Editing Queens

{{Short description|Borough and county in New York, United States}}
{{about|the New York City borough|other uses|Queen (disambiguation){{!}}Queen|and|Queens (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available-->
<!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info -->
| name               = Queens <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in -->
| official_name      = 
| other_name         = Queens County, New York<!-- Do not change without discussion -->
| named_for          = [[Catherine of Braganza]]
| native_name        = <!-- if different from the English name -->
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough]] and [[List of counties in New York|county]]
| total_type         = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| motto              = <!-- Images and maps ----->
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  | perrow        = 1/2/2/2/2/1
  | caption_align = center
  | image1        = Unisphere-2 (27835155267).jpg
  | alt1          = [[Unisphere]] in [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]]
  | caption1      = [[Unisphere]] in [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]]
  | image2        = JFK Aerial Nov 14 2018.jpg
  | alt2          = [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]
  | caption2      = [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]
  | image3        = LaGuardia Airport.JPG
  | alt3          = [[LaGuardia Airport]]
  | caption3      = [[LaGuardia Airport]]
  | image4        = Chinatown 1.jpg
  | alt4          = [[Downtown Flushing]]
  | caption4      = [[Downtown Flushing]]
  | image5        = Addisleigh Park 01.JPG
  | alt5          = [[St. Albans, Queens#Addisleigh Park subsection|Addisleigh Park Historic District]]
  | caption5      = [[St. Albans, Queens#Addisleigh Park subsection|Addisleigh Park Historic District]]
  | image6        = Long Island City New York May 2015 panorama 3.jpg
  | alt6          = [[Long Island City]]
  | caption6      = [[Long Island City]]
  | image7        = Queensboro Bridge New York October 2016 003.jpg
  | alt7          = [[Queensboro Bridge]]
  | caption7      = [[Queensboro Bridge]]
  | image8        = Citi Field and Apple.JPG
  | alt8          = [[Citi Field]]
  | caption8      = [[Citi Field]]
  | image9        = Arthur Ashe Stadium (48613684807).jpg
  | alt9          = [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]]
  | caption9      = [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Queens.svg
| flag_size          = 110px
| image_seal         = Seal of Queens rerendered.svg
| seal_size          = 90px
| image_shield       = 
| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|type=shape|fill=#ffffff|fill-opacity=0|title=Queens|stroke-width=2}}
| map_caption        = Interactive map outlining Queens
| pushpin_map        = New York City#New York#USA#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_label      = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[New York City]]##Location within the [[State of New York]]##Location within the [[United States]]##Location on [[Earth]]
<!-- Location ------------>
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| subdivision_name   = {{flag|United States}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|New York}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = Queens (coterminous)
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of cities in New York|City]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[New York City]]
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| p2                 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed-->
<!-- Politics ------------>
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough (New York City)]]
| leader_title       = [[Borough President]]
| leader_name        = [[Donovan Richards]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />— ''(Borough of Queens)''
| leader_title1      = [[District Attorney]] <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_name1       = [[Melinda Katz]] (D)<br />— ''(Queens County)''
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = 1683
<!-- Area ---------------->
| unit_pref          = imperial
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_sq_mi   = 178
| area_land_sq_mi    = 109
| area_water_sq_mi   = 70
| area_water_percent = 39
<!-- Elevation ----------->
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags-->
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_max_m    = 
| elevation_max_ft   = 258.2
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="Eisenstadt 2005" />
| elevation_min_m    = 
<!-- Population ---------->
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2020-Census-Map" />
| population_total   = 2405464
| population_density_sq_mi = 22068
| population_est     = 2316841
| pop_est_as_of      = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="l968">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Queens County, New York | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/queenscountynewyork/PST045224 | access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Queensite<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-what-we-learned-20191231-l62mbmtur5ghzfvizxzsdp7xaa-story.html | title=What we learned: 2019 — New Yorkers are everywhere, like it or not | website=[[New York Daily News]] | date=December 31, 2019 }}</ref>
<!-- GDP ----------->
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf |title = Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022|publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |website = www.bea.gov}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = US$103.325 billion (2022) 
<!-- General information -->
| timezone           = 
| utc_offset         = 
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|40|45|N|73|52|W|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]] prefixes
| postal_code        = 111--, 113--, 114--, 116--, 11004-5
| area_codes         = [[Area codes 718, 347, and 929|718/347/929]] and [[Area code 917|917]]
| blank_name_sec2    = Congressional districts
| blank_info_sec2    = [[New York's 3rd congressional district|3rd]], [[New York's 5th congressional district|5th]], [[New York's 6th congressional district|6th]], [[New York's 7th congressional district|7th]], [[New York's 14th congressional district|14th]]
| website            = {{URL|https://www.queensbp.nyc.gov/|queensbp.nyc.gov}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Queens''' is the largest by area of the [[Boroughs of New York City|five boroughs]] of [[New York City]], coextensive with '''Queens County''', in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]. Located near the western end of [[Long Island]], it is bordered by the borough of [[Brooklyn]]<ref name="queensoverviewnys">{{cite web|url=https://www.ny.gov/counties/queens|title=Queens|publisher=[[New York (state)|New York State]]|access-date=April 27, 2020|quote=Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City, geographically adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn}}</ref> and by [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] to its east, and shares maritime borders with the boroughs of [[Manhattan]], [[the Bronx]], and [[Staten Island]], as well as with [[New Jersey]].<ref>[https://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/981356/touches.html Areas touching Monmouth County], MapIt. Accessed September 6, 2023.</ref> Queens is one of the most [[linguistics|linguistically]] and [[ethnically diverse]] places in the world.<ref name=QueensMostEthnicallyAndLinguisticallyDiverseWorld>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA).|title=Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York|author=Gus Lubin|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]], in collaboration with [[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 31, 2024|quote=There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than Queens, according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA).}}</ref><ref name="Narula 2014 apr 29" /><ref name="Axios 2019 Jul 4" />

With a population of 2,405,464 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="2020-Census-Map" /> Queens is the second-most populous county in New York state, behind Kings County (Brooklyn), and is therefore also the second-most populous of the five New York City boroughs. If Queens were its own city, it would be the [[List of United States cities by population|fourth most-populous in the U.S.]] after the rest of [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Chicago]]. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated borough in New York City and the fourth-most densely populated [[U.S. county]]. Queens is highly diverse with approximately 47% of its residents being [[foreign born|foreign-born]].<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2020" />

Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of the [[Province of New York]]. The settlement was named after the English Queen and Portuguese royal princess [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638–1705).<ref name="NY.com 1999 May 8" /> From 1683 to 1899, the County of Queens included what is now Nassau County. Queens became a borough during the [[consolidation of New York City]] in 1898, combining the towns of [[Long Island City]], [[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], and western [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]].<ref name="Greater-NY-Charter Weed-Parsons 1897" /> All except Hempstead are today considered neighborhoods of Queens.

Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City.<ref name="state1">{{cite web |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt3-2007queens.pdf |title=Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy. Report 3-2007 |website=Office of the State Comptroller |date=June 2006 |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref> It is home to both of New York City's airports: [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy]] and [[LaGuardia Airport|LaGuardia]]. Among its landmarks are [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]]; [[Citi Field]], home to the [[New York Mets]] baseball team; the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]], site of the [[U.S. Open (Tennis)|U.S. Open]] tennis tournament; [[Kaufman Astoria Studios]]; [[Silvercup Studios]]; and the [[Aqueduct Racetrack]]. [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] is undergoing rapid [[gentrification]] with investment by Chinese transnational entities,<ref name="Guardian-US-Ngu 2020 Aug 13" /> while [[Long Island City]] is undergoing gentrification secondary to its proximity across the [[East River]] from Manhattan.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Colonial and post-colonial history===
[[File:CatherineofBraganza1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|[[Catherine of Braganza]], Queen of England]]
[[File:Queens Boulevard, New York City (1920).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Queens Boulevard]], looking east from Van Dam Street, in 1920. The newly built [[IRT Flushing Line]] is in the boulevard's median.]]
The first [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlement]] in the region was the [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch]], who established the colony of [[New Netherland]]. The first settlements were established in 1635 followed by further settlement at [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]] in 1642 (ultimately unsuccessful),<ref name="Shorto-Funk 2004" /> and Vlissingen (now [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]]) in 1645.<ref name="ellis-p54">{{cite book |title=The Epic of New York City |last=Ellis |first=Edward Robb |publisher=Old Town Books |year=1966 |page=54}}</ref> Other early settlements included Newtown (now [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]]) in 1652 and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] in 1655. However, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from [[New England]] via eastern [[Long Island]] ([[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]]) who were subject to Dutch law.<ref name="Scheltema-Westerhuijs 2011" /> After the capture of the colony by the English and its subsequent renaming as ''New York'' in 1664, the area (and all of Long Island) became known as [[Yorkshire County, Province of New York|Yorkshire]].<ref name="Colonial-Laws 1894–96" />{{Rp|pp=xi–xii}}

The [[Flushing Remonstrance]] signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the [[United States Constitution]]'s provision on [[freedom of religion]] in the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities' persecution of [[Quakers]] in what is today the borough of Queens.
{{Long Island}}
Originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. It was an original county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1, 1683.<ref name="Colonial-Laws 1894–96" />{{Rp|pp=121–122}} The county is presumed to have been named after [[Catherine of Braganza]], since she was queen of England at the time (she was Portugal's royal princess Catarina, daughter of King [[John IV of Portugal]]).<ref name="NY.com 1999 May 8" /> The county was founded alongside [[Brooklyn|Kings County]] ([[Brooklyn]], which was named after her husband, King Charles II), and [[Staten Island|Richmond County]] ([[Staten Island]], named after his illegitimate son, [[Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond|the 1st Duke of Richmond]]).<ref name="Room 1997–2006" /><ref name="Antos 2009" /><ref name="Mushabac-Wigan 1997" /> However, the namesake is disputed. While Catherine's title seems the most likely namesake, no historical evidence of official declaration has been found.<ref name="NYTs 2002 Jan 27" /> On October 7, 1691, all counties in the [[Colony of New York]] were redefined. Queens gained [[North and South Brother Islands, New York City|North and South Brother Islands]] as well as Huletts Island (today known as [[Rikers Island]]).<ref name="Colonial-Laws 1894–96" />{{Rp|p=268}} On December 3, 1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county but that did not abut on [[Westchester County]] (today's [[The Bronx|Bronx County]]).<ref name="Colonial-Laws 1894–96" />{{Rp|pp=1062–1063}}

Queens played a minor role in the [[American Revolution]], as compared to Brooklyn, where the [[Battle of Long Island]] was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of what became New York City and Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. Under the [[Quartering Act]], British soldiers used, as [[barracks]], the public inns and uninhabited buildings belonging to Queens residents. Even though many residents opposed unannounced quartering, they supported the British crown. The quartering of soldiers in private homes, except in times of war, was banned by the [[Third Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. [[Nathan Hale]] was captured by the British on the shore of [[Flushing Bay]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] in [[Manhattan]].

