies''' are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the [[punk subculture]] and [[punk rock]]. It is primarily concerned with concepts such as [[mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Anthony Avery-Natale |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrWRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |title=Ethics, Politics, and Anarcho-Punk Identifications: Punk and Anarchy in Philadelphia |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1498519991 |page=50 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> against [[selling out]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Erik Hannerz |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZRMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 |title=Performing Punk |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1137485922 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> [[hierarchy]], [[white supremacy]], [[authoritarianism]],<ref name="ContestingSubculturalBoundaries">{{cite book |author=Kirsty Lohman |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHg5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=The Connected Lives of Dutch Punks: Contesting Subcultural Boundaries |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3319510798 |page=150 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> [[eugenics]], [[Socioeconomic class|class]] and [[classism]], while supporting [[anti-consumerism]],<ref name=ContestingSubculturalBoundaries/> [[anti-corporatism]], [[anti-war]], [[anti-imperialism]], [[anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization]], [[anti-gentrification protests|anti-gentrification]], [[anti-racism]], [[anti-sexism]], [[gender equality]], [[anti-homophobia]], [[racial equality]], [[animal rights]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Music and Disability Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199331444|page=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJWFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|access-date=25 January 2019|year=2016}}</ref> [[free-thought]] and [[Counterculture|non-conformity]]. One of its main tenets is a rejection of mainstream, corporate [[mass culture]] and its values. It continues to evolve its ideology as the movement spreads throughout North America from its origins in England and New York and embraces a range of anti-racist and anti-sexist belief systems. Punk does not necessarily lend itself to any particular political ideologies as it is primarily [[anti-establishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punk as ideology |url=https://www.gleech.org/punk |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www.gleech.org}}</ref>

Punk ideologies are usually expressed through [[punk rock]] music and lyrics, [[punk literature]] such as amateur [[fanzines]], [[spoken word]] performances or recordings, [[punk fashion]], or [[punk visual art]]. Some punks have participated in [[direct action]], such as protest or demonstration disruption, political violence, [[ecotage]], street barricades, [[squatting]], [[pirate radio]], off-grid energy, [[graffiti]], [[vandalism]] and public and business [[property destruction]], and indirect action through counter-propaganda, [[protest]]s or [[boycott]]s. They support and squat in urban and rural collective houses, with group funds held in common. [[Punk fashion]] was originally an expression of nonconformity, as well as opposition to both mainstream culture and the [[status quo]]. Punk fashion often displays aggression, rebellion, and individualism. Some punks wear accessories, clothing or have [[tattoos]] that express sociopolitical messages. They stage Punk Rock Food Drives, such as D.O.A's Unity for Freedom. Punk visual art also often includes political messages. Many punks wear secondhand clothing, partly as an anti-consumerist statement.

An attitude common in the punk subculture is the opposition to selling out, which refers to abandoning of one's values and/or a change in musical style toward [[Pop music|pop]] (e.g. [[electropop]]) and embracing mainstream culture or more radio-friendly [[Rock music|rock]] (e.g. [[pop rock]]) in exchange for wealth, status, or power. The issue of [[authenticity (philosophy)|authenticity]] is important in the punk subculture—the pejorative term ''[[poseur]]'' is applied to those who try to associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying core values or philosophy.

Because [[anti-establishment]] attitudes are such an important part of the punk subculture, a network of [[independent record label]]s, venues and distributors has developed. Some punk bands have chosen to break from this independent system and work within the established system of [[major label]]s. The [[do it yourself]] (DIY) ideal is common in the punk scene, especially in terms of music recording and distribution, concert promotion, and photocopying magazines, posters and flyers. The expression [[DIY]] was coined by commentators after the fact.

== Specific ideologies and philosophies ==
The following include some of the most common ideologies and philosophies within the punk subculture (in alphabetical order).

