Editing Queen Anne style architecture

{{Short description|Architectural style}}
[[File:Winslow Hall, Sheep Street, Winslow - geograph.org.uk - 2230591.jpg|thumb|[[Winslow Hall]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] (1700), possibly by [[Christopher Wren]], has most of the typical features of the original English style.]]
[[File:Hanbury Hall 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Hanbury Hall]] in [[Worcestershire]] ({{Circa|1706}}) is about as large a building as is found in the English Queen Anne style.]]
[[File:Douglas House - geograph.org.uk - 1176148.jpg|thumb|[[Douglas House, Petersham]], early 18th century]]
[[File:Bluecoat Chambers - Liverpool.jpg|thumb|[[Bluecoat Chambers]] in [[Liverpool]] (1717), in a version of the original Queen Anne style]]

The '''Queen Anne style''' of British architecture refers to either the [[English Baroque]] architecture of the time of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] (who reigned from 1702 to 1714) or the [[Queen Anne Revival architecture in the United Kingdom|British Queen Anne Revival]] form that became popular during the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.<ref>Cambridge Encyclopedia, Crystal (Cambridge University Press) 1994, p. 69.</ref> In other English-speaking parts of the world, [[New World Queen Anne Revival architecture]] embodies entirely different styles.

==Overview==
With respect to [[British architecture]], the term is mostly used for domestic buildings up to the size of a [[manor house]], and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates. The term is not often used for churches. Contrary to the American usage of the term, it is characterised by strongly [[bilateral symmetry]], with an [[Italianate]] or [[Palladian]]-derived [[pediment]] on the front formal elevation.

Colours were made to contrast with carefully chosen red brick for the walls, with details in a lighter stone that is often rather richly carved. [[Christopher Wren]] used this technique, which achieved a rich effect for a considerably lower cost than using stone as a facing throughout, in his rebuilding of [[Hampton Court Palace]], commissioned by [[Mary II of England|William and Mary]]. Here, it harmonized well with the remaining Tudor parts of the palace. This highly visible example probably influenced many others.

The architectural historian [[Marcus Binney]], writing in ''[[The Times]]'' in 2006, describes [[Poulton House]] in [[Poulton, Wiltshire]] (built in 1706, during the reign of Queen Anne)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poulton House, Mildenhall – 1034116 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1034116 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |author-link1=Nikolaus Pevsner |last2=Cherry |first2=Bridget (revision) |year=1975 |orig-year=1963 |title=Wiltshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |edition=2nd |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-0710-26-4 |page=336}}</ref> as "...Queen Anne at its most delightful". Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the Queen Anne style:<ref>''[[The Times]]'', "Bricks and Mortar"  Supplement, 5 May 2006, pp. 6–7.</ref>
* a sweep of steps leading to a carved stone door-case
* rows of painted sash windows in boxes set flush with the brickwork
* stone [[Quoin (architecture)|quoins]] emphasizing corners
* a central triangular pediment set against a hipped roof with dormers
* typically box-like "double pile" plans, two rooms deep

When using the revived "Queen Anne style" of the 19th and 20th centuries, the historical reference in the name should not be taken at all literally, as buildings said to be in the "Queen Anne style" in other parts of the [[English-speaking world]] normally bear even less resemblance to English buildings of the early 18th century than those of any style of [[revival architecture]] to the original. In particular, [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States]] is a wholly different style, as in Australia, and normally includes no elements typical of the actual architecture of Queen Anne's reign, the names being devised for marketing purposes.

==British Queen Anne Revival==
[[File:New Scotland Yard, Victoria Embankment (geograph 5650866).jpg|thumb|[[Norman Shaw Buildings]], London]]
{{main|Queen Anne Revival architecture in the United Kingdom}}

[[George Devey]] (1820–1886) and the better-known [[Richard Norman Shaw|Norman Shaw]] (1831–1912) popularized the Queen Anne style of British architecture of the [[industrial age]] in the 1870s. Norman Shaw published a book of architectural sketches as early as 1858, and his evocative pen-and-ink drawings began to appear in trade journals and artistic magazines in the 1870s. American commercial builders quickly adopted the style.

Shaw's eclectic designs often included [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] elements, and this "Old English" style also became popular in the United States, where it became known (inaccurately) as the Queen Anne style. Confusion between buildings constructed during the reign of Queen Anne and the "Queen Anne" style persists, especially in England.

British Victorian Queen Anne architecture empathises more closely with the [[Arts and Crafts movement]] than its American counterpart. A good example is [[Severalls Hospital]] in Colchester, Essex (1913–1997), which is now defunct.