From 1683 until 1784, Queens County consisted of five towns: Flushing, [[Town of Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], [[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]], and [[Town of Oyster Bay, New York|Oyster Bay]]. On April 6, 1784, a sixth town, the [[Town of North Hempstead, New York|Town of North Hempstead]], was formed through secession by the northern portions of the Town of Hempstead.<ref name="Greenspan" /><ref name="French 1860" /> The seat of the county government was located first in Jamaica,<ref name="5-boro-history" /> but the courthouse was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks.<ref name="McCurdy 2019" /> After the war, various buildings in Jamaica temporarily served as courthouse and jail until a new building was erected about 1787 (and later completed) in an area near [[Mineola, New York|Mineola]] (now in Nassau County) known then as Clowesville.<ref name="Seyfried-Peterson" /><ref name="Peterson-Seyfried 1983–1987" /><ref name="NY-Local-Government-Handbook" />

The [[1850 United States census]] was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three eastern towns that are now part of Nassau County. Concerns were raised about the condition and distance of the old courthouse, and several sites were in contention for the construction of a new one.<ref name="NYTs 1872 Feb 25" />

In 1870, [[Long Island City]] split from the Town of Newtown, incorporating itself as a city, consisting of what had been the [[Astoria, Queens|village of Astoria]] and some unincorporated areas within the town of Newtown. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola.<ref name="Newsday 1998 Feb 22" /><ref name="Queens-Tribune 2004" /><ref name="Newsday 2007 Mar 29" /><ref name="NYTs 1874 Feb 9" />

On March 1, 1860, the eastern border between Queens County (later Nassau County) and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] was redefined with no discernible change.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1860" /> On June 8, 1881, [[North Brother Island, East River|North Brother Island]] was transferred to [[Manhattan|New York County]].<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1881" /> On May 8, 1884, [[Rikers Island]] was transferred to New York County.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1884" />

In 1886, Lloyd's Neck, which was then part of the town of Oyster Bay and had earlier been known as Queens Village, was set off and separated from Queens County and annexed to the town of Huntington in Suffolk County.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1886" /><ref name="Beers-maps 1873" /><ref name="Lloyd-Harbor-Brief-History" /> On April 16, 1964, [[South Brother Island, East River|South Brother Island]] was transferred to Bronx County.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1964 Vol 2" />

===Incorporation as borough===
{{See also|History of New York City|List of former municipalities in New York City|List of streetcar lines in Queens}}
The New York City borough of Queens was authorized on May 4, 1897, by a vote of the [[New York State Legislature]] after an 1894 referendum on consolidation.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1897" /> The eastern {{convert|280|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} of Queens that became [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] was partitioned on January 1, 1899.<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1898 Vol 2" /> Queens Borough was established on January 1, 1898.<ref name="Inventing-Gotham 2007" /><ref name="NYTs 1894 Dec 15" /><ref name="Sullivan 1927 p342"/>

"The city of [[Long Island City]], the towns of [[Newtown, Queens County, New York|Newtown]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], and that part of the town of [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]], in the county of Queens, which is westerly of a straight line drawn through the middle of the channel between [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaway Beach]] and [[Long Beach, New York#Long Beach Barrier Island|Shelter Island]], in the county of Queens, to the Atlantic Ocean" was annexed to New York City,<ref name="Greater-NY-Charter Weed-Parsons 1897" /> dissolving all former municipal governments ([[Long Island City]], the county government, all towns, and all villages) within the new borough.<ref name="NYG&B-Newsletter 1998 Winter" /> The areas of Queens County that were not part of the consolidation plan,<!-- \\ BEGIN new refs that Nassau never voted on consolidation --><ref name="Newsday 2007 Mar 29" /><ref name="NYTs 1894 Sep 13" /><ref name="NYTs 1894 Oct 16" /><ref name="NYTs 1894 Nov 4" /><!-- Again, no mention of Town of Oyster Bay, nor Town of North Hempstead, nor any plan for ALL of Town of Hempstead, indeed only part of Hempstead was ever planned to become part of Queens --><ref name="NYTs 1894 Nov 8" /><!--no mention of Town of Oyster Bay, nor Town of North Hempstead, nor any plan for ALL of Town of Hempstead, indeed only part of Hempstead was ever planned to become part of Queens--><ref name="NYTs 1896 Feb 22" /><ref name="NYTs 1899 Feb 12" /><!-- \\ END refs that Nassau never voted --> consisting of the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay, and the major remaining portion of the Town of Hempstead, remained part of Queens County <!-- but not were part of the borough--> until they seceded to form the new [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] on January 1, 1899. At this point, the boundaries of Queens County and the Borough of Queens became [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]]. With consolidation, Jamaica once again became the county seat, though county offices now extend to nearby [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]] also.<ref name="NYTs 1896 Jun 7" />

In 1899, New York City conducted a [[surveying|land survey]] to determine the exact border of Queens between [[the Rockaways]] and [[Lawrence, Nassau County, New York|Lawrence]]. This proved difficult because the border was defined as "middle of the channel between Rockaway Beach and Shelter Island" (now called Long Beach Island), and that particular channel had closed up by 1899. The surveyors had to determine where the channel had been when the consolidation law was written in 1894. The surveyors did so in part by speaking with local fishermen and oystermen who knew the area well.<ref name="NYTs 1899 Feb 12" />

From 1905 to 1908, the [[Long Island Rail Road]] in Queens became electrified. Transportation to and from [[Manhattan]], previously by ferry or via bridges in Brooklyn, opened up with the [[Queensboro Bridge]] finished in 1909, and with railway tunnels under the [[East River]] in 1910. From 1915 onward, much of Queens was connected to the [[New York City Subway]] system.<ref name="Seyfried-Peterson" /><ref name="Seyfried 2004" /> With the 1915 construction of the [[Steinway Tunnel]] carrying the [[IRT Flushing Line]] between Queens and Manhattan, and the robust expansion of the use of the [[automobile]], the population of Queens more than doubled in the 1920s, from 469,042 in 1920 to 1,079,129 in 1930.<ref name="Gibson 1998 Jun" />

In later years, Queens was the site of the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] and the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/highlights/fmcp-worlds-fairs Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Legacy; Celebrating the Enduring Legacy of the 1939 and 1964 Fairs], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]], Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1939, and again in 1964, Flushing Meadows Corona Park hosted two of the largest international exhibitions ever held in the United States."</ref> [[LaGuardia Airport]], established on a site in northern Queens that had been a seaplane base, opened in 1939, named for mayor [[Fiorello La Guardia]], who pushed for the development of a modern airport in New York City.<ref>Cross, Lee. [https://airwaysmag.com/laguardia-airport-begins-ops/ "12/02/1939: New York's LaGuardia Airport Begins Operations"], ''[[Airways Magazine]]'', December 2, 2023. "In 1939, New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA) opened for business in East Elmhurst, Queens. The aviation history of the site in Queens can be traced back to June 1929, when New York Air Terminal Inc. established a seaplane base. The facility underwent several developments and name changes, including being renamed Glenn H. Curtiss Airport in September 1930 and later North Beach Airport in 1935. However, it was Fiorello LaGuardia, the newly elected mayor, who played a significant role in transforming the airport."</ref> Idlewild Airport, in southern Queens, opened in 1948 on the site of a former golf course and was renamed [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in 1963.<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/idlewild-park/history Idlewild Park], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Construction on Idlewild Airport began in 1942 on the former site of Idlewild Golf Course in Queens.... After six years of construction, the airport opened on July 1, 1948 and was dedicated by President Truman on July 31, 1948.... Although it continued to be known popularly as "Idlewild," New York International Airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24, 1963, following resolutions by Mayor Robert F. Wagner, the City Council, and the Commissioners of the Port Authority."</ref> In one of several notable incidents, [[TWA Flight 800]] took off from the airport on July 17, 1996, and exploded in midair off the coast of Long Island, killing all 230 on board the [[Boeing 747]].<ref>[https://www.faa.gov/lessons_learned/transport_airplane/accidents/N93119 Trans World Airways Flight 800, N93119], [[Federal Aviation Administration]]. Accessed January 17, 1996. Accessed January 17, 2024. "On July 17, 1996, at 2031 EDT, a Boeing 747-131, N93119, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean about eight miles south of East Moriches, New York after taking off from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). The airplane was being operated on a regularly scheduled flight to Charles De Gaulle International Airport (CDG), Paris, France, as Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800.... On board the airplane were 212 passengers and 18 crewmembers. The airplane was destroyed by explosion, fire, and impact forces with the ocean. All 230 people aboard were killed."</ref> [[American Airlines Flight 587]] took off from the latter airport on November 12, 2001, but ended up crashing in [[Belle Harbor, Queens|Belle Harbor]], killing all 260 on board and five people on the ground.<ref>[https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/aircrafts-american_2001.html Disasters New York City (NYC) American Airlines Flight 587 Crash - 2001], [[Baruch College]]. Accessed January 17, 2024. " Two months following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, a plane crashed in Belle Harbor, Queens and reignited the fear and broken hearts of Americans. On November 12, 2001, American Airlines Flight 587 (Airbus A300) made its ascent into a clear blue sky and was bound for Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic with 260 people on board. At approximately 9:17 a.m., the plane spiraled out of control and crashed in Belle Harbor, killing all 260 people on board and five people on the ground."</ref> In late October 2012, much of [[Breezy Point, Queens|Breezy Point]] was damaged by a massive six-alarm fire caused by [[Hurricane Sandy]], the largest fire of residential homes in FDNY history, destroying 126 homes in an area where every building was damaged by either water, wind or the resulting fires.<ref>[https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighting/conflagration-in-breezy-point-queens/#gref "Conflagration in Breezy Point Queens; Superstorm Sandy illustrates the full spectrum of Fire Department of New York (FDNY) preparedness and response capabilities along with its commitment to community recovery."], ''[[Fire Engineering (magazine)|Fire Engineering]]'', May 1, 2013. Accessed July 17, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy's high winds coupled with the storm surge that created an electrical short in one home. The short then triggered the conflagration in Breezy Point, which destroyed 126 homes and damaged 22 others, making it the largest private-residential fire in the department's history. The fires combined with the storm surge accounted for the complete destruction of more than 10 percent of the 2,837 homes in Breezy Point. Overall, every structure in this small beach community received significant damage from fire, water, or wind."</ref>
{{wide image|Queens, New York City, looking south from Queensboro Bridge.jpg|1000px|Looking south from the [[Queensboro Bridge]] in [[Long Island City]]}}

==Geography==
[[File:New York City location Queens.svg|thumb|upright=1|Location of Queens (red) within [[New York City]]]]
[[File:Queens aerial 2021.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Aerial view of Queens looking north from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]]]
Queens is located on the far western portion of geographic [[Long Island]] and includes a few smaller islands, most of which are in [[Jamaica Bay]], forming part of the [[Gateway National Recreation Area]], which in turn is one of the [[National Park Service|National Parks]] of New York Harbor.<ref name="National-Park-Service Jamaica-Bay-Unit-info" /> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Queens County has a total area of {{convert|178|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|109|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|70|sqmi}} (39%) is water.<ref name="USGazetteer 2012 Aug 22" />

[[Brooklyn]], the only other New York City borough on Long Island, lies just south and west of Queens. [[Newtown Creek]], an [[estuary]] that flows into the [[East River]], forms part of the border. To the west and north is the East River, across which is [[Manhattan]] to the west and [[The Bronx]] to the north. [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] is east of Queens on Long Island. [[Staten Island]] is southwest of Brooklyn, and shares only a three-mile-long water border (in the Outer Bay) with Queens. North of Queens are [[Flushing Bay]] and the [[Flushing River]], connecting to the [[East River]]. The East River opens into [[Long Island Sound]]. The midsection of Queens is crossed by the [[Long Island#Geography|Long Island straddling terminal moraine]] created by the [[Wisconsin Glacier]]. The [[Rockaway Peninsula]], the southernmost part of all of Queens, sits between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, featuring {{convert|7|mi|km}} of beaches.<ref name="QueensMamas 2011 May 28" /><ref name="Newsday 1994 Feb 22" />

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Queens has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa) transitoring the [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa'') ; with partial shielding from the [[Appalachian Mountains]] and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Queens receives precipitation throughout the year, with an average of {{convert|44.8|in|cm}} per year. In an average year, there will be 44 days with either moderate or heavy rain.<ref name= climatedata-lga/>

An average winter will have 22 days with some snowfall, of which nine days have at least {{convert|1|in|cm}} of snowfall.<ref name= climatedata-lga/> Summer is typically hot, humid, and wet. An average year will have 17 days with a high temperature of {{convert|90|F|C}} or warmer.<ref name= climatedata-lga>"[https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=LGA&product=CLA&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1&highlight=off Climatological Report (Annual): LaGuardia NY]". ''National Weather Service''. Retrieved August 4, 2018.</ref> In an average year, there are 14 days on which the temperature does not go above {{convert|32|F|C}} all day.<ref name= climatedata-lga/> Spring and autumn can vary from chilly to very warm.