=== Anarchism ===
{{Main|Anarcho-punk}}
[[File:Punk Occupy Pittsburgh protestors (6262172208).jpg|thumb|right|170px|A punk protester of the
[[Occupy Pittsburgh|2011 Occupy Pittsburgh movement]] carries a sign incorporating an anarchy symbol]]
There is a complex and worldwide underground of punks committed to anarchism as a serious political ideology, sometimes termed "peace punks" or "[[anarcho-punk|anarcho-punks]]." While some well-known punk bands such as the [[Sex Pistols]] and [[The Exploited]] had songs about [[anarchy]], notably the Pistols' "[[Anarchy in the UK]]", they did not embrace anarchism as a disciplined ideology. As such, these bands are not considered part of the anarcho-punk scene.<ref>Glasper, Ian (2006), ''The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984'', Cherry Red publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-901447-70-5}}</ref>

Anarcho-punks typically believe in [[direct action]]. Many anarcho-punks are [[pacifism|pacifists]] (e.g. Crass and [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]]) and therefore believe in using non-violent means of achieving their aims. These include peaceful protest, [[squatting]], [[graffiti|applying legal graffiti]], [[culture jamming]], [[ecotage]], [[freeganism]], [[boycott|boycotting]], [[civil disobedience]], [[hacktivism]] and [[subvertising]]. Some anarcho-punks believe that violence or property damage is an acceptable way of achieving social change (e.g. [[Conflict (band)|Conflict]]). This manifests itself as [[riot|rioting]], [[graffiti|illegal graffiti]], [[vandalism]], wire cutting, [[Hunt saboteur|hunt sabotage]], participation in [[Class War|Class War-style activities]], melee weapons and in extreme cases, [[firebombing|bombings]]. Notable anarchist punk artists include: [[Aus-Rotten]], [[Dave Insurgent]], [[Crass]], [[Subhumans (British band)|Subhumans]], [[Colin Jerwood]], and [[Dave Dictor]].

=== Animal rights and veganism ===
{{main|Animal rights and punk subculture}}
In the 1980s, both [[straight edge]] hardcore punk in the United States<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Helton|first1=Jesse J.|last2=Staudenmeier|first2=William J.|year=2002|title=Re-imagining being 'straight' in straight edge|journal=Contemporary Drug Problems|volume=29|issue=2|page=465|doi=10.1177/009145090202900209|s2cid=143410996|issn=0091-4509}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Robert T.|title=Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge|journal=Journal of Youth Studies|year=1999|volume=2|issue=2|pages=133–151|doi=10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032}}</ref> and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom<ref name="descartes">{{cite web|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|last1=Tilbürger|first1=Len|last2=Kale|first2=Chris P|title="Nailing Descartes to the Wall": Animal Rights, Veganism and Punk Culture|publisher=Active Distribution|date=2014}}</ref> started to become associated with [[animal rights]]. This association was made possible through activism by bands such as [[Napalm Death]], [[Icons of Filth]], [[Conflict (band)|Conflict]], and [[Electro Hippies]]. Some musicians in these bands were vegans and vegetarians themselves and publicly advocated for these ideologies. In addition to this, bands at the forefront of this movement included lyrical themes pertaining to [[animal rights]], [[vegetarianism]] and [[veganism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cherry |first=Elizabeth |date=February 2015 |title=I Was a Teenage Vegan: Motivation and Maintenance of Lifestyle Movements |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soin.12061 |journal=Sociological Inquiry |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1111/soin.12061|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Consequently, these ideas became a feature of the punk subculture and this association continues on into the 21st century.<ref name="descartes" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Haenfler|first=Ross|title=Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change|url=https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-3851-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179/page/n65 53] and 427–8}}</ref> A notable example is Jack McGarry of the band SX-70 citing messages of animal rights in lyrics of music he listened to as an influence in becoming vegan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaghy |first=Matt |date=2020-08-03 |title=Veganism and punk rock: An unexpected duo |url=https://theveganreview.com/veganism-and-punk-rock-an-unexpected-duo/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=The Vegan Review |language=en-US}}</ref> It is additionally evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as [[Fluff Fest]] in Europe.<ref name="sober">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics|page=137|last=Kuhn|first=Gabriel|publisher=PM Press|date=2010|isbn=978-1604860511|author-link=Gabriel Kuhn|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="bandcamp">{{cite web|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|title=The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene|publisher=Bandcamp|first=Jacopo|last=Sanna|date=20 September 2017|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Apoliticism ===
Some punks claim to be adherents to [[apoliticism]], such as the band [[Charged GBH]] and the singer [[GG Allin]], although some socio-political ideas have appeared in their lyrics. Some Charged GBH songs have discussed social issues, and a few have expressed anti-war views. Allin expressed a vague desire to kill the United States president and destroy the political system in his song "Violence Now".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/ekx001/LYRIC/VNATP.html |title=The GG Allin SuperSite Lyrics - Violence Now - Assassinate The President |access-date=2014-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027094628/http://geocities.com/ekx001/LYRIC/VNATP.html |archive-date=October 27, 2009 }}</ref> Punk subgenres that are generally apolitical include [[glam punk]], [[psychobilly]], [[horror punk]], [[punk pathetique]], [[death rock]] and [[pop punk]]. Many of the bands credited with starting the punk movement were decidedly apolitical, including [[The Dictators]], [[Ramones]] (which featured staunch [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Johnny Ramone]] alongside [[liberalism|liberal]] activist [[Joey Ramone]]), [[New York Dolls]], [[Television (band)|Television]], [[Johnny Thunders' Heartbreakers]], and [[Richard Hell & The Voidoids]].

