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Quantum information science
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{{Short description|Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing}}{{Quantum mechanics}}{{Information science}} '''Quantum information science''' is a field that combines the principles of [[quantum mechanics]] with [[information theory]] to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with [[quantum information]]. The term '''quantum information theory''' is sometimes used, but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information. ==Scientific and engineering studies== [[Quantum teleportation]], [[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]] and the manufacturing of [[quantum computer]]s depend on a comprehensive understanding of quantum physics and engineering. [[Google]] and [[IBM]] have invested significantly in quantum computer hardware research, leading to significant progress in manufacturing quantum computers since the 2010s. Currently, it is possible to create a quantum computer with over 100 [[qubit]]s, but the error rate is high due to the lack of suitable materials for quantum computer manufacturing.<ref>Shiba, K., Sakamoto, K., Yamaguchi, K., Malla, D.B. & Sogabe, T. 2019, Convolution filter embedded quantum gate autoencoder, Cornell University Library, arXiv.org, Ithaca.</ref> [[Majorana fermion]]s may be a crucial missing material.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classification of topological quantum matter with symmetries|first1=Ching-Kai|last1=Chiu|first2=Jeffrey C. Y.|last2=Teo|first3=Andreas P.|last3=Schnyder|first4=Shinsei|last4=Ryu|date=August 31, 2016|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=88|issue=3|page=035005 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035005|arxiv=1505.03535 |bibcode=2016RvMP...88c5005C |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Quantum cryptography]] devices are now available for commercial use. The [[one time pad]], a cipher used by spies during the [[Cold War]], uses a sequence of random keys for encryption. These keys can be securely exchanged using quantum entangled particle pairs, as the principles of the [[no-cloning theorem]] and [[wave function collapse]] ensure the secure exchange of the random keys. The development of devices that can transmit quantum entangled particles is a significant scientific and engineering goal.{{cn|date=February 2023}} [[Qiskit]], [[Cirq]] and [[Q Sharp]] are popular quantum programming languages. Additional [[programming languages]] for quantum computers are needed, as well as a larger community of competent quantum programmers. To this end, additional learning resources are needed, since there are many fundamental differences in quantum programming which limits the number of skills that can be carried over from traditional programming.{{cn|date=February 2023}} ==Related mathematical subjects== [[Quantum algorithms]] and [[quantum complexity theory]] are two of the subjects in [[algorithm]]s and [[computational complexity theory]]. In 1994, mathematician [[Peter Shor]] introduced a quantum algorithm for [[prime factorization]] that, with a quantum computer containing 4,000 [[Physical and logical qubits|logical qubits]], could potentially break widely used ciphers like [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA]] and [[Elliptic-curve cryptography|ECC]], posing a major security threat. This led to increased investment in [[quantum computing]] research and the development of [[post-quantum cryptography]] to prepare for the fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) era.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=HΓ€ner |first1=Thomas |last2=Jaques |first2=Samuel |last3=Naehrig |first3=Michael |last4=Roetteler |first4=Martin |last5=Soeken |first5=Mathias |date=2020 |editor-last=Ding |editor-first=Jintai |editor2-last=Tillich |editor2-first=Jean-Pierre |chapter=Improved Quantum Circuits for Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithms |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-44223-1_23 |title=Post-Quantum Cryptography |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=425β444 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-44223-1_23 |isbn=978-3-030-44223-1|arxiv=2001.09580 }}</ref> ==See also== {{cols|colwidth=26em}} * [[Glossary of quantum computing]] * [[Information theory]] * [[Quantum mechanics]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Quantum error correction]] * [[Quantum information theory]] * [[Quantum cryptography]] and its generalization, quantum communication * [[Quantum communication complexity]] * [[Quantum entanglement]], as seen from an information-theoretic point of view * [[Quantum dense coding]] * [[Quantum teleportation]] * [[Entanglement-assisted classical capacity]] * [[No-communication theorem]] * [[Quantum capacity]] * [[Quantum communication channel]] * [[Decision tree complexity#Quantum decision tree|Quantum decision tree complexity]] * [[Timeline of quantum computing and communication]] * [[Petz recovery map]] {{colend}} ==References== {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|title=Quantum Computation and Quantum Information|last1=Nielsen|first1=Michael A.|last2=Chuang|first2=Isaac L.|date=June 2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780511992773|edition= 10th anniversary |location=Cambridge|oclc=700706156|author-link=Michael Nielsen|author-link2=Isaac Chuang}} == External links == * [https://www.quantiki.org/ Quantiki] β quantum information science portal and wiki. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023125521/http://qist.ect.it/ ERA-Pilot QIST WP1] European roadmap on Quantum Information Processing and Communication * [https://www.imperial.ac.uk/quantum-engineering-science-technology/ QIIC] β Quantum Information, Imperial College London. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617023855/http://www.qi.leeds.ac.uk/ QIP] β Quantum Information Group, University of Leeds. The quantum information group at the University of Leeds is engaged in researching a wide spectrum of aspects of quantum information. This ranges from algorithms, quantum computation, to physical implementations of information processing and fundamental issues in quantum mechanics. Also contains some basic tutorials for the lay audience. * [https://www.ucm.es/mathqi mathQI] Research Group on Mathematics and Quantum Information. * [https://cqist.usc.edu/ CQIST] Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology at the University of Southern California * [http://cquic.unm.edu/ CQuIC] Center for Quantum Information and Control, including theoretical and experimental groups from University of New Mexico, University of Arizona. * [http://www.quantumlah.org/ CQT] Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore * [https://www.cqc2t.org/ CQC2T] Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology * [https://faculty.lsu.edu/quantum/index.php QST@LSU] Quantum Science and Technologies Group at Louisiana State University {{Quantum computing|state=expanded}} {{Quantum mechanics topics}} {{Branches of physics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Quantum information science| ]]
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