The highest temperature ever recorded at [[LaGuardia Airport]] was {{convert|107|F|C}} on July 3, 1966.<ref name="NYTs 1966 Jul 4" /><ref name= climatedata-lga/> The highest temperature ever recorded at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] was {{convert|104|F|C}}, also on July 3, 1966.<ref name="NYTs 1966 Jul 4" /><ref name= climatedata-jfk>"[https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=JFK&product=CLA&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1&highlight=off Climatological Report (Annual): LaGuardia NY]". ''National Weather Service''. Retrieved August 4, 2018.</ref> LaGuardia Airport's record-low temperature was {{convert|-7|F|C}} on February 15, 1943, the effect of which was exacerbated by a shortage of [[heating oil]] and [[coal]].<ref name= climatedata-lga/><ref name="NYTs 1943 Feb 16" /> John F. Kennedy International Airport's record-low temperature was {{convert|-2|F|C}}, on February 8, 1963, and January 21, 1985.<ref name= climatedata-jfk/><ref name="NYTs 1963 Feb 9" /><ref name="NYTs 1985 Jan 21" /> On January 24, 2016, {{convert|30.5|in|cm}} of snow fell, which is the record in Queens.<ref name="WaPo 2016 Jan 25" />

[[Tornado]]es are generally rare; the most recent tornado, an [[EF0]], touched down in [[College Point]] on August 3, 2018, causing minor damage.<ref name="AM-New-York 2018 Aug 3" /> Before that, there was a tornado in [[Breezy Point, Queens|Breezy Point]] on September 8, 2012, which damaged the roofs of some homes,<ref name="NYDaily 2012 Sep 9" /> and an [[EF1 tornado|EF1]] tornado in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] on September 26, 2010.<ref name="NYDaily 2010 Sep 26" />
{{Queens airports weatherbox}}

==Neighborhoods==
{{Main|Neighborhoods of New York City}}
{{See also|List of Queens neighborhoods}}
[[File:NYC Jackson Heights 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A residential street in [[Jackson Heights]]]]
[[File:Long Island City New York May 2015 panorama 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Long Island City]], a neighborhood in western Queens]]
[[File:Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, NY.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Forest Hills Gardens]]]]
Four [[United States Postal Service]] postal zones serve Queens, based roughly on those serving the towns in existence at the consolidation of the five boroughs into New York City: Long Island City ([[ZIP code]]s starting with 111), Jamaica (114), Flushing (113), and [[Far Rockaway]] (116). Also, the [[Floral Park, Queens|Floral Park]] post office (110), based in Nassau County, serves a small part of northeastern Queens. Each of these main post offices has neighborhood stations with individual ZIP codes, and unlike the other boroughs, these station names are often used in addressing letters. These ZIP codes do not always reflect traditional neighborhood names and boundaries; "[[East Elmhurst, Queens|East Elmhurst]]", for example, was largely coined by the USPS and is not an official community.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Most neighborhoods have no solid boundaries. The [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]] and [[Rego Park]] neighborhoods, for instance, overlap.

Residents of Queens often closely identify with their neighborhood rather than with the borough or city. The borough is a patchwork of dozens of unique neighborhoods, each with its own distinct identity:
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
<ol type="1" start="1">
<li> [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], one of the largest neighborhoods in Queens, has a large and growing [[Asian people|Asian]] community. The community consists of [[Chinese American|Chinese]], [[Korean American|Koreans]], and [[South Asian]]s. Asians have now expanded eastward along the [[Northern Boulevard|Northern Boulevard axis]] through [[Murray Hill, Queens|Murray Hill]], [[Whitestone, Queens|Whitestone]], [[Bayside, Queens|Bayside]], [[Douglaston–Little Neck, Queens|Douglaston–Little Neck]], and eventually into adjacent [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]].<ref name="Forbes 2014 Apr 10"/><ref name="Bloomberg-News 2014 Oct 27" /> These neighborhoods historically contained [[Italian American]]s and Greeks, as well as [[Latino American]]s. The busy intersection of [[Main Street (Queens)|Main Street]], [[Kissena Boulevard]], and 41st Avenue defines the center of [[Downtown Flushing]] and the [[Flushing Chinatown|Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)]], known as the "Chinese [[Times Square]]" or the "Chinese [[Manhattan]]".<ref name="NYTs 2014 Oct 1" /><ref name="NYTs 2018 Aug 25" /> The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard and [[Roosevelt Avenue]], punctuated by the [[Long Island Rail Road]] [[Trestle bridge|trestle]] overpass, represents the cultural heart of the Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 25,000 individuals born in China alone, [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] has become home to one of the largest Chinatowns, representing the largest Chinese population of any U.S. municipality other than New York City in total.<ref name="Business-Insider 2015 May 27" />
<li> [[Howard Beach]], [[Whitestone, Queens|Whitestone]], and [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]] are home to large Italian American populations.
<li> [[Ozone Park]] and [[South Ozone Park]] have large Italian, [[Hispanic]], and [[Guyanese people|Guyanese]] populations.
<li> [[Rockaway Beach, Queens|Rockaway Beach]] has a large [[Irish American]] population.</li>
<li> [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], in the northwest, is traditionally home to one of the largest [[Greek American|Greek]] populations outside Greece. It also has large [[Spanish American]] and [[Italian American]] communities, and is home to a growing population of immigrants from the Middle East, South Asia, the [[Balkans]] as well as [[yuppies|young professionals]] from Manhattan. Nearby [[Long Island City]] is a major commercial center and the home to [[Queensbridge Houses|Queensbridge]], the largest housing project in North America.
<li> [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]] and [[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]] are home to many Eastern European immigrants such as [[Romanians|Romanian]], [[Polish American|Polish]], [[Serbs|Serbian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]], and other [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] populations. Ridgewood also has a large Hispanic population.
<li> [[Jackson Heights]] and [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]] make up a conglomeration of [[Hispanic]], [[Asian-American|Asian]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], and [[South Asian]] communities. Jackson Heights is also known as "Little Colombia" thanks to the gastronomical and demographic impact of Colombian people.<ref name="NY1 2019 Oct 7" />
<li> [[Woodside, Queens|Woodside]] is home to a large [[Filipino American]] community and has a "[[Little Manila]]" as well a large [[Irish American]] population. Many Filipino Americans live in [[Hollis, Queens|Hollis]] and [[Queens Village, Queens|Queens Village]].
<li> [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]], in the south, is often thought of as "Little Guyana" for its large [[Guyana|Guyanese]] community,<ref name="NYTs 2002 Jan 13" /> as well as [[Punjab Avenue|Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ)]], or [[Punjab|Little Punjab]], for its high concentration of [[Punjabi people]].
<li> [[Rego Park]], [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]], and [[Kew Gardens Hills, Queens|Kew Gardens Hills]] have traditionally large Jewish populations (historically from Germany and [[Eastern Europe]]; though more recent immigrants are from Israel, Iran, and the former [[Soviet Union]]). These neighborhoods are also known for large and growing Asian communities, mainly immigrants from China.</li>
<li> [[Jamaica Estates, Queens|Jamaica Estates]], [[Jamaica Hills, Queens|Jamaica Hills]], [[Hillcrest, Queens|Hillcrest]], [[Fresh Meadows, Queens|Fresh Meadows]], and [[Hollis Hills, Queens|Hollis Hills]] are also populated with many people of Jewish background. Many Asian families reside in parts of Fresh Meadows as well.
<li> [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] is home to large [[African American]], [[Caribbean]], and [[Central American]] populations. There are also middle-class African American and Caribbean neighborhoods such as [[St. Albans, Queens|Saint Albans]], [[Queens Village, Queens|Queens Village]], [[Cambria Heights, Queens|Cambria Heights]], [[Springfield Gardens, Queens|Springfield Gardens]], [[Rosedale, Queens|Rosedale]], [[Laurelton, Queens|Laurelton]], and [[Briarwood, Queens|Briarwood]] along east and southeast Queens.</li>
<li> [[Bellerose, Queens|Bellerose]] and [[Floral Park, Queens|Floral Park]], originally home to many Irish Americans, is home to a growing South Asian population, predominantly [[Indian American]]s.</li>
<li> [[Corona, Queens|Corona and Corona Heights]], once considered the "Little Italy" of Queens, was a predominantly Italian community with a strong African American community in the northern portion of Corona and adjacent [[East Elmhurst]]. From the 1920s through the 1960s, Corona remained a close-knit neighborhood. Corona today has the highest concentration of Latinos of any Queens neighborhood, with an increasing Chinese American population, located between [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]] and Flushing.<ref name="McGlinn 2002" /></ol>

{{div col end}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Queens}}
<!--static header would be nice-->

{{NYC boroughs}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition !! 2020<ref name="IndyStar 2020" />!! 2010<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |title=U.S. Census website |access-date=May 18, 2019 }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="Gibson-Jung 2002 Sep 1" />!! 1970<ref name="Gibson-Jung 2002 Sep 1" /> !! 1950<ref name="Gibson-Jung 2002 Sep 1" />
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 25.8% || 39.7% || 57.9% || 85.3% || 96.5%
|-
| —Non-Hispanic || 22.8%|| 27.6% || 48.0% || n/a || n/a
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 16.8% || 19.1% || 21.7% || 13.0% || 3.3%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 27.8% || 27.5% || 19.5% || 7.7%<ref>From 15% sample</ref> || n/a
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 27.5% || 22.9% || 12.2% || 1.1% || 0.1%
|}
{| style="float:right;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{{US Census population
| 1790 = 16014
| 1800 = 16916
| 1810 = 19336
| 1820 = 21519
| 1830 = 22460
| 1840 = 30324
| 1850 = 36833
| 1860 = 57391
| 1870 = 73803
| 1880 = 90574
| 1890 = 128059
| 1900 = 152999
| 1910 = 284041
| 1920 = 469042
| 1930 = 1079129
| 1940 = 1297634
| 1950 = 1550849
| 1960 = 1809578
| 1970 = 1986473
| 1980 = 1891325
| 1990 = 1951598
| 2000 = 2229379
| 2010 = 2230722
| 2020 = 2405464
| estyear = 2024
| estimate = 2316841
| estref = <ref name="l968">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Queens County, New York | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/queenscountynewyork/PST045224 | access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
| align-fn = center
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="USCensus-Decennial 2015" /><br />1790-1960<ref name="Forstall 1995 Apr 20" />1900-1990<ref name="Forstall 1995 Apr 20" /><br>1990-2000<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2010" /> 2010<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2020" /> 2020<ref name="2020-Census-Map" />
}}
|}
[[File:Bwy Elmhurst Chinatown jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Elmhurst, Queens#Chinatown, Elmhurst (唐人街, 艾姆赫斯特)|Elmhurst Chinatown (艾姆赫斯特 唐人街)]] at the corner of Broadway and Dongan Avenue]]
[[File:Astoria uncle georges.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], a largely [[Greek-American]] neighborhood]]At the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], 2,405,464 people lived in Queens. In 2018's [[American Community Survey]], the population of Queens was estimated by the [[United States Census Bureau]] to have increased to 2,278,906, a rise of 2.2%. Queens' estimated population represented 27.1% of New York City's population of 8,398,748; 29.6% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 11.7% of New York State's population of 19,542,209. The 2019 estimates reported a decline to 2,253,858.<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020" /> In 2018, there were 865,878 housing units, and 777,904 households, 2.97 persons per household, and a median value of $481,300. There was an owner-occupancy rate of 44.5.<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020" /> In the [[2010 United States census]], Queens recorded a population of 2,230,722. There were 780,117 households enumerated, with an average of 2.82 persons per household. The [[population density]] was {{convert|20,465.3|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|inhabitants&nbsp;|inhabitants|}}. There were 835,127 housing units at an average density of {{convert|7,661.7|/mi2|/km2|adj=pre|units&nbsp;}}.

The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|racial makeup]] of the county in 2010 was 39.7% White, 19.1% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 22.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. A total of 27.5% of the population were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latin American]] of any race. The [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]] population was 27.6%.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> In 2019, non-Hispanic whites made up an estimated 24.4% of the population, and Blacks or African Americans were 17.3%.<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020" /> The largest minority groups for the borough were Hispanic and Latin Americans (28.2%), and Asians (26.0%).