=== Christianity ===
{{main|Christian punk}}
[[Christian punk]] is a subgenre of punk rock with some degree of Christian lyrical content. Some Christian punk bands are associated with the [[Contemporary Christian music|Christian music industry]],<ref name="allmusic.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/christian-punk-ma0000002639/artists|title=Christian Punk Music Artists - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> while others reject that association. Ideologies within Christian punk vary, though a number of bands lean towards traditional left-wing politics, most prominently [[Crashdog]], [[Showbread (band)]], [[Ballydowse]] and [[The Psalters]], the latter three of whom identified as [[Christian anarchism|Christian anarchists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bramboniusinenglish.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/the-lost-psalters-interview-from-august-11-kortrijk/ |title=The Lost Psalters Interview |date=March 14, 2012 |publisher=Brambonius}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://londoncelticpunks.wordpress.com/tag/ballydowse/ |title=Tribute to Ballydowse |publisher=London Celtic Punks Web-Zine |date=June 29, 2015}}</ref> Further examples of notable Christian punk bands include [[Altar Boys]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/altar-boys-mn0000793617/biography |title=Altar Boys |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> [[The Crucified]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-crucified-mn0000135837|title=The Crucified - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Five Iron Frenzy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/five-iron-frenzy-mn0000178494 |title=Five Iron Frenzy |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> [[Flatfoot 56]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/flatfoot-56-mn0000921885 |title=Flatfoot 56 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Side Walk Slam, and pop-punk band [[MxPx]], who earned a [[Music recording certification|gold record]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mxpx-mn0000521851 |title=MxPx |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

