Editing Pygoscelis

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Brush-tailed penguins
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] to present
| image = Manchot 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pygoscelis antarctica]]''
| taxon = Pygoscelis
| authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1832
| type_species = ''[[Pygoscelis antarctica|Aptenodytes antarctica]]''<ref>''Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis'' 3 (1780): [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=186 134], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=193 141], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=205 pl.4].</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]''<br />
''[[Pygoscelis antarctica]]''<br />
''[[Pygoscelis papua]]''<br />
†''[[Pygoscelis tyreei]]'' <small>([[fossil]])</small><br />
†''[[Pygoscelis calderensis]]'' <small>(fossil)</small><br />
†''[[Pygoscelis grandis]]'' <small>(fossil)</small>
}}
The genus '''''Pygoscelis''''' ("rump-legged") contains three living species of [[penguin]]s collectively known as "brush-tailed penguins".<ref>{{cite web |title=''Pygoscelis'' |url=http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/Pygoscelis_eng.html |website=www.pinguins.info |date=2000 |accessdate=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501202914/http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/Pygoscelis_eng.html |archive-date=2010-05-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[Molecular clock|Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence]] suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38&nbsp;million years ago, about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus ''[[Aptenodytes]]''. In turn, the Adelie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA |year=2006|title=Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling |journal=Proc Biol Sci |volume=273 |issue=1582|pages=11–17|doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3260|pmid=16519228 |pmc=1560011}}</ref>

;Extant species
{{Species table |genus=Pygoscelis |authority-name=[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]]|authority-year= 1832 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Adélie penguin|binomial=[[Pygoscelis adeliae]]
|image=File:Adelie Penguin.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Hombron & Jacquinot|authority-year= 1841|authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Antarctica, Bouvet Island
|range-image=File:Pygoscelis adeliae Distribuzione.jpg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Chinstrap penguin|binomial=[[Pygoscelis antarcticus]]
|image=File:Chinstrap Penguin.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Forster|authority-year= 1781|authority-not-original=yes
|range= Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the French Southern Territories, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|range-image=File:Pygoscelis antarcticus map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Gentoo penguin|binomial=[[Pygoscelis papua]]
|image=File:Gentoo Penguin at Cooper Bay, South Georgia.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Forster|authority-year= 1781|authority-not-original=yes
|range= Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Kerguelen Islands
|range-image=File:Gentoo penguin distribution.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on
| ''P. p. taeniata''  ([[Titian Peale|Peale]], 1849) 
| ''P. p. papua''  ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1781)
| ''P. p. ellsworthi''  [[Robert Cushman Murphy|Murphy]], 1947 
| ''P. p. poncetii''  Tyler, Bonfitto, Clucas, Reddy & Younger, 2020
}}
}}
{{Species table/end}}


A 2020 study found that the gentoo penguin may actually comprise a [[species complex]] of 4 similar but genetically distinct species: the northern gentoo penguin (''P. papua''), the southern gentoo penguin (''P. ellsworthi''), the eastern gentoo penguin (''P. taeniata''), and the newly-described South Georgia gentoo penguin (''P. poncetii'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tyler|first1=Joshua|last2=Bonfitto|first2=Matthew T.|last3=Clucas|first3=Gemma V.|last4=Reddy|first4=Sushma|last5=Younger|first5=Jane L.|date=2020|title=Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin|url= |journal=Ecology and Evolution|language=en|volume=10|issue=24|pages=13836–13846|doi=10.1002/ece3.6973|pmid=33391684 |issn=2045-7758|pmc=7771148|bibcode=2020EcoEv..1013836T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pertierra|first1=Luis R.|last2=Segovia|first2=Nicolás I.|last3=Noll|first3=Daly|last4=Martinez|first4=Pablo A.|last5=Pliscoff|first5=Patricio|last6=Barbosa|first6=Andrés|last7=Aragón|first7=Pedro|last8=Rey|first8=Andrea Raya|last9=Pistorius|first9=Pierre|last10=Trathan|first10=Phil|last11=Polanowski|first11=Andrea|date=2020|title=Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change|journal=Diversity and Distributions|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=958–975|doi=10.1111/ddi.13072|issn=1472-4642|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020DivDi..26..958P |hdl=11336/141106|hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, in 2021 the [[International Ornithologists' Union|International Ornithological Congress]] recognized these as being [[subspecies]] of ''P. papua''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A study has estimated that there are about 3.79 million pairs of Adélie, 387,000 pairs of gentoo, and 8 million pairs of chinstrap penguins in their particular areas,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Black|first=Caitlin E.|date=2016-03-01|title=A comprehensive review of the phenology of Pygoscelis penguins|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1807-8|journal=Polar Biology|language=en|volume=39|issue=3|pages=405–432|doi=10.1007/s00300-015-1807-8|bibcode=2016PoBio..39..405B |s2cid=253810985 |issn=1432-2056|url-access=subscription}}</ref> making up 90% of Antarctic avian biomass.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Tony D. |title=The penguins: Spheniscidae |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-854667-2 |series=Bird families of the world |location=Oxford |pages=137}}</ref>
;Fossil species
* ''[[Pygoscelis grandis]]'' ([[Bahía Inglesa Formation]], Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Bahía Inglesa, Chile)
* ''[[Pygoscelis calderensis]]'' (Bahía Inglesa Formation, Late Miocene of Bahía Inglesa, Chile)
* ''[[Pygoscelis tyreei]]'' (Pliocene of New Zealand)

The latter two are tentatively assigned to this genus.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Penguins}}
{{Austrodyptornithes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q609432}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pygoscelis| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Penguins]]