In Queens, residents consisted of 6.2% under 5, 13.9% 6–18, 64.2% 19–64, and 15.7% over 65. Females made up 51.5% of the population. An estimated 47.5% of residents are foreign-born in 2018. The per capita income was $28,814, and the median household income was $62,008. In 2018, 12.2% of residents lived below the poverty line.

The New York City Department of City Planning was alarmed by the negligible reported increase in population between 2000 and 2010. Areas with high proportions of immigrants and undocumented aliens are traditionally undercounted for a variety of reasons, often based on a mistrust of government officials or an unwillingness to be identified. In many cases, counts of vacant apartment units did not match data from local surveys and reports from property owners.<ref name="NYTs 2011 May 24" />
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Queens.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Queens]] 
{{As of|2023}}, illegal [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] to New York City, especially to Queens and its [[Flushing Chinatown]], has accelerated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html|title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border|author=Eileen Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 2023|access-date=November 24, 2023|quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan...“New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community,” said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.}}</ref>

===Ethnic groups===
[[File:74th St shopping Jax Hts jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Little India in [[Jackson Heights]]]]
[[File:Stock-De Kalb-Hart Av Historic Dist Bushwick jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]] is home to a large Puerto Rican community]]
According to a 2001 Claritas study, Queens was the most diverse county in the United States among counties of 100,000+ population.<ref name="Business-Wire 2001 Jul 23" /> A 2014 analysis by ''[[The Atlantic]]'' found Queens County to be the third most racially diverse county-equivalent in the United States—behind [[Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska|Aleutians West Census Area]] and [[Aleutians East Borough, Alaska|Aleutians East Borough]] in Alaska—as well as the most diverse county in New York.<ref name="Narula 2014 apr 29" /> Meanwhile, a 2017 study by [[Axios (website)|Axios]] found that, although numerous smaller counties in the United States had higher rates of diversity, Queens was the United States' most diverse populous county.<ref name="Axios 2019 Jul 4" />

In Queens, approximately 48.5% of the population was [[foreign born]] as of 2010. Within the foreign born population, 49.5% were born in [[Latin America]], 33.5% in Asia, 14.8% in Europe, 1.8% in Africa, and 0.4% in North America. Roughly 2.1% of the population was born in [[Puerto Rico]], a U.S. territory, or abroad to American parents. In addition, 51.2% of the population was born in the United States. Approximately 44.2% of the population over 5 years of age speak English at home; 23.8% speak Spanish at home. Also, 16.8% of the populace speak other [[Indo-European languages]] at home. Another 13.5% speak a non-Indo-European [[Languages of Asia|Asian language]] or language of the [[Pacific Islands]] at home.<ref name="USCensus-Queens languages 2020" />

Among the Asian population in 2010, people of [[Chinese American|Chinese ethnicity]] made up the largest ethnic group at 10.2% of Queens' population, with about 237,484 people; the other East and Southeast Asian groups are: [[Korean American|Koreans]] (2.9%), [[Filipino American|Filipinos]] (1.7%), [[Japanese American|Japanese]] (0.3%), [[Thai American|Thais]] (0.2%), [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] (0.2%), and [[Indonesian American|Indonesians]] and [[Burmese American|Burmese]] both make up 0.1% of the population.<ref name="USCensus-Queens 2010" /> People of [[South Asian]] descent made up 7.8% of Queens' population: [[Indian American|Indians]] (5.3%), [[Bangladeshi American|Bangladeshi]] (1.5%), [[Pakistani American|Pakistanis]] (0.7%), and [[Nepalese American|Nepali]] (0.2%).<ref name="USCensus-Queens 2010" /> In 2019, Chinese Americans remained the largest Asian ethnicity (10.9%) followed by [[Indian Americans|Asian Indians]] (5.7%).<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020" /> Asian Indians had estimated population of 144,896 in 2014 (6.24% of the 2014 borough population),<ref name="USCensus-Queens-Asian-Indian-Alone 2014" /> as well as [[Pakistani American]]s, who numbered at 15,604.<ref name="AAFNY 2019" /> Queens has the second largest [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh]] population in the nation after [[California]].<ref name="WSJ 2010 Aug 20" />

Among the Hispanic or Latin American population, [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] made up the largest ethnic group at 4.6%, next to [[Mexican American|Mexicans]], who made up 4.2% of the population, and [[Dominican American|Dominicans]] at 3.9%. [[Central American]]s made up 2.4% and are mostly [[Salvadorans]]. [[South American]]s constitute 9.6% of Queens's population, mainly of [[Ecuadorian]] (4.4%) and [[Colombian American|Colombian]] descent (4.2%).<ref name="USCensus-Queens 2010" /> The 2019 American Community Survey estimated Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were equally the largest groups (4.5% each) in Queens, and Cuban Americans were the third largest single group. Other Hispanic and Latinos collectively made up 18.9% of the population.<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020" /> The Hispanic or Latino population increased by 61% to 597,773 between 1990 and 2006 and now accounts for over 26.5% of the borough's population.

Queens has the largest [[Colombian American|Colombian]] population in the city, accounting for over 35.6% of the city's total Colombian population, for a total of 145,956 in 2019;<ref name="NY1 2019 Oct 7" /> it also has the largest [[Ecuadorian American|Ecuadorian]] population in the city, accounting for 62.2% of the city's total Ecuadorian population, for a total of 101,339. Queens has the largest [[Peruvian American|Peruvian]] population in the city, accounting for 69.9% of the city's total Peruvian population, for a total of 30,825. Queens has the largest [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] population in the city, accounting for 50.7% of the city for a total population of 25,235. The [[Mexican American|Mexican]] population in Queens has increased 45.7% since 2011 to 71,283, the second-highest in the city, after Brooklyn.<ref name="Chan 2005" />

Queens is also home to 49.6% of the city's Asian population. Among the five boroughs, Queens has the largest population of [[Chinese American|Chinese]], [[Indian American|Indian]], [[Korean American|Korean]], [[Filipino American|Filipino]], [[Bangladeshi American|Bangladeshi]] and [[Pakistani American]]s. Queens has the largest [[Asian American]] population by county outside the [[Western United States]]; according to the 2006 American Community Survey, Queens ranks fifth among US counties with 477,772 (21.18%) Asian Americans, behind [[Los Angeles County, California]], [[Honolulu County, Hawaii]], [[Santa Clara County, California]], and [[Orange County, California]].

Some main European ancestries in Queens as of 2000 include: [[Italian American|Italian]] (8.4%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (5.5%), [[German American|German]] (3.5%), [[Polish American|Polish]] (2.7%), [[Russian American|Russian]] (2.3%), and [[Greek American|Greek]] (2.0%). Of the [[European Americans|European American]] population, Queens has the third largest [[Bosnian American|Bosnian]] population in the United States behind only [[St. Louis]] and [[Chicago]], numbering more than 15,000.<ref name="Quinnipiac-Chronicle 2012 Feb 22" /> Queens is home to some 50,000 [[Armenian Americans]].<ref name="NY AGBU">{{cite web|author=Hrag Vartanian|url=http://agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=65|title=Tracking Armenians in New York|date=April 1, 2002|publisher=[[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]|access-date=July 21, 2012|quote=Today, Manhattan's community has shrunk to 10,000 of the 150,000 Armenians in the Greater New York area. As the most culturally diverse county in the nation, Queens was and perhaps still is home to the bulk of Tri-State Armenians with today's population hovering around 50,000.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209200049/http://agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=65|archive-date=December 9, 2010 }}</ref>

The ''Jewish Community Study of New York 2011'', sponsored by the [[UJA-Federation of New York]], found that about 9% of Queens residents were Jews.<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun" /> In 2011, there were about 198,000 [[Jews in New York City|Jews in Queens]], making it home to about 13% of all people in Jewish households in the eight-county area consisting of the Five Boroughs and [[Westchester County|Westchester]], [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]], and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties.<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun" /> Russian-speaking Jews make up 28% of the Jewish population in Queens, the largest in any of the eight counties.<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun p-227" />

In Queens, the Black and African American population earns more than non-Hispanic whites on average.<ref name="NYTs 2006 Oct 1" /> Many of these Blacks and African Americans live in quiet, middle-class suburban neighborhoods near the Nassau County border, such as [[Laurelton, Queens|Laurelton]] and [[Cambria Heights]], which have large Black populations whose family income is higher than average. The migration of European Americans from parts of Queens has been long ongoing with departures from Ozone Park, Woodhaven, Bellerose, Floral Park, and Flushing (most of the outgoing population has been replaced with Asian Americans). Neighborhoods such as Whitestone, College Point, North Flushing, Auburndale, Bayside, Middle Village, and Douglaston–Little Neck have not had a substantial exodus of white residents, but have seen an increase of Asian population, mostly Chinese and Korean. Queens has experienced a [[real estate]] boom making most of its neighborhoods desirable for people who want to reside near Manhattan but in a less urban setting.

===Languages===
According to the office of the [[New York State Comptroller]] in 2000, 138 languages are spoken in the borough.<ref name="Queens-Economic-Review 2000" /> The 2021 [[American Community Survey]] by the [[United States Census Bureau]], found that – of those over the age of five residing in Queens – 54.53% spoke a language other than English in the home. The following tables shows the 15 most common non-English languages in Queens, with the most prominent being [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], and [[Bengali American|Bengali]].

{{refbegin}}
{{Scrolling table/top
 |-style="font-size: 87%;"
 |first={{space|4}}
 |<!--{{line-height|6.4|Language}}-->Language
 |Ages 5+
 |%
 |Source →
}}
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
! 1 !! !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 
|-
! [[American English|English]] !! All|[[Languages of the United States|non-English]] !! [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]]!! [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]]!! [[Bengali American|Bengali]]!! [[Korean American|Korean]]!! [[Tagalog language in the United States|Tagalog]]!! [[Russian language in the United States|Russian]]!! [[Haitian American|Haitian]] !! [[Polish language in the United States|Polish]]!! [[Italian language in the United States|Italian]]!! [[Greek language in the United States|Greek]]!! [[Arabic language in the United States|Arabic]]!! [[Punjabi American|Punjabi]] !! Urdu !! Hindi !! [[French language in the United States|French]]
|-style="text-align:right"
| 1,000,116||'''1,199,561'''|| 516,251|| 205,371|| 84,349|| 41,420|| 30,427|| 28,013|| 24,928|| 22,342|| 21,273|| 19,749|| 16,269|| 16,139|| 15,769|| 13,176|| 12,384
|-style="text-align:right"
| {{Percentage|1,000,116|2,199,677|2}}||'''{{Percentage|1,199,561|2,199,677|2}}'''|| {{Percentage|516,251|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|205,371|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|84,349|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|41,420|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|30,427|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|28,013|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|24,928|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|22,342|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|21,273|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|19,749|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|16,269|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|16,139|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|15,769|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|13,176|2,199,677|2}}|| {{Percentage|12,384|2,199,677|2}}
|-
|colspan=31 |{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|ACS Language Data,|2023}} |date=2010 |title=''2021 American Community Survey: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME"'' |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=punjabi&g=050XX00US36081&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=false|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=July 23, 2023}}
{{Scrolling table/end}}
{{refend}}

===Religion===
[[File:Unisphere Fountains - The Rocket Thrower 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''[[Rocket Thrower]]'' (1963) at [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]]]]
In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Queens was the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn|Diocese of Brooklyn]], with 677,520 [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] worshiping at 100 parishes, followed by an estimated 81,456 [[Islam in the United States|Muslims]] with 57 congregations, 80,000 [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] Jews with 110 congregations, 33,325 [[Nondenominational Christianity|non-denominational Christian]] adherents with 129 congregations, 28,085 [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|AME]] Methodists with 14 congregations, 24,250 [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Orthodox]] with 6 congregations, 16,775 [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindus]] with 18 congregations, 13,989 [[Assemblies of God|AoG]] Pentecostals with 64 congregations, 13,507 [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] with 45 congregations, and 12,957 [[Mahayana]] Buddhists with 26 congregations. Altogether, 49.4% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.<ref name="Religion-stats 2010" /> In 2014, Queens had 738 religious organizations, the thirteenth most out of all U.S. counties.<ref name="Penn-State 2014" />

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of New York City|LGBT culture in New York City#Queens|Music of New York City|List of people from Queens}}
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| alt1              = 
| image2            = June 3, 2018 Queens Pride Parade.jpg
| width2            = 225
| caption2          = 2018 [[Queens Pride Parade]]: [[Caribbean people|Caribbean Equality Project]] at top, and the ensuing [[Ethnic diversity|multicultural festival]] below
| alt2              = 
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}}

Queens has been the center of the punk rock movement, particularly in New York; [[Ramones]] originated out of Forest Hills,<ref name="Queens-Museum 2016 Jul 23" /> it has also been the home of such notable artists as [[Tony Bennett]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Paul Simon]], and [[Robert Mapplethorpe]].