=== Conservatism ===
{{see also|Conservative Punk}}
A moderate number of punk bands and artists are [[Conservatism|conservative]], rejecting [[liberalism]], [[communism]] and [[socialism]] in favor of conservatism. Notable conservative punks include [[Johnny Ramone]], [[Dee Dee Ramone]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/ramones-19-1332648|title=Marky Ramone: 'Phil Spector didn't hold a gun to us' {{!}} NME|date=2008-12-02|website=NME Music News, Reviews, Videos, Galleries, Tickets and Blogs {{!}} NME.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref> [[Cherie Currie]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Jeff |date=15 September 2014 |title=Shotguns, Chainshaws and Cherry bombs: Cherie Currie is one badass mother!|work=Stomp And Stammer |url=https://stompandstammer.com/feature-stories/cherie-currie/}}</ref> [[Forgotten Rebels]], [[The Effigies|John Kezdy]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=S. Debies-Carl|first=Jeffery|title=The Politics of Post-9/11 Music: Sound, Trauma, and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror|date=2014 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGAKBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22John+Kezdy%22&pg=PA88|isbn=9781409494928|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> [[Billy Zoom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.markprindle.com/zoom-i.htm |title=Billy Zoom interview |publisher=Markprindle.com |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref> [[Exene Cervenka]],<ref name="HuffPost-RockStarsTrump-20173">{{cite news |last1=Kinsella |first1=Warren |date=July 31, 2017 |title=When Even Rock Stars Like Donald Trump |work=[[Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/when-even-rock-stars-like-donald-trump_a_23057784 |access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> [[Joe Escalante]], [[Bobby Steele]], [[Ross the Boss]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Wengrofsky |first=Yehudah |date=April 1, 2021 |title=Ross 'The Boss' tells American Jews to get tough |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/ross-the-boss-tells-american-jews-to-get-tough/}}</ref> [[Duane Peters]], [[The Dickies|Leonard Graves Phillips]],<ref name="A. Ensminger 2023">{{Cite book|last=A. Ensminger|first=David |title=Roots Punk: A Visual and Oral History |date=2023 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lee+ving%22+%22johnny+ramone%22&pg=PT113|isbn=978-1496848437|publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]]}}</ref> [[D.I. (band)|John Knight]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Randy|title=Punkers to play for GOP group|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-08-ca-32582-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 8, 1985}}</ref> [[Jon Moss]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Matos |first=Michaelangelo |date=2020|publisher=Hachette Books|title=How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year|isbn=9780306903359|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL7bDwAAQBAJ&q=John+Moss&pg=PT47}}</ref> [[Lee Ving]],<ref name="A. Ensminger 2023">{{Cite book|last=A. Ensminger|first=David |title=Roots Punk: A Visual and Oral History |date=2023 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lee+ving%22+%22johnny+ramone%22&pg=PT113|isbn=978-1496848437|publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]]}}</ref> [[Klamydia]], [[Dave Smalley]],<ref name="A. Ensminger 2023">{{Cite book|last=A. Ensminger|first=David |title=Roots Punk: A Visual and Oral History |date=2023 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjcEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lee+ving%22+%22johnny+ramone%22&pg=PT113|isbn=978-1496848437|publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]]}}</ref> [[U.S. Chaos]], [[Cro-Mags]],<ref>{{cite web|last=McPheeters |first=Sam |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9/ |title=Survival Of The Streets |publisher=Vice.com |date=2009-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020165134/http://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9 |access-date=2014-05-20|archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live |quote=The original album art reworked this philosophy into a trickier conservatism than Agnostic Front’s blue-collar grumbling. Inside a mushroom cloud doubling as a crystal ball, the cover drawing revealed a mix of evils from the Krishna perspective: a slaughterhouse, dogfighting, drug abuse, abortion doctors chucking a fetus, two gay men strolling arm in arm. Profile nixed this art, and the band instead chose a photograph of a real mushroom cloud—the 1954 Castle Romeo test—in what has to stand as one of the all-time classics of truth in advertising.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Flota |first1=Brian |title=The Politics of Post-9/11 Music: Sound, Trauma, and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror |date=2016 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx-gCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22fear%22+%22cro-mags%22+%22murphy%27s+law%22&pg=PA133|isbn=978-1-4094-9492-8|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> and [[Agnostic Front]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Root|first=Damon|title=A Brief History of Conservative and Libertarian Punk Rock|url=https://reason.com/2014/05/15/a-brief-history-of-conservative-and-libe/|work=Reason|date=15 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Flota |first1=Brian |title=The Politics of Post-9/11 Music: Sound, Trauma, and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror |date=2016 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx-gCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22fear%22+%22cro-mags%22+%22murphy%27s+law%22&pg=PA133|isbn=978-1-4094-9492-8|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[John Lydon]] of the [[Sex Pistols]] has also expressed some conservative views as early as the [[1980s|80s]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|title=Sex Pistols' John Lydon says voters are done with 'intellectual left-wing ideas' as he defends Trump|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/john-lydon-trump-sex-pistols-gmb-b1586651.html|work=Independent|date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Callwood |first=Brett |date=October 28, 2020 |title=Basslines and Protest Signs Part 61: What Would Jello Do?|work=[[idobi Radio]] |url=https://idobi.com/high-life/basslines-and-protest-signs-61/|quote=“Johnny has had a conservative streak in him from the get go,” he says. “He was coming out in favor of nuclear power in the ’80s.}}</ref> During the [[1980 United States presidential election]], [[Iggy Pop]] became a vocal supporter of [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Hagan|first=Nathan|title=Reaganite Rockers to Brexit Punks: 'The Kids are Alt-Right'|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2021/02/22/reaganite-rockers-to-brexit-punks-the-kids-are-alt-right/|work=[[Byline Times]]|date=22 February 2021|quote=Of all the conservative rock stars, perhaps the most bemusing is Iggy Pop. The artist formerly known as James Osterhaus was, like Johnny Ramone, a vocal supporter of Reagan. "I’ve been waiting for someone who could communicate the joys of liberty as compared to the joys of equality" he said.}}</ref> [[Ian Curtis]] of the [[post-punk]] quartet [[Joy Division]] was a loyal [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] voter<ref>{{Cite book|last=Curtis |first=Deborah|date=2014|publisher=Faber & Faber|title=Touching From a Distance|isbn=9780571322411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSwBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22cancel+his+vote%22+ian&pg=PT59|pages=256}}</ref> who not only voted for [[Margaret Thatcher]] in [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]] but persuaded the Liberal candidate to give him a lift to the polling station in order to do so.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stubbs|first=David|title=Join The Chant? Pop's Endlessly Problematic Relationship With Politics|url=https://thequietus.com/opinion-and-essays/black-sky-thinking/politics-pop-music-general-election/|work=[[The Quietus]]|date=21 April 2015|quote=Ian Curtis of Joy Division not only voted Conservative in 1979 but persuaded the Liberal candidate to give him a lift to the polling station in order to do so.}}</ref>