The historical precedents of the architectural style were broad and several:
* fine brickwork, often in a warmer, softer finish than the Victorians characteristically used, varied with terracotta panels or tile-hung upper storeys, with crisply-painted white woodwork or blond limestone detailing
* [[oriel window]]s, often stacked one above another
* corner towers
* asymmetrical fronts and picturesque massing
* Flemish [[mannerism|mannerist]] sunken panels of [[strapwork]]
* deeply shadowed entrances
* broad porches
* overall, a domesticated free Renaissance style

In the 20th century, [[Edwin Lutyens]] and others used an elegant version of the style, usually with red-brick walls contrasting with pale stone details.

==New World Queen Anne Revival==
{{Main|New World Queen Anne Revival architecture}}
[[File:Carson mansion.jpg|thumb|The [[Carson Mansion]], located in [[Eureka, California|Eureka]], [[California]], is widely considered to be one of the most extreme examples of American Queen Anne style.]]

===United States===
{{Main|Queen Anne style architecture in the United States}}
[[File:Frank Wheeler Hotel in Freetown, Indiana.jpg|thumb|right|American Queen Anne style Frank Wheeler Hotel in Freetown, Indiana]]

In the United States, "Queen Anne" is used to describe a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-[[Gothic Revival architecture]]) details and as an alternative both to the French-derived [[Second Empire (architecture)|Second Empire]] and the less "domestic" [[Beaux-Arts architecture]], is broadly applied to architecture, furniture, and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910; some "Queen Anne" architectural elements, such as the wraparound front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s. One example of a Queen Anne style home in the United States is the [[Slowe-Burrill House]] located in the [[Brookland (Washington, D.C.)|Brookland]] neighborhood of [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |date=2019-03-26 |title=This pioneering Howard dean lived with another woman in the 1930s. Were they lovers? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/03/26/this-pioneering-howard-dean-lived-with-another-woman-s-were-they-lovers/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Verongos |first=Helen T. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Overlooked No More: Lucy Diggs Slowe, Scholar Who Persisted Against Racism and Sexism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/obituaries/lucy-diggs-slowe-overlooked.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The gabled and domestically scaled style arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry [[Sidney V. Stratton]], architect, 1878. Distinctive features of American Queen Anne architecture may include an [[asymmetrical]] [[facade|façade]]; dominant front-facing [[gable]], often [[cantilever]]ed beyond the plane of the wall below; overhanging [[eaves]]; round, square, or [[polygonal]] tower(s); shaped and [[Dutch gable]]s; a [[porch]] covering part or all of the front façade, including the primary entrance area; a second-story porch or balconies; [[pediment]]ed porches; differing wall textures, such as patterned wood shingles shaped into varying designs, including resembling fish scales, [[terra cotta]] tiles, [[relief]] panels, or wooden shingles over brickwork, etc.; [[dentils]]; classical columns; spindle work; [[Oriel window|oriel]] and bay windows; horizontal bands of leaded windows; monumental chimneys; painted [[balustrade]]s; and wooden or [[slate]] roofs. Front gardens often had wooden fences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buffaloah.com/a/archsty/queen/index.html|title=Queen Anne Style|website=buffaloah.com}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|Federation architecture}}
[[File:The Australia (APA) Building, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The [[APA Building, Melbourne|APA Building]] in Melbourne, Australia, circa 1900. It was Australia's tallest building from its completion in 1889 to 1912 and was demolished in 1980.]]

In Australia the influence of [[Richard Norman Shaw]]<ref>''A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture'', Apperly [[Angus & Robertson]] 1994, p. 132.</ref> contributed to the development of the [[Federation architecture|Federation style]], of which the heyday lasted from 1890 to 1915, and which is subdivided into twelve phases, [[Federation Queen Anne]] being one and the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910.<ref>''A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture'', p. 132.</ref> The style often used Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron. Verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife, plus circular windows, turrets, and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs.
[[File:(1)Amesbury 033.jpg|thumb|''Amesbury'' a Queen Anne Style house in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Sydney]]]]
[[Image:Federation style mansion in domain street south yarra.jpg|thumb|Queen Anne styled mansion located in [[South Yarra]], [[Melbourne]]]]
The first Queen Anne house in Australia was [[Caerleon, Bellevue Hill|Caerleon]] in the suburb of [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]], [[Sydney]].<ref>''The Federation House'', Hugh Fraser (New Holland) 2002, p. 24.</ref> Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect, [[Harry Kent (architect)|Harry Kent]], but was then substantially reworked in London by [[Maurice Adams]].<ref>''Sydney Architecture'', Graham Jahn (Watermark Press) 1997, p. 62.</ref> This led to some controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for the Federation Queen Anne house that was to become so popular. The [[APA Building, Melbourne|APA Building]] in the [[Melbourne central business district]] was an example of the Queen Anne style being used for non-residential purposes. However, at some stage, the building may have been apartments. It was demolished in 1981 after the modernism boom in Melbourne took off – factors that sealed its demolition included rapacious development, lax heritage attitudes in Australian cities, and the owner's decision to argue for a demolition permit, which was granted.

Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb of [[Penshurst, New South Wales]],<ref>[http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_2.cfm?itemid=1870222 Heritage branch | Office of Environment & Heritage]</ref> and Annesbury, in the suburb of [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], both built circa 1888. Although built around the same time, these houses had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a robust Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style became increasingly popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an "Establishment" leaning.<ref>''The Federation House'', p. 22.</ref>

The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences. Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian aspects like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this eclectic approach is [[Urrbrae House]], in the [[Adelaide]] suburb of [[Urrbrae, South Australia|Urrbrae]], part of the Waite Institute. Another variation connected to the Federation Queen Anne style was the [[Federation Bungalow]], featuring extended verandahs. This style generally incorporated familiar Queen Anne elements, but usually in simplified form.

Some prominent examples are:<ref>''A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture'', pp. 132–135.</ref>
* [[West Maling]], corner of Penshurst Avenue and [[King Georges Road]], [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]], Sydney
* Homes, [[Appian Way, Burwood]], Sydney
* Homes, [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]], Sydney
* [[Caerleon, Bellevue Hill|Caerleon]], 15 Ginahgulla Road, [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]], Sydney<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2711158|title=Caerleon – house, grounds (Full LEP listing – Description in Further Comments) {{!}} Office of Environment & Heritage|website=www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref>[[Sydney Morning Herald]], 25 January 2008, p. 3</ref>
* [[Annesbury]], 78 Alt Street, [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], Sydney<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://federation-house.wikispaces.com/Amesbury,+Ashfield,+NSW|title=Wikispaces|website=federation-house.wikispaces.com|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Weld Club]], [[Barrack Street, Perth]]
* [[ANZ Bank]], Queens Parade, [[Fitzroy North]], Melbourne
* [[Campion College]], Studley Park Road, [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]], Melbourne<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adonline.id.au/buildings/dalswraith/|title=Dalswraith {{!}} Melbourne Buildings {{!}} Adam Dimech|website=www.adonline.id.au|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Redcourt Estate]], [[Armadale, Victoria|Armadale]], Melbourne
* [[Tay Creggan]], [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]], Melbourne<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://federation-house.wikispaces.com/Tay+Creggan,+Hawthorn|title=Wikispaces|website=federation-house.wikispaces.com|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Image:WestMalingSydney0004.jpg|West Maling, Penshurst, New South Wales (NSW)
Image:'Amalfi' 2 Appian Way Burwood.jpg|'Amalfi', 2 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
Image:'Vallambrosa' 19 Appian Way Burwood NSW.jpg|'Vallambrosa', 19 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
Image:Burwood Appian Way 2.JPG|Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
Image:SLNSW 796381 The Manse Haberfield Federation style house.jpg|The Manse, Haberfield
Image:(1)Caerleon-3.jpg|Caerleon, Bellevue Hill, Sydney, NSW
Image:Weld club2.jpg|Weld Club, Perth, WA
Image:Queens_Bess.jpg|Queen Bess Row in [[East Melbourne, Victoria|East Melbourne]]
Image:RedCourt-Exterior-01.jpg|Redcourt, Armadale, Victoria
Image:Edzett Mansion Toorak.jpeg|Edzell Mansion, Toorak Victoria
Image:Carramar House in Parkside, South Australia.jpg|Carramar House in [[Parkside, South Australia]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Queen Anne style furniture]]
* [[Revivalism (architecture)]]
* [[Architecture of England#Stuart architecture|Stuart architecture]]
** [[Ramsbury Manor]], Wiltshire
** [[Restoration style]]
** [[The Vyne]], Hampshire

* [[Maison Joseph-Gauvreau]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mark Girouard|Girouard, Mark]], ''Sweetness and Light: The Queen Anne Movement, 1860–1900'', Yale University Press, 1984. The primary survey of the movement.
* Macquoid, Percy, ''Age of Walnut'', 1904.
* ''The Shingle Style and the Stick Style: Architectural Theory and Design from Downing to the Origins of Wright'', revised edition, Yale University Press, 1971.
* Rifkind, Carole. ''A Field Guide to American Architecture''. Penguin Books, New York, 1980.
* [[Marcus Whiffen|Whiffen, Marcus]]. ''American Architecture Since 1780''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1999.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Queen Anne architecture}}
* [http://historicalhamilton.com Photography of Queen Anne Style Homes in Hamilton, Ontario]
* [https://www.federation-house.com/federation-queen-anne Federation Queen Anne Style]
* [http://federation-house.wikispaces.com/Gothic+Queen+Anne+style Gothic Queen Anne Style]

{{Revivals}}
{{Architecture of England}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Queen Anne Style Architecture}}
[[Category:Queen Anne architecture| ]]
[[Category:Victorian architectural styles]]
[[Category:British architectural styles]]
[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:18th-century architecture]]
[[Category:19th-century architectural styles]]