Queens Poet Laureates (generally, 3-year appointments):
* 1997–2001: Stephen Stepanchev (inaugural Poet Laureate)
* 2001–2004: Hal Sirowitz (born 1949)
* 2004–2007: Ishle Yi Park
* 2007–2010: Julio Marzan
* 2010–2014: Paolo Javier
* 2015–2019: Maria Lisella<ref name="Past-Poet-Laureates 2019" />

Queens has notably fostered [[African-American culture|African American culture]], with establishments such as The Afrikan Poetry Theatre and the Black Spectrum Theater Company catering specifically to African Americans in Queens.<ref name="Afrikan-Poetry-Theatre-info" /><ref name="Black-Spectrum-Theater-info" /> In the 1940s, Queens was an important center of [[jazz]]; such jazz luminaries as [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Charlie Parker]], and [[Ella Fitzgerald]] took up residence in Queens, seeking refuge from the segregation they found elsewhere in New York.<ref name="Dominion 2011 Sep 6" /> Additionally, many notable hip-hop acts hail from Queens, including [[Nas]], [[Run-D.M.C.]], [[Kool G Rap]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], [[LL Cool J]], [[MC Shan]], [[Mobb Deep]], [[50 Cent]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Tony Yayo]], [[Tragedy Khadafi]], [[N.O.R.E.]], Lloyd Banks, [[Capone (rapper)|Capone]], [[Ja Rule]], [[Heems]] of [[Das Racist]] and [[Action Bronson]].

Queens hosts various museums and cultural institutions that serve its diverse communities. They range from the historical (such as the [[John Bowne House]]) to the scientific (such as the [[New York Hall of Science]]), from conventional art galleries (such as the [[Noguchi Museum]]) to unique graffiti exhibits (such as [[5 Pointz]]). Queens's cultural institutions include, but are not limited to:
{{columns-list|
* [[5 Pointz]]
* [[Afrikan Poetry Theatre]]
* [[Bowne House]]
* [[Flushing Town Hall]]
* [[King Manor]]
* [[MoMA PS1]]
* [[Museum of the Moving Image (New York City)|Museum of the Moving Image]]
* [[Noguchi Museum]]
* [[New York Hall of Science]]
* [[Queens Botanical Garden]]
* [[Queens Museum of Art]]
* [[SculptureCenter]]
* [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]]
* [[Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning]]
}}

The travel magazine ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' also named Queens the top destination in the country for 2015 for its cultural and culinary diversity.<ref name="NYDaily 2014 Dec 11" /> Stating that Queens is "quickly becoming its hippest" but that "most travelers haven't clued in... yet,"<ref name="Lonely-Planet 2014 Dec 10" /> the ''Lonely Planet'' stated that "nowhere is the image of New York as the global melting pot truer than Queens."<ref name="NYC-Lens 2015 Apr 24" />

===Food===
The cuisine available in Queens reflects its vast cultural diversity. The cuisine of a particular neighborhood often represents its demographics; for example, [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] hosts many [[Greek restaurant]]s, in keeping with its traditionally Greek population.<ref name="Nycgo-Must-See-Astoria" /> [[Jackson Heights]] is known for its prominent [[Indian cuisine]] and also many [[Spanish cuisine|Latin American eateries]].<ref name="Spiller-Queens-Menus-Project 2019" />

The [[Queens Night Market]] in [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]], operating since 2015 on Saturdays from April to October (with a break from late August to mid-September), offers samples of food capped at $6 from dozens of countries with attendance of up to 20,000 a night.<ref name="TimeOut 2018 Mar 11" /><ref>Meditz, Stephanie G. [https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/queens-night-market-is-cultural-affordable/article_8d6f4d57-3846-5728-ad26-5baaf5b789c8.html "Queens Night Market is cultural, affordable"], ''[[Queens Chronicle]]'', November 16, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Queens Night Market founder John Wang said he implemented a $5 price cap on food when the market launched in 2015, followed by a $6 exception in 2017 that still exists thanks to Citizens, this year's primary sponsor that subsidized entry fees for vendors. He believes that, though attendees overwhelmingly said they attend for the cultural experience, Queens Night Market's affordability attracts nearly 20,000 people per night."</ref><ref>Lin, Sidney. [https://thesciencesurvey.com/features/2023/07/21/the-world-within-a-world-stories-of-the-queens-night-market/ "The Worlds Within a Market: Stories of the Queens Night Market"], ''The Science Survey'', July 21, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "After its beginning in Flushing Meadows Corona Park in April 2015, the Queens Night Market has run every year since (with the exception of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The market takes place on Saturday evenings from late April to late August, and then again from mid-September through late October."</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of New York City}}
[[File:Jetblue Metlife 27-01 QPN jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[JetBlue]]'s corporate headquarters in Queens]]
Queens has the second-largest economy of New York City's five boroughs, following Manhattan. In 2004, Queens had 15.2% (440,310) of all private-sector jobs in New York City and 8.8% of private-sector wages. In 2012, private-sector employment increased to 486,160.<ref name="DiNapoli 2013 Dec" /> Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs, with occupations spread relatively evenly across the health care, retail trade, manufacturing, construction, transportation, and [[film production|film]] and [[television production]] sectors, such that no single sector is overwhelmingly dominant.<ref name="state1" />

The diversification in Queens' economy is reflected in a large amount of employment in the [[export-oriented economy|export-oriented]] portions of its economy—such as transportation, manufacturing, and business services—that serve customers outside the region. This accounts for more than 27% of all Queens jobs and offers an average salary of $43,727, 14% greater than that of jobs in the locally oriented sector.

[[File:Queens Plaza May 26 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Long Island City]] is one of New York City's fastest-growing neighborhoods.<ref name="Bloomberg-News 2018 Oct 30" />|left]]
The borough's largest employment sector—trade, transportation, and utilities—accounted for nearly 30% of all jobs in 2004; in 2012, its largest employment sector became [[Health care in the United States|health care]] and social services.<ref name="DiNapoli 2013 Dec" /> Queens is home to two of the three major New York City area airports, [[JFK International Airport]] and [[LaGuardia Airport]]. These airports are among the busiest in the world, leading the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country. This airline industry is particularly important to the economy of Queens, providing almost one-quarter of the sector's employment and more than 30% of the sector's wages.

Education and health services were the next largest sector in Queens and comprised almost 24% of the borough's jobs in 2004; in 2012, transportation and warehousing, and retail were the second largest at 12% each.<ref name="DiNapoli 2013 Dec" /> The manufacturing and construction industries in Queens are among the largest of the city and accounted for nearly 17% of the borough's private sector jobs in 2004. Comprising almost 17% of the jobs in Queens is the information, financial activities, and business and professional services sectors in 2004.

{{As of|2003}}, Queens had almost 40,000 business establishments. Small businesses act as an important part of the borough's economic vitality with two-thirds of all businesses employing between one and four people.

Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including watchmaker [[Bulova]], based in [[Whitestone, Queens|East Elmhurst]]; internationally renowned piano manufacturer [[Steinway & Sons]] in Astoria; [[Glacéau]], the makers of Vitamin Water, headquartered in [[Whitestone, Queens|Whitestone]]; and [[JetBlue Airways]], an airline based in Long Island City.

Long Island City is a major manufacturing and back-office center. [[Whitestone, Queens|Flushing]] is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] is the major civic and transportation hub for the borough.

==Sports==
{{See also|Sports in New York City}}
[[File:Citi Field and Apple.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Citi Field]], the home of the [[New York Mets]]]]
[[File:US Open 2014 (15048888245).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] during the 2014 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]]]
Queens is home of the [[New York Mets]] of [[Major League Baseball]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/mets|title=The Official website of the New York Mets|website=[[New York Mets]]|publisher=[[MLB Advanced Media]]|access-date=August 26, 2022}}</ref> Founded in 1962 as an expansion team, the Mets have won 2 [[World Series]] championships and 5 [[National League (baseball)|National League]] pennants. [[Citi Field]] is a 41,922-seat stadium opened in April 2009 in [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] that is the home ballpark of the Mets.<ref name="Citi-Field" /> [[Shea Stadium]], the former home of the Mets and the [[New York Jets]] of the [[National Football League]], as well as the temporary home of the [[New York Yankees]] and the [[New York Giants|New York Giants Football Team]] stood where Citi Field's parking lot is now located, operating from 1964 to 2008.<ref name="NYTs 2009 Apr 4" /> Queens is the future home of the [[Etihad Park (New York City)|Etihad Park]] for [[New York City FC]] of [[Major League Soccer]], which is expected to be completed in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amny.com/sports/nycfc-and-nyc-reach-deal-soccer-stadium/|title=Nomads no more: NYCFC and NYC reach deal on soccer stadium in Queens |date=November 15, 2022|website=AM New York|language=en|access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref>

The [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]] tennis tournament has been played since 1978 at the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]], located just south of Citi Field.<ref name="Rennert 2009" /> With a capacity of 23,771, [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] is [[List of tennis stadiums by capacity|the biggest tennis stadium in the world]].<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jun 10" /> The U.S. Open was formerly played at the [[West Side Tennis Club]] in [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]].<ref name="6sqft 2015 Sep 1" /> [[South Ozone Park]] is the home of [[Aqueduct Racetrack]], which is operated by the [[New York Racing Association]], and offers [[Thoroughbred]] horse racing from late October/early November through April.<ref name="Aqueduck-Racetrack-info" /> (The [[Belmont Park]] racetrack and the adjacent [[UBS Arena]] (home of the [[New York Islanders]] of the [[National Hockey League]]) sit entirely in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], just over the City line; however, small sections of the properties of both venues are in Queens, as is the [[Belmont Park station]] of the [[Long Island Rail Road]].)
{{Clear}}