Some [[Christian punk]] and hardcore bands have [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] political stances, in particular some of the [[New York hardcore|NYHC]] bands.<ref>{{cite web|last=McPheeters |first=Sam |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9/ |title=Survival Of The Streets |publisher=Vice.com |date=2009-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020165134/http://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9 |access-date=2014-05-20|url-status=live |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Environmentalism ===
{{Excerpt|Environmentalism in music#Punk rock}}

=== Feminism ===
{{Further|Riot grrrl}}
Riot grrrl is an underground subcultural [[Feminism|feminist]] punk movement that combines feminism, punk music and politics. It began during the early 1990s within the United States in [[Olympia, Washington]], and the greater [[Pacific Northwest]]. It is often associated with [[third-wave feminism]], which is sometimes seen as having grown out of the riot grrrl movement, and has recently been seen in current [[Fourth-wave feminism|fourth-wave feminist]] punk music. Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as [[rape]], [[Domestic Abuse|domestic abuse]], [[sexuality]], [[racism]], [[patriarchy]], [[classism]], [[anarchism]], and often contain themes of [[female empowerment]]. Primary bands associated with the movement include [[Bikini Kill]], [[Bratmobile]], [[Heavens to Betsy]], [[Excuse 17]], [[Huggy Bear (band)|Huggy Bear]], [[Skinned Teen]], [[Emily's Sassy Lime]] and [[Sleater-Kinney]], small italian band Pankhurst, as well as [[queercore]] groups such as [[Team Dresch]] and the [[The Third Sex (band)|Third Sex]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riot Grrrl Music Artists |url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/riot-grrrl-ma0000011837/artists |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strong |first=Catherine |date=2011 |title=Grunge, Riot Grrrl and the Forgetting of Women in Popular Culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/5621435 |journal=The Journal of Popular Culture |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=398–416 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00839.x |issn=0022-3840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Riot grrrl: 10 of the best |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/jan/28/riot-grrrl-10-of-the-best |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=V. F. |date=2015-08-20 |title=Capturing the riot grrrl attitude in 10 records |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/capturing-the-riot-grrrl-attitude-in-10-records/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Vinyl Factory |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Hare Krishna ===
{{Further|Krishnacore}}
The Filipino punk band the [[Krishnacore|Wuds]] which was formed in the early 1980s is the first known punk band who composed songs dedicated to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wuds-mn0001790200|title=Wuds &#124; Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> In the 1990s, some notable members of the [[New York hardcore]] scene, including [[Ray Cappo]] ([[Youth of Today]], [[Shelter (band)|Shelter]] and other bands), [[John Joseph (singer)|John Joseph]] ([[Cro-Mags]]) and [[Harley Flanagan]] (Cro-Mags) converted to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-23 |title=punkbands.com :: reviews |url=http://www.punkbands.com:80/reviews.php?id=661 |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823161134/http://www.punkbands.com:80/reviews.php?id=661 |archive-date=2006-08-23 }}</ref> This led to trend within the western hardcore scene that became known as Krishnacore.

