Editing Quality function deployment

{{Short description|Early stage product design and development technique}}
'''Quality function deployment''' ('''QFD''') is a method developed in Japan beginning in 1966 to help transform the [[voice of the customer]] into [[engineering]] characteristics for a product.<ref name="Customer Driven">{{cite book |last= Akao |first= Yoji|title= The Customer Driven Approach to Quality Planning and Deployment |year=1994|publisher= Asian Productivity Organization |location=Minato, Tokyo |isbn= 92-833-1121-3 |chapter=Development History of Quality Function Deployment}}</ref><ref name="Larson 2009 p117">Larson et al. (2009). p. 117.</ref> [[Yoji Akao]], the original developer, described QFD as a "method to transform qualitative user demands into quantitative parameters, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts, and ultimately to specific elements of the manufacturing process."<ref name="Customer Driven"/> The author combined his work in [[quality assurance]] and [[quality control]] points with function deployment used in [[value engineering]].

== House of quality ==
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Larson is speaking as if the house of quality is QFD, which is denied by the original developer Akao, who believes it to be a part of QFD. This distinction seems to be lost in much of the English literature, just from a brief review. Feel free to discuss on the talk page about how to approach this problem.

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[[File:A1 House of Quality.png|thumb|250px|right|A house of quality for enterprise product development processes]]
The house of quality, a part of QFD,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qfdi.org/what_is_qfd/faqs_about_qfd.htm#What%20is%20the%20House%20of%20Quality%20Why%20it%20isnt%20a%20QFD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213044623/http://www.qfdi.org/what_is_qfd/faqs_about_qfd.htm |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Frequently Asked Questions about QFD |work=QFDI.org |publisher=QFD Institute}}</ref> is the basic design tool of quality function deployment.<ref name="hbr 1988" />  It identifies and classifies customer desires (WHATs), identifies the importance of those desires, identifies engineering characteristics which may be relevant to those desires (HOWs), correlates the two, allows for verification of those correlations, and then assigns objectives and priorities for the system requirements.<ref name="Larson 2009 p117"/> This process can be applied at any system composition level (e.g. system, subsystem, or component) in the design of a product, and can allow for assessment of different abstractions of a system.<ref name="Larson 2009 p117"/> It is intensely progressed through a number of hierarchical levels of WHATs and HOWs and analyse each stage of product growth (service enhancement), and production (service delivery).<ref name="Classroom QFD 2011">{{cite journal |title= Managing Class Room Quality Better: A Journey Thru QFD| journal = Quality World |issue=January |date= 2011|pages=4–11 |first1= Amrinder Singh |display-authors=et al  |last1= Chahal |ssrn=1829993}}</ref>

The house of quality appeared in 1972 in the design of an oil tanker by [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]].<ref name="hbr 1988">{{cite magazine |url=https://hbr.org/1988/05/the-house-of-quality |magazine=Harvard Business Review |title=The House of Quality |first1=John R. |last1=Hauser |first2=Don |last2=Clausing |issue=May 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416131507/https://hbr.org/1988/05/the-house-of-quality |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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The output of the house of quality is generally a matrix with customer desires on one dimension and correlated [[nonfunctional requirement]]s on the other dimension.<ref name="Larson 2009 p117"/><ref name="Larson 2009 p119">Larson et al. (2009). p. 119.</ref> The cells of matrix table are filled with the weights assigned to the stakeholder characteristics where those characteristics are affected by the system parameters across the top of the matrix.<ref name="Larson 2009 p119"/> At the bottom of the matrix, the column is summed, which allows for the system characteristics to be weighted according to the stakeholder characteristics.<ref name="Larson 2009 p119"/> System parameters not correlated to stakeholder characteristics may be unnecessary to the system design and are identified by empty matrix columns, while stakeholder characteristics (identified by empty rows) not correlated to system parameters indicate "characteristics not addressed by the design parameters".<ref name="Larson 2009 p119"/> System parameters and stakeholder characteristics with weak correlations potentially indicate missing information, while matrices with "too many correlations" indicate that the stakeholder needs may need to be [[:wikt:refined|refined]].<ref name="Larson 2009 p119"/>

== Fuzziness ==
The concepts of [[fuzzy logic]] have been applied to QFD ("Fuzzy QFD" or "FQFD").<ref name="industrial QFD 2013">{{cite journal |doi=10.1155/2013/682532 |title=Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment: An Analytical Literature Review |journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering |date=2013 |first1=Mohammad |last1=Abdolshah |first2=Mohsen |last2=Moradi|volume=2013 |pages=1–11 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A review of 59 papers in 2013 by Abdolshah and Moradi found a number of conclusions: most FQFD "studies were focused on quantitative methods" to construct a house of quality matrix based on customer requirements, where the most-employed techniques were based on [[multiple-criteria decision analysis]] methods.<ref name="industrial QFD 2013"/> They noted that there are factors other than the house of quality relevant to product development, and called [[metaheuristic]] methods "a promising approach for solving complicated problems of FQFD."<ref name="industrial QFD 2013"/>

== Derived techniques and tools ==
The  process of quality function deployment (QFD) is described in ISO 16355-1:2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/74103.html|title=ISO 16355-1:2021 |website=ISO|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>
[[Pugh concept selection]] can be used in coordination with QFD to select a promising product or service configuration from among listed alternatives.

[[Modular function deployment]] uses QFD to establish customer requirements and to identify important design requirements with a special emphasis on modularity. There are three main differences to QFD as applied in modular function deployment compared to house of quality:<ref name="MFD-QFD">{{cite web |last1=Börjesson |first1=Fredrik |date=October 2012 |last2=Jiran |first2=Scott |title=The Generation of Modular Product Architecture Deploys a Pragmatic Version of Quality Function Deployment |url=http://modularmanagement.com/en/articles/modular-function-deploymentr-concepts-qfd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231214332/http://modularmanagement.com/en/articles/modular-function-deploymentr-concepts-qfd |archive-date=December 31, 2012 |url-access=registration |url-status=dead}}</ref> The benchmarking data is mostly gone; the checkboxes and crosses have been replaced with circles, and the triangular "roof" is missing.<ref name="MFD-QFD" />

==Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |title=Applied Space Systems Engineering |publisher=McGraw-Hill |editor1-last=Larson |editor1-first=Wiley J. |editor2-last=Kirkpatrick |editor2-first=Doug |editor3-last=Sellers |editor3-first=Jerry Jon |editor4-last=Thomas |editor4-first=L. Dale |editor5-last=Verma |editor5-first=Dinesh |series=Space Technology |date=2009 |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-07-340886-6}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Hauser |first=John R. |title=How Puritan-Bennet used the house of quality |journal=[[Sloan Management Review]] |date=April 15, 1993 |url=http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-puritanbennett-used-the-house-of-quality/ |pages=61–70 |issue=Spring 1993 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910093401/http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-puritanbennett-used-the-house-of-quality/ |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |department=IE 361 |title=House of Quality: Steps in Understanding the House of Quality |url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~vardeman/IE361/f01mini/johnson.pdf |last1=Tapke |first1=Jennifer |last2=Muller |first2=Alyson |last3=Johnson |first3=Greg |last4=Siec |first4=Josh |website=Iowa State University |archive-date=November 5, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105103546/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~vardeman/IE361/f01mini/johnson.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |title=General principles and perspectives of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) |website=ISO.org |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/62626.html |date=December 2015}}

{{Systems engineering}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business intelligence terms]]
[[Category:Product management]]
[[Category:Quality]]
[[Category:Systems thinking]]
[[Category:Organizational cybernetics]]
[[Category:1966 introductions]]