==Government==
{{Main|Government of New York City}}
{{PresHead|place=Queens County, New York|whig=yes|source=<ref name="Leip's-Atlas" />|source1=<ref name="NYCBOE-POTUS 2020" />|source2=<ref name="NYSBOE-POTUS 2020" />}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|264,628|437,282|14,054|New York}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|212,665|569,038|8,278|New York}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|149,341|517,220|19,832|New York}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|118,589|470,732|5,924|New York}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|155,221|480,692|4,224|New York}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|165,954|433,835|5,603|New York}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|122,052|416,967|16,972|New York}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|107,650|372,925|30,721|New York}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|157,561|349,520|48,875|New York}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|217,049|325,147|4,533|New York}}
{{PresRow|1984|Democratic|285,477|328,379|1,722|New York}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|251,333|269,147|40,443|New York}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|244,396|379,907|3,200|New York}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|426,015|328,316|1,756|New York}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|306,620|410,546|48,746|New York}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|274,351|541,418|1,059|New York}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|367,688|446,348|1,863|New York}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|466,057|318,723|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|450,610|331,217|7,194|New York}}
{{PresRow|1948|Republican|323,459|268,742|47,342|New York}}
{{PresRow|1944|Republican|365,365|292,940|2,071|New York}}
{{PresRow|1940|Republican|323,406|288,024|2,524|New York}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|162,797|320,053|10,159|New York}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|136,641|244,740|16,760|New York}}
{{PresRow|1928|Democratic|158,505|184,640|2,411|New York}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|100,793|58,402|28,974|New York}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|94,360|35,296|7,668|New York}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|34,670|31,350|2,575|New York}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|9,201|28,076|18,521|New York}}
{{PresRow|1908|Democratic|19,420|20,342|4,246|New York}}
{{PresRow|1904|Democratic|14,096|18,151|1,770|New York}}
{{PresRow|1900|Democratic|12,323|14,747|976|New York}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|18,694|11,980|1,539|New York}}
{{PresRow|1892|Democratic|11,704|15,195|1,161|New York}}
{{PresRow|1888|Democratic|11,017|12,683|275|New York}}
{{PresRow|1884|Democratic|8,445|10,367|471|New York}}
{{PresRow|1880|Democratic|8,151|10,391|99|New York}}
{{PresRow|1876|Democratic|6,970|9,994|41|New York}}
{{PresRow|1872|Republican|6,083|5,655|19|New York}}
{{PresRow|1868|Democratic|4,973|6,388|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1864|Democratic|4,284|5,400|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1860|Democratic|3,749|4,392|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1856|Know Nothing|1,886|2,394|2,521|New York}}
{{PresRow|1852|Democratic|2,209|2,904|17|New York}}
{{PresRow|1848|Whig|2,444|1,310|801|New York}}
{{PresRow|1844|Democratic|2,547|2,751|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1840|Democratic|2,522|2,550|2|New York}}
{{PresRow|1836|Democratic|1,399|1,654|0|New York}}
{{PresRow|1832|Democratic|1,400|1,655|0|New York}}
{{PresFoot|1828|Whig|1,379|1,129|0|New York}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin:1em;"
|+ '''Party affiliation of Queens registered voters'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Enrollment by County |url=https://elections.ny.gov/enrollment-county |access-date=November 30, 2024}}</ref>
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
!Party
!2006
!2005
!2004
!2003
!2002
!2001
!2000
!1999
!1998
!1997
!1996
|- style="background:#B0CEFF;"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|62.97%
|62.94
|62.52
|62.85
|62.79
|62.99
|62.52
|62.30
|62.27
|62.28
|62.33
|- style="background:#FFB6B6;"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|14.47%
|14.60
|14.66
|14.97
|15.04
|15.28
|15.69
|16.47
|16.74
|16.93
|17.20
|- style="background:white;"
| style="text-align:center;"|Other
|3.86%
|3.88
|3.93
|3.94
|3.86
|3.37
|3.30
|3.10
|3.20
|3.02
|2.78
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|No affiliation
|18.70%
|18.58
|18.89
|18.24
|18.31
|18.36
|18.49
|18.13
|17.79
|17.77
|17.69
|}

[[File:Queens County Courthouse by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Queens County Courthouse was built in 1938 and houses the borough's Supreme Court, Surrogate Court, and County Clerk.<ref name="Queens-Supreme-Courthouse-info" />]]

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Queens has been governed by the [[New York City Charter]] that provides for a strong [[mayor–council government|mayor–council system]]. The centralized New York City government is responsible for [[New York City Department of Education|public education]], correctional institutions, [[public safety]], recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Queens. The [[Queens Library]] is governed by a 19-member Board of Trustees, appointed by the [[Mayor of New York City]] and the [[Borough President]] of Queens.

Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Queens' Borough President is [[Donovan Richards]], elected in November 2020 as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. [[Queens Borough Hall]] is the seat of government and is located in [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]].

The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Sixty-three percent of registered Queens voters are Democrats. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development. Controversial political issues in Queens include development, noise, and the cost of housing.

Each of the city's five counties has its criminal court system and [[District Attorney]], the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. [[Richard Brown (lawyer)|Richard A. Brown]], who ran on both the Republican and Democratic Party tickets, was the [[Queens County District Attorney (New York)|District Attorney of Queens County]] from 1991 to 2018. The new DA as of January 2020 is [[Melinda Katz]].<ref name="Queens-DA-info 2020 Jan 6" /> Queens has 12 seats on the [[New York City Council]], the second-largest number among the five boroughs. It is divided into 14 community districts, each served by a local [[Community Boards of Queens|Community Board]]. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for residents.

Although Queens is heavily Democratic, it is considered a swing county in New York politics. [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] political candidates who do well in Queens usually win citywide or statewide elections. Republicans such as former Mayors [[Rudolph Giuliani]] and [[Michael Bloomberg]] won majorities in Queens. Republican State Senator [[Serphin Maltese]] represented a district in central and southern Queens for twenty years until his defeat in 2008 by Democratic City Councilman [[Joseph Addabbo Jr.]] In 2002, Queens voted against incumbent Republican [[Governor of New York]] [[George Pataki]] in favor of his Democratic opponent, [[Carl McCall]] by a slim margin.<ref name="Election-Gov-Lt-Gov 2002" />

On the national level, Queens has not voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election since 1972, when Queens voters chose [[Richard Nixon]] over [[George McGovern]]. From [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]] until [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], Democratic presidential candidates have received over 70% of the popular vote in Queens, with [[Kamala Harris]] being the first Democrat to receive less than 70% of the borough's votes since [[Bill Clinton]] in [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]].<ref name="NYTBOE-POTUS 2004–2020" /> Since the [[2016 United States presidential election|first election of Donald Trump]] in 2016, Queens has become known in the United States for its surge in [[progressivism|progressive]] politics and grassroots campaigning.<ref name="WNYC-Venugopal 2019 Jun 28" /> Coincidentally during his third run for president in 2024, Trump cracked 37% in Queens. This was the strongest performance for a Republican since 1988 due to Trump's strong gains in NYC.

===Federal representation===
As of 2024, five Democrats represent Queens in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018">{{cite web | title=Members of Congress: New York | website=GovTrack.us | date=May 21, 2018 | url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives | access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref>

* [[Tom Suozzi]] (first elected in 2016) represents [[New York's 3rd congressional district]], which covers the northeast Queens neighborhoods of [[Little Neck, Queens|Little Neck]], [[Whitestone, Queens|Whitestone]], [[Glen Oaks, Queens|Glen Oaks]], [[Queens Village, Queens|Queens Village]] and [[Floral Park, Queens|Floral Park]]. The district also covers the [[North Shore (Long Island)|North Shore]] of [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/>
* [[Gregory Meeks]] (first elected in 1998) represents [[New York's 5th congressional district]], which covers the entire [[Rockaway Peninsula]] as well as the southeast Queens neighborhoods of [[Broad Channel, Queens|Broad Channel]], [[Cambria Heights, Queens|Cambria Heights]], [[Hollis, Queens|Hollis]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], [[Laurelton, Queens|Laurelton]], [[Rosedale, Queens|Rosedale]], [[St. Albans, Queens|Saint Albans]], [[Springfield Gardens, Queens|Springfield Gardens]], and [[South Ozone Park]]. The district also includes [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/>
* [[Grace Meng]] (first elected in 2012) represents [[New York's 6th congressional district]], which includes the central and eastern Queens neighborhoods of [[Auburndale, Queens|Auburndale]], [[Bayside, Queens|Bayside]], [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]], [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], [[Glendale, Queens|Glendale]], [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]], [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]], [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]], [[Murray Hill, Queens|Murray Hill]], and [[Rego Park]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/>
* [[Nydia Velázquez]] (first elected in 1992) represents [[New York's 7th congressional district]], which includes the Queens neighborhoods of [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]], [[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]], [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]], [[Sunnyside, Queens|Sunnyside]] and [[Long Island City]]. The district also covers central and western [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/>
* [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] (first elected in 2018) represents [[New York's 14th congressional district]], which includes the northwest Queens neighborhoods of [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], [[College Point]], [[Corona, Queens|Corona]], [[East Elmhurst, Queens|East Elmhurst]], [[Jackson Heights]], [[Woodside, Queens|Woodside]], and Elmhurst. The district also covers the [[East Bronx]].<ref name="govtrack.us 2018"/>

==Housing==
[[File:Queensbridge Houses.jpg|thumb|[[Queensbridge Houses]], a public housing development in the [[Long Island City]] neighborhood of Queens]]
The borough's diverse housing ranges from [[high-rise building|high-rise]] apartment buildings in some areas of western and central Queens, such as [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], [[Jackson Heights]], Flushing, [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], and Long Island City; to lower-rise neighborhoods in the eastern part of the borough.<ref name="NYTs 2004 Feb 8" /><ref name="NYTs 2011 Nov 17" /> There were 911,957 housing units in 2022<ref name=QueensQuickFacts>[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/queenscountynewyork QuickFacts Queens County, New York], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 7, 2024.</ref> at an average density of {{convert|8388|/mi2|/km2|adj=pre|units&nbsp;}}. Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the [[Mitchell–Lama Housing Program]].<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/hpd/services-and-information/mitchell-lama-program.page Mitchell-Lama], [[New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development]]. Accessed January 5, 2024.</ref> Public housing is administered by the [[New York City Housing Authority]], which accounts for more than 30,000 residents in more than 15,300 units in 2023.<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/NYCHA-Fact-Sheet-2023.pdf#page=4 ''NYCHA 2023 Fact Sheet''], [[New York City Housing Authority]], April 2023. Accessed January 5, 2024. Public Housing Borough Breakdown: Queens: 21 developments with 15,348 apartments and 30,452 residents"</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|Education in New York City|List of high schools in New York City#Queens}}

===Elementary and secondary education===
Elementary and secondary school education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the [[New York City Department of Education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36081_queens/DC20SD_C36081.pdf|title=2020 census - school district reference map: Queens County, NY|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 22, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36081_queens/DC20SD_C36081_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> the largest public school system in the United States. Most private schools are affiliated with or identify themselves with the [[Roman Catholic]] or [[Jewish]] religious communities. [[Townsend Harris High School]] is a Queens public magnet high school for the humanities consistently ranked as among the top 100 high schools in the United States. One of the nine Specialized High Schools in New York City is located in Queens. Located in the [[York College, City University of New York]] Campus in Jamaica, the [[Queens High School for the Sciences at York College]], which emphasizes both science and mathematics, ranks as one of the best high schools in both the state and the country. It is one of the smallest Specialized High Schools that requires an entrance exam, the [[Specialized High Schools Admissions Test]]. The school has a student body of around 400 students.

===Postsecondary institutions===
[[File:LaGuardia CC E jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[LaGuardia Community College]] in [[Long Island City|Long Island City, Queens]]]]
[[File:Rosenthal Faisal.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Queens College, New York|Queens College]] is part of the [[City University of New York]].]]
* [[LaGuardia Community College]], part of the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY), is known as "The World's Community College" for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the [[Post-secondary educational organizations in the United States#Policy Center on the First Year of College|Policy Center on the First Year of College]]. In a 2003 benchmark survey, in the Large Community College category (8,000–14,999 students), LaGuardia was one of three [[community colleges in the United States|community colleges]] ranked number one, nationally.<ref name="CCSSE 2003" /> The college hosts the [[LaGuardia and Wagner Archives]].
* [[Queens College, New York|Queens College]] is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]]. Queens College is also the host of [[City University of New York School of Law|CUNY's law school]]. The Queens College Campus is also the home of [[Townsend Harris High School]] and the Queens College School for Math, Science, and Technology (PS/IS 499).
* [[Queensborough Community College]], originally part of the [[State University of New York]], is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system.
* [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]] is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the [[Vincentian Family|Vincentian Fathers]]. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its pharmacy, business and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams.
* [[Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology]] is a private, cutting edge, degree-granting institution located across the Grand Central Parkway from LaGuardia Airport. Its presence underscores the importance of aviation to the Queens economy.
* [[York College (New York)|York College]] is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the [[Food and Drug Administration]].

===Queens Public Library===
[[File:QPL Flushing jeh.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A branch of the [[Queens Public Library]] in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]]]]
The [[Queens Public Library]] is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Separate from the [[New York Public Library]], it is composed of 63 branches throughout the borough. In the fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8&nbsp;million. The Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Haitian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages.

==Transportation==
{{See also|Transportation in New York City}}
According to 2011–2015 [[American Community Survey|ACS]] microdata, 38% of Queens households did not own a car; the citywide rate is 55%.<ref name="NYers-and-Cars 2018 Apr 5" />

===Vehicles for hire===
As of 2019, the city had about 80,000 for-hire vehicles, of which, two-thirds were [[Ridesharing company|ride-hail]] – [[Uber]], [[Lyft]], [[Via Transportation|Via]], and [[Juno (company)|Juno]].<ref name="Wired 2019 Jun 15" /> Until the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the ride-hail car offered a [[Ridesharing company|ride-share]] option. There are about 13,500 traditional taxis (yellow cabs with [[Taxi medallion|medallions]]) in the city, 7,676 [[boro taxis]], 38,791 black cars, 21,932 livery cars, 288 commuter vans, and 2,206 paratransit vehicles.