=== Islam ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}
[[Taqwacore]] is a punk subgenre, many of whose members are Muslim artists who live in the West.

=== Liberalism ===
[[Liberalism|Liberal]] punks were in the punk subculture from the beginning and are mostly on the [[Social liberalism|liberal left]]. Notable liberal punks (second wave, mid-1990s to 2000s) include: [[Fat Mike]] of [[NOFX]], [[Ted Leo]], [[Green Day]], [[Crashdog]], [[Dropkick Murphys]], [[Hoxton Tom McCourt]], [[Jared Gomes]] of [[Hed PE]],<ref>{{cite web |title=John Doe Revolution: (Həd) PE |url=http://www.johndoerevolution.com/2010/08/hd-pe.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035243/http://www.johndoerevolution.com/2010/08/hd-pe.html |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ct) |first1=News-Times |date=25 March 2009 |title=Latest (hed) p.e. album has plenty of messages |url=http://www.newstimes.com/news/article/Latest-hed-p-e-album-has-plenty-of-messages-116661.php |access-date=29 August 2017 |newspaper=News-Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(Hed)p.e - Interviews - Killyourstereo.com |url=http://www.killyourstereo.com/interviews/1025867/hedp-e |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Own Blood Magazine |url=http://www.ownblood-magazine.de/interviews187.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218034734/http://www.ownblood-magazine.de/interviews187.htm |archive-date=2014-12-18 |access-date=2014-11-21}}</ref> [[Tim Armstrong]] of [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and [[Tim McIlrath]] of [[Rise Against]]. Liberal ideologies in punk music are most notably found in the lyrical content of these songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Records |first=Epitaph |date=2003-05-28 |title=NOFX "Fight The Power" in this interview by Aversion.com! |url=https://www.epitaph.com/news/article/nofx-fight-the-power-in-this-interview-by-aversioncom |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Epitaph Records |language=en}}</ref> While viewpoints typically associated with liberals (such as being [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]]) can be seen within the lyrical content of some punk songs, they are also sometimes endorsed by musicians in public statements and interviews as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mattson |first=Kevin |title=We're Not Here to Entertain: Punk Rock, Ronald Reagan, and the Real Culture War of 1980s America |date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190908232 |pages=14–15 |language=English}}</ref> Some liberal punks also participated in the [[Rock Against Bush]] movement in the mid-2000s, in support of the Democratic Party candidate [[John Kerry]].

=== Neo-Nazism ===
{{Main|Nazi punk|White power rock|Rock Against Communism}}
[[Nazi punk]]s have a [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] ideology that is closely related to that of [[white power skinhead]]s. [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and his band [[Skrewdriver]] are credited with popularizing [[white power rock]] and [[hatecore]] (for its hateful lyrical themes), or [[Rock Against Communism]]. Nazi punks are different from early punks such as [[Sid Vicious]] and [[Siouxsie Sioux]], who are believed to have incorporated Nazi imagery such as [[swastika]]s for shock or comedy value. "[[Nazi Punks Fuck Off]]" is a song by the [[Dead Kennedys]], an American punk rock band, and is often considered the most famous song regarding nazi punk. The song was released in 1981 and was written in response to the rise of neo-Nazi and far-right punks that had started attending Dead Kennedy shows in response to their satirical song "[[Kill the Poor]]". The lyrics of "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" condemn the presence of far-right and fascist punks attending their shows, calling out individuals who espouse racist, sexist, and homophobic beliefs. The song's chorus is a direct call to action, urging punk fans to reject and expel these hateful elements from their community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gravley |first=Garrett |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/is-maga-the-new-punk-11948117 |title=Is Conservatism the New Punk Rock? &#124; Dallas Observer United States |publisher=dallasobserver.com |date=2020-09-30 |access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref>