===Roundtrip car sharing===
Zipcar, and others, entered New York City market in 2002 offering [[Shared transport#Roundtrip Carsharing|roundtrip]] [[car sharing]] from private locations, mostly from parking garages. In 2018, the city partnered with the roundtrip car share companies, led by Zipcar, to launch the nation's largest on-street car-sharing program with the greatest [[:en:wikt:take-up|take-up]] in [[The Bronx]] and in Queens – [[Jackson Heights]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], and [[Far Rockaway]].<ref name="Martin-Stocker-Nichols-Shaheen 2021 Feb" /><ref name="DOT permanent-expansion 2021 Apr 22" /><ref name="DOT 2021 Apr 22" /><ref name="DOT 2021 Apr" /><ref name="Zipcar 2020" /> In 2020, during beginning throes of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], [[Enterprise Holdings#Enterprise CarShare|Enterprise CarShare]] suspended service in New York City. Among the traditional car rental locations in Queens, both international airports harbor larger fleets, conveniently close to Queens residents.

===Micromobility===
[[Citi Bike]] – a docked-[[Bicycle-sharing system|bike]] and e-bike sharing company had, as of July 2019, 169,000 annual subscribers. In 2021, the [[New York City Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] and Citi Bike announced that, as part of its Phase 3 expansion, it was doubling its service area to 70 square miles and tripling the number of bikes to 40,000. The expansion includes 52 new docking stations in Astoria, as well as new stations in Sunnyside and Woodside.<ref name="Astoria-Post 2021 Jan 15" />

Non-docked e-[[moped]] service was launched in the city by [[Revel Transit|Revel]] in 2019. Companies such as [[Bird (transportation company)|Bird]], [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]], and Veo introduced non-docked [[Scooter-sharing system|e-scooter-sharing]] in 2021.<ref name="NYSERDA 2021 Feb" />

===Airports===
[[File:JFK Plane Queue.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy Airport]] in Queens, the [[Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic|busiest international air passenger gateway]] to the United States|alt=Five jumbo airplanes wait in a line on a runway next to a small body of water. Behind them in the distance is the airport and control tower.]]
[[File:LaGuardia Airport.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A multibillion-dollar reconstruction of [[LaGuardia Airport]] was announced in July 2015.<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jul 27" />]]
{{refbegin}}
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" style="float:left; margin-left:15px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #A3B1BF; color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 90%; border-radius: 12px 12px 12px 12px; "
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:center"
| colspan=5 style="background-color:white"|{{line-height|1.5|'''<big>Airline Revenue Passengers<br />at Queens Airports</big>'''}}
{{line-height|1.5|'''2019 → pre-[[COVID-19 pandemic]]'''}}
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:white"|
----
| style="background-color:white"|Domestic
----
| style="background-color:white"|International
----
| style="background-color:white"|Rank*
----
| style="background-color:white"|Total
----
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{space|2}}[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]]
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |{{space|3}}28,233,791
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |{{space|3}}34,317,281
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:center" |{{font color | green |'''❶'''}}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:right" |{{space|3}}62,551,072
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{space|2}}[[LaGuardia Airport|LGA]]
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|28,875,041
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|2,209,853
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|31,084,894
----
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:white; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|4}}Total }}
| style="background-color:white"|57,108,832
| style="background-color:white"|36,527,134
| style="background-color:white"|
| style="background-color:white"|93,635,966
|-
| colspan=5 style="background-color:white"|
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:center"
| colspan=5 style="background-color:white"|{{line-height|2.5|'''2020 → mid-[[COVID-19 pandemic]]'''}}
----
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{space|2}}[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]]
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |{{space|3}}8,267,666
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |{{space|3}}8,362,976
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:center" |{{font color | green |'''❶'''}}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:right"|{{space|3}}16,630,642
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{space|2}}[[LaGuardia Airport|LGA]]
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|7,853,368
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|391,824
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|
----
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|8,245,192
----
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:white; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|4}}Total }}
| style="background-color:white"|16,121,034
| style="background-color:white"|8,754,800
| style="background-color:white"|
| style="background-color:white"|24,875,834
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:left"
| colspan=5 style="background-color:white"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|4}}*National rank for international passengers}}{{space|5}}(enplanements + deplanements)<ref name="Port-Authority-JFK" /><ref name="US-Dept-Transportation-JFK" />
|}
{{refend}}
Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic, with two of the [[New York metropolitan area]]'s three major airports located there.
[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK)]], in 2019, before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], served 62.6 million passengers (enplanements + deplanements) – 34.3 million of which were international, ranking it the [[Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic|busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic]]. In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the United States imposed travel restrictions, first, in January 2020, on travelers from China and, in the following months, on travelers from other countries. 2020 annual passenger traffic at JFK dropped to 16.6 million (−73.4%) – 8.4 million (−73.4%) of which were international, still ranking it the busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic.<ref name="Port-Authority-JFK" /><ref name="US-Dept-Transportation-JFK" />

JFK is owned by the City of New York and managed, since 1947, by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. The airport's runways and six terminals cover an area of {{convert|4930|acres}} on [[Jamaica Bay]] in southeastern Queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/jfk-facts-info.html |title=Facts and Information |website=[[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] |access-date=July 6, 2016 |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715155348/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/jfk-facts-info.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The airport's original official name was New York International Airport, although it was commonly known as Idlewild, with the name changed to Kennedy in December 1963 to honor the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], November 22, 1963.<ref name="TheStreet.com 2013 Dec 20" />

[[LaGuardia Airport]] is located in [[East Elmhurst, Queens|East Elmhurst]], in northern Queens, on [[Flushing Bay]]. Originally opened in 1939, the airport's two runways and four terminals cover {{convert|680|acres}}, serving 28.4&nbsp;million passengers in 2015.<ref name="Port-Authority-LGA 2016" /> In 2014, citing outdated conditions in the airport's terminals, Vice President Joe Biden compared LaGuardia Airport to a "[[third world]] country".<ref name="NYTs 2014 Feb 6" /> In 2015, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began a $4&nbsp;billion project to renovate LaGuardia Airport's terminals and entryways. The project is expected to be complete by 2021.<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jul 27" />

===Public transportation===
{{See also|Public transportation in New York City|List of New York City Subway stations in Queens|List of bus routes in Queens|Brooklyn–Queens Connector}}

====Subways====
[[File:NYCSub 7 station view.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[46th Street – Bliss Street (IRT Flushing Line)|46th Street – Bliss Street subway station]]]]

Queens is served by the [[New York City Subway]], with 81 stations located within the borough.<ref name="Subway-map" /> Two physical lines — the [[IRT Flushing Line]] and the [[IND Queens Boulevard Line]] — serve as the primary east–west trunk lines in the borough, with all services on the two lines continuing across the East River into Manhattan. Two additional lines are wholly within Queens: the [[BMT Astoria Line]], which serves the neighborhoods of [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] and Ditmars–Steinway, and the [[IND Rockaway Line]], which provides access to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] and the [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaways]]. In addition, five other New York City Subway lines — the [[BMT Jamaica Line]], [[BMT Myrtle Avenue Line]], [[Archer Avenue lines|BMT/IND Archer Avenue Line]], [[IND Crosstown Line]], and [[IND Fulton Street Line]] — run between Brooklyn and Queens.

The [[A (New York City Subway service)|A]], [[G (New York City Subway service)|G]], [[J/Z (New York City Subway service)|J/Z]], and [[M (New York City Subway service)|M]] routes connect Queens to Brooklyn without going through Manhattan first. The [[F (New York City Subway service)|F]], [[N (New York City Subway service)|N]], and [[R (New York City Subway service)|R]] trains connect Queens and Brooklyn via Manhattan, while the [[E (New York City Subway service)|E]], [[W (New York City Subway service)|W]], and [[7 (New York City Subway service)|7/&lt;7&gt;]] trains connect Queens to Manhattan only. The [[L (New York City Subway service)|L]] train briefly enters Queens at [[Halsey Street station (BMT Canarsie Line)|Halsey Street]], connecting Queens to either Brooklyn or both Brooklyn and Manhattan, depending on the direction.<ref name="Subway-map" /> In addition, the [[Rockaway Park Shuttle]] operates strictly in the neighborhoods of [[Rockaway Park]] and [[Broad Channel, Queens|Broad Channel]].<ref name="Subway-map" />

====Long Island Rail Road====
[[File:Bombardier M7 7799 enters Flushing.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Flushing – Main Street (LIRR station)|Flushing – Main Street LIRR station]]]]
The [[Long Island Rail Road]], also part of the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]], operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including holidays – carrying an average of 301,000 customers a day (80 million a year, adjusting downward for weekends) on about 735 scheduled trains.<ref name="MTA-LIRR-info" /> It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Most of its branches originate or terminate at [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]]. All but one of its branches (the [[Port Washington Branch]]) pass through [[Jamaica station|Jamaica]]. Within the [[City Terminal Zone]], Queens has stations in [[Long Island City station|Long Island City]], [[Hunterspoint Avenue station (LIRR)|Hunterspoint Avenue]] (in [[Long Island City]]), [[Bayside station (LIRR)|Bayside]], [[Forest Hills station (LIRR)|Forest Hills]], [[Flushing–Main Street station (LIRR)|Flushing]], [[Woodside station (LIRR)|Woodside]], and [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]]. There are also two stations where LIRR passengers can transfer to the subway.

Until 1998, the LIRR served 5 stations on the Lower Montauk branch between Jamaica and Hunterspoint Avenue. The LIRR used the track for non-stop service between Jamaica and Hunterspoint until 2012, when service was rerouted onto the main line and the line was leased to the [[New York and Atlantic Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lower Montauk Branch Passenger Rail Study |url=https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/lower-montauk-final-report-jan2018.pdf}}</ref>

[[Sunnyside Yard]] is used to store [[Amtrak]] intercity and [[NJ Transit]] commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan. The US$11.1&nbsp;billion [[East Side Access]] project, which brought LIRR trains to [[Grand Central Terminal]] in Manhattan, opened in 2023; this project created a new train tunnel beneath the [[East River]], connecting [[Long Island City]] in Queens with the [[East Side (Manhattan)|East Side]] of Manhattan.<ref name="WNBC 2018 Apr 16" /><ref name="Newsday 2018 Apr 15" />

====JFK AirTrain====
The elevated [[AirTrain JFK|AirTrain]] [[people mover]] system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road along the Van Wyck Expressway;<ref name="Port-Authority-JFK-AirTrain 2016" /> a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the [[Grand Central Parkway]] to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.<ref name="NYDaily 2015 Jan 20" /><ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2015 Jan 20" /> Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport itself in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities, and this project would accommodate the new AirTrain connection.<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jul 27" />

====MTA buses====
2019 bus ridership, citywide, on the MTA system, was 2.2 million per average weekday – about 678 million for the year. In Queens, the [[Q58 (New York City bus)|Q58]] and [[Q20 and Q44 buses#Q44|Q44]] [[Select Bus Service]] were the seventh and tenth, respectively, citywide, busiest local lines in 2019.<ref name="MTA-Bus-Facts 2020 Apr 14" /> In addition to regular bus lines serving [[LaGuardia Airport]], the MTA offers two [[Select Bus Service]]s, regular fare, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The [[M60 (New York City bus)|M60]] – terminals [[Marine Air Terminal|A]], [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal B|B]], [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal C|C]], [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal D|D]] – to and from [[Manhattan]] via [[Grand Central Parkway]] and the [[Triborough Bridge]] – in [[Harlem]], along [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] (with a stop at the [[Harlem–125th Street station|125th Street Metro-North station]]), ending in [[Morningside Heights]] on the [[Upper West Side]], a few blocks south of [[Columbia University]]. The [[Q70 (New York City bus)|Q70]] – terminals [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal B|B]], [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal C|C]], [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal D|D]] – through Queens, ending in [[Woodside, Queens|Woodside]] at 61st Street and [[Greenpoint and Roosevelt Avenues|Roosevelt Avenue]]. Overall, about [[List of bus routes in Queens|100 local bus routes]] operate within Queens, and another [[List of express bus routes in New York City|20 express routes]] shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan, under the [[MTA Regional Bus Operations|MTA New York City Bus and MTA Bus]] brands.<ref name="Queens-Bus-Map" />