=== Nihilism ===
Centering on a belief in the abject lack of meaning and value to life, [[nihilism]] was a fixture in some early punk rock and [[protopunk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/interview-with-simon-critchley/|title=Nihilism, Punk and the International Necronautical Society: an interview with Simon Critchley -|date=30 March 2009|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Sex Pistols]] were central to the association of punk and nihilism, with the ''Trouser Press Record Guide'' writing that their "confrontational, nihilistic public image and rabidly nihilistic socio-political lyrics set the tone that continues to guide punk bands."<ref>Robbins, Ira, "Sex Pistols", in ''The Trouser Press Record Guide'', 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins, p.585, Collier, 1991. {{ISBN|0-02-036361-3}}</ref> However, researcher Neil Eriksen argues that though "much of the critical realism [of punk rock] expresses cynicism and nihilism, it does serve to question existing relations in such a way that listeners are forced to think about what is being said",<ref name="marxists.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/theoretical-review/19801802.htm|title=Popular Culture and Revolutionary Theory: Understanding Punk Rock|last=EROL|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> so that overt rejection of meaning is primarily concerned with challenging existing values.

=== Situationism ===
The [[Situationist International]] (SI) was an early influence on punk subculture in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Marcus, Greil 1989">Marcus, Greil, Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-571-23228-0}}</ref> Started in continental Europe in the 1950s, the SI was an avant-garde political movement that sought to recapture the ideals of surrealist art and use them to construct new and radical social situations. [[Malcolm McLaren]] introduced situationist ideas to punk through his management of the band [[Sex Pistols]].<ref name="Marcus, Greil 1989" /> [[Vivienne Westwood]], McLaren's partner and the band's designer/stylist, expressed situationist ideals through fashion that was intended to provoke a specific social response. 15% Pus and DUST, subversive 1990s Manchester bands, staged psycho-geographic walks around [[Hulme]] and created human collages from road signs as part of what became known as 'psycho-spectre'. [[Jamie Reid]]'s distinctive album cover artwork was openly situationist.

=== Socialism ===
[[The Clash]] were a blatantly political punk rock band, introducing [[socialism]] to the punk scene.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfMIaUCBTWMC&pg=PA47|title=Left of the Dial: Conversations with Punk Icons|first=David|last=Ensminger|date=5 September 2013|publisher=PM Press|isbn=9781604866414|access-date=5 September 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qfACzulTwIC&pg=PT327 |title=Seventies Unplugged - Gerard DeGroot - Google Books |date=2011-05-20 |isbn=9781447203520 |access-date=2014-05-20|last1=Degroot |first1=Gerard |publisher=Pan Macmillan }}</ref> Clash frontman [[Joe Strummer]] said of his socialist views "I believe in socialism because it seems more humanitarian, rather than every man for himself and 'I'm alright jack' and all those asshole businessmen with all the loot. I made up my mind from viewing society from that angle. That's where I'm from and there's where I've made my decisions from. That's why I believe in socialism."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salewicz|first1=Chris|title=Redemption Song: The Ballad of Joe Strummer|date=May 13, 2008|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0865479821}}</ref> Some of the original [[Oi!]] bands expressed a rough form of socialist [[working class]] [[populism]] — often mixed with [[patriotism]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Worley |url=http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001.full |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116181212/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/tcbh.hwt001.full |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-16 |title=Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk |publisher=Tcbh.oxfordjournals.org |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alexis Petridis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/mar/18/oi-cockney-rejects-garry-bushell-interview |title=Misunderstood or hateful? Oi!'s rise and fall &#124; Music |work=The Guardian |date=18 March 2010 |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref><ref name="truth_garry">{{cite web|author= Bushell, Garry|url=http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp |title=Oi!—The Truth|publisher=garry-bushell.co.uk|access-date=2010-11-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080731120915/http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/index.asp |archive-date = 2008-07-31}}</ref> Many Oi! bands sang about [[unemployment]], economic inequality, working class power and police harassment. In the 1980s, several notable British socialist punk musicians were involved with [[Red Wedge]]. Notable socialist punks include: [[Attila the Stockbroker]], [[Billy Bragg]], [[Bruce La Bruce]], [[Garry Bushell]] (until the late 1980s), [[The Redskins|Chris Dean]], [[The Dicks|Gary Floyd]], [[Jack Grisham]], [[Stewart Home]], [[Dennis Lyxzén]], [[Angelic Upstarts|Thomas Mensforth]], [[Fermin Muguruza]], [[Boikot|Alberto Pla]], [[Tom Robinson (musician)|Tom Robinson]], [[Seething Wells]], [[The Men They Couldn't Hang|Paul Simmonds]], [[Rob Tyner]], Joe Strummer, [[Ian Svenonius]], [[Mark Steel]] and [[Paul Weller (singer)|Paul Weller]] (guitarist for British powerhouse, new wave band, [[The Jam]]). Neil Eriksen wrote in 1980: "... we feel that elements of punk rock fulfill a revolutionary cultural function".<ref name="marxists.org"/>

=== Straight edge ===
{{Main|Straight edge|Hardline (subculture)}}
[[Straight edge]] originated in the [[Washington, D.C.]] hardcore punk scene with the [[Minor Threat]] song "Straight Edge" written by frontman [[Ian MacKaye]] and guitarist Brian Baker. Straight edge involves abstaining from [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[tobacco]], and [[recreational drug use]]. Some who claim the title straight edge also abstain from [[caffeine]], casual sex and meat. Those stricter individuals may be considered part of the [[Hardline (subculture)|hardline subculture]]. Unlike the shunning of meat and caffeine, refraining from casual sex was without question a practice in the original straight edge lifestyle, but it has been overlooked in many of the later reincarnations of straight edge. For some, straight edge is a simple lifestyle preference, but for others it is a political stance. In many cases, it is a rejection of the perceived self-destructive qualities of punk and hardcore culture. MacKaye has often spoken out against others labeling themselves as being Straight edge, which was never his intentions for it being a label, but it became a movement one which he became annoyed with. Notable straight edgers: [[Tim McIlrath]], [[CM Punk]] and [[Davey Havok]].

== See also ==
*[[Anarchism and animal rights]]
*[[Anarchism and the arts]]
*[[CrimethInc.]]
*[[List of political punk songs]]
*[[Music and politics]]
*[[Protest art]]
*[[Rock and roll and the fall of communism]]
*[[Rock Against Bush]]
*[[Rock Against Communism]]
*[[Rock Against Racism]]
*[[Rock Against Sexism]]
*[[Solarpunk]]
*[[Youth politics]]
*[[Youth subcultures]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*O'Hara, Craig, ''The Philosophy of Punk'', AK Press, 1999 {{ISBN|1-873176-16-3}}
*Garofalo, Rebee, ''Rockin' The Boat: Music and Mass Movements'', [[South End Press]], 1991 {{ISBN|0-89608-427-2}}
*Sinker, Daniel, ''We Owe You Nothing, Punk Planet: The Collected Interviews'', Akashic Books, 2001 {{ISBN|1-888451-14-9}}
*Taylor, Steven, ''False Prophet: Fieldnotes from the Punk Underground'', Wesleyan University Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-8195-6667-5}}

[[Category:Punk]]
[[Category:Ideologies]]
[[Category:Music and politics]]
[[Category:Australian youth culture]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United States]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Youth culture]]
[[Category:Politics]]