====Proposed streetcar====
A [[streetcar]] line [[Brooklyn Queens Connector|connecting Queens with Brooklyn]] was proposed by the city in February 2016.<ref name="The-Independent 2016 Feb 4" /><ref name="NY-Observer 2016 Feb 4" /> The planned timeline originally called for service to begin around 2024.<ref name="NYTs 2016 Feb 3" /> In September 2020, Mayor de Blasio deferred decisions on the project to after the [[2021 New York City mayoral election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Queens Connector may be another victim of the pandemic |url=https://www.rtands.com/rail-news/brooklyn-queens-connector-may-be-another-victim-of-the-pandemic/ |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=Railway Track and Structures |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Water transit====
{{main|East 34th Street Ferry Landing}}
[[File:Small tankers unload in Newtown Creek jeh.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1|[[Newtown Creek]] with the [[Midtown Manhattan]] skyline in the background]]
[[New York Water Taxi]] operates service across the [[East River]] from [[Hunters Point, Queens|Hunters Point]] in Long Island City to Manhattan at [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]] and south to Pier 11 at [[Wall Street]]. In 2007, limited weekday service was begun between [[Breezy Point, Queens|Breezy Point]], the westernmost point in the Rockaways, to Pier 11 via the [[Brooklyn Army Terminal]]. Summertime weekend service provides service from Lower Manhattan and southwest Brooklyn to the peninsula's [[Gateway National Recreation Area|Gateway]] beaches.

In the [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|aftermath]] of [[Hurricane Sandy]] on October 29, 2012, ferry operator [[SeaStreak]] began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and [[Beach Channel Drive]] in [[Rockaway Park]] and piers in Manhattan and Brooklyn.<ref name="SeaStreak-info" /> The service was extended multiple times.<ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2014 Jan 20" /> finally ending on October 31, 2014.<ref name="NY1 2014 Nov 1" />

In February 2015, Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called [[NYC Ferry]] to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.<ref name="NYTs 2016 Jun 15" /><ref name="WNBC 2016 Mar 16" /> The ferry opened in May 2017,<ref name="NYDaily 2017 May 1" /><ref name="NYTs 2017 May 1" /> with the Queens neighborhoods of Rockaway and Astoria served by their eponymous routes. A third route, the [[East River Ferry]], serves [[Hunter's Point South]].<ref name="NYC-Ferry 2021 Aug 23" />

===Roads===

====Highways====
[[File:2024-06-19 12 05 10 View south along Interstate 678 (Van Wyck Expressway) from the overpass for Atlantic Avenue in Queens, New York City, New York.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Air Train JFK]] path above the [[Van Wyck Expressway]]]]
Queens is traversed by three trunk east–west highways. The [[Long Island Expressway]] ([[Interstate 495 (New York)|Interstate 495]]) runs from the [[Queens Midtown Tunnel]] on the west through the borough to Nassau County on the east. The [[Grand Central Parkway]], whose western terminus is the [[Triborough Bridge]], extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where the roadway continues as the [[Northern State Parkway]]. The [[Belt Parkway]] begins at the [[Gowanus Expressway]] in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past [[Aqueduct Racetrack]] and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the [[Southern State Parkway]] which continues east, and the [[Cross Island Parkway]] which turns north.<ref name="Google-Maps-Queens" />

There are also several major north–south highways in Queens, including the [[Brooklyn-Queens Expressway]] ([[Interstate 278]]), the [[Van Wyck Expressway]] ([[Interstate 678]]), the [[Clearview Expressway]] ([[Interstate 295 (New York)|Interstate 295]]), and the Cross Island Parkway.<ref name="Google-Maps-Queens" />

Queens has six state highways that run west–east largely on surface roads. From north to south, they are [[New York State Route 25A]] (Northern Boulevard), [[New York State Route 25B]] (Hillside Avenue), [[New York State Route 25]] ([[Queens Boulevard]], Hillside Avenue, and Braddock Avenue), [[New York State Route 24]] (Hempstead Avenue), and [[New York State Route 27]] ([[Conduit Avenue]]). The only state highway that primarily uses an expressway is [[New York State Route 878]], which uses the Nassau Expressway in southern Queens.<ref name="Google-Maps-Queens" />

====Streets====
[[File:Parsons jewel.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Cross-street signs for a single-named boulevard and a co-named avenue in Queens]]
The streets of Queens are laid out in a semi-[[grid plan|grid]] system, with a numerical system of [[street name]]s (similar to Manhattan and the Bronx). Nearly all roadways oriented north–south are "Streets", while east–west roadways are "Avenues", beginning with the number 1 in the west for Streets and the north for Avenues. In some parts of the borough, several consecutive streets may share numbers (for instance, 72nd Street followed by 72nd Place and 72nd Lane, or 52nd Avenue followed by 52nd Road, 52nd Drive, and 52nd Court), often confusing non-residents.<ref name="NYTs 2000 Dec 15" /> Also, incongruous alignments of street grids, unusual street paths due to geography, or other circumstances often lead to the skipping of numbers (for instance, on Ditmars Boulevard, 70th Street is followed by Hazen Street which is followed by 49th Street). Numbered roads tend to be residential, although numbered commercial streets are not rare. A fair number of streets that were country roads in the 18th and 19th centuries (especially major thoroughfares such as [[New York State Route 25A|Northern Boulevard]], [[Queens Boulevard]], [[Hillside Avenue (Queens)|Hillside Avenue]], and [[Jamaica Avenue (Queens)|Jamaica Avenue]]) carry names rather than numbers, typically though not uniformly called "Boulevards" or "Parkways".

Queens [[house numbering]] was designed to provide convenience in locating the address itself; the first half of a number in a Queens address refers to the nearest cross street, the second half refers to the house or lot number from where the street begins from that cross street, followed by the name of the street itself. For example, to find an address in Queens, 14-01 120th Street, one could ascertain from the address structure itself that the listed address is at the intersection of 14th Avenue and 120th Street and that the address must be closest to 14th Avenue rather than 15th Avenue, as it is the first lot on the block. This pattern does not stop when a street is named, assuming that there is an existing numbered cross-street. For example, [[Queens College]] is situated at 65–30 Kissena Boulevard, and is so named because the cross-street closest to the entrance is 65th Avenue.<ref name="NYTs 2000 Dec 15" />

Many of the village street grids of Queens had only worded names, some were numbered according to local numbering schemes, and some had a mix of words and numbers. In the early 1920s, a "Philadelphia Plan" was instituted to overlay one numbered system upon the whole borough. The Topographical Bureau, Borough of Queens, worked out the details. Subway stations were only partly renamed, and some, including those along the [[IRT Flushing Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing}}), now share dual names after the original street names.<ref name="Powell 1928 Feb" /> In 2012, some numbered streets in the [[Douglaston Hill Historic District]] were renamed to their original names, with 43rd Avenue becoming Pine Street.<ref name="NYTs 2012 Mar 26" />

The Rockaway Peninsula does not follow the same system as the rest of the borough and has its own numbering system. Streets are numbered in ascending order heading west from near the Nassau County border, and are prefixed with the word "Beach". Streets at the easternmost end, however, are nearly all named. [[Bayswater, Queens|Bayswater]], which is on Jamaica Bay, has its numbered streets prefixed with the word "Bay" rather than "Beach". Another deviation from the norm is [[Broad Channel, Queens|Broad Channel]]; it maintains the north–south numbering progression but uses only the suffix "Road", as well as the prefixes "West" and "East", depending on location relative to [[Cross Bay Boulevard (Queens)|Cross Bay Boulevard]], the neighborhood's major through street. Broad Channel's streets were a continuation of the mainland Queens grid in the 1950s; formerly the highest-numbered avenue in Queens was 208th Avenue rather than today's 165th Avenue in Howard Beach & Hamilton Beach. The other exception is the neighborhood of Ridgewood, which for the most part shares a grid and [[house numbering]] system with the Brooklyn neighborhood of [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]]. The grid runs east–west from the LIRR [[Bay Ridge Branch]] [[right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] to Flushing Avenue; and north–south from Forest Avenue in Ridgewood to Bushwick Avenue in Brooklyn before adjusting to meet up with the [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]] grid at Broadway. All streets on the grid have names.

====Bridges and tunnels====
{{see also|List of bridges and tunnels in New York City}}
[[File:Hell Gate and Triborough Bridges New York City Queens.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Triborough Bridge]] connects Queens with [[Manhattan]] and [[The Bronx]].]]
Queens is connected to the Bronx by the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]] (also known as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), and the [[Hell Gate Bridge]]. Queens is connected to Manhattan Island by the Triborough Bridge, the [[Queensboro Bridge]], and the [[Queens–Midtown Tunnel]], as well as to [[Roosevelt Island]] by the [[Roosevelt Island Bridge]].

While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the [[Kosciuszko Bridge]] crosses the [[Newtown Creek]] connecting [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]] to [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn]]. The [[Pulaski Bridge]] connects [[McGuinness Boulevard]] in Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue in [[Long Island City]]. The J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge (a.k.a. [[Greenpoint Avenue Bridge]]) connects the sections of [[Greenpoint Avenue]] in Greenpoint and Long Island City. A lesser bridge connects [[Grand Street and Grand Avenue|Grand Avenue in Queens to Grand Street in Brooklyn]].

The [[Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge]], built in 1939, traverses Jamaica Bay to connect the Rockaway Peninsula to [[Broad Channel, Queens|Broad Channel]] and the rest of Queens.<ref name="MTA-Cross-Bay-Veterans-Memorial-Bridge-info" /> Constructed in 1937, the [[Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge]] links [[Flatbush Avenue]], Brooklyn's longest thoroughfare, with [[Jacob Riis Park]] and the western end of the Peninsula.<ref name="MTA-Gil-Hodges-Bridge-info" /> Both crossings were built and continue to be operated by what is now known as [[MTA Bridges and Tunnels]]. The [[IND Rockaway Line]] parallels the Cross Bay, has a mid-bay station at [[Broad Channel (IND Rockaway Line)|Broad Channel]] which is just a short walk from the [[Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]], now part of [[Gateway National Recreation Area]] and a major stop on the [[Atlantic Flyway]].

==Notable people==
{{see also|:Category:People from Queens, New York|List of people from New York City}}

Many public figures have grown up or lived in Queens.<ref name="NYTs 2001 Sep 8" /> [[Donald Trump]], a businessman who became the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|45th]] and later [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|47th and current]] [[President of the United States]], was born in [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]] and raised at [[81-15 Wareham Place]] in [[Jamaica Estates, Queens|Jamaica Estates]], later moving to Midland Parkway.<ref name="Newsday 2016 Jul 1" /><ref name="Queens-Chronicle 2016 Mar 3" /><ref name="CNN 2016 Apr 16" /> He was preceded in the White House by former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]], who lived in Flushing as a child.<ref name="Times-Ledger 2016 Mar 10" /> [[Harold R. Story]], a US Army [[Major general (United States)|major general]], commanded the [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd Infantry Division]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 9, 1987 |title=Death Notice, Harold R. Story |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-obituary-for-har/171822001/ |work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]] |location=Richmond, Virginia |page=B2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1937 |title=Newtown High School Yearbook, Class of 1937 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/37136105?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a2230614c567753553444384d4a7051622f6a4e446f365957382b4b4849374f3648484b4f6b4a703030426e773d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |location=[[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst, New York]] |publisher=[[Newtown High School (Queens)|Newtown High School]] |page=89 |via=[[Ancestry.com]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 6, 2025}}</ref> [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the 26th President, lived at [[Sagamore Hill (house)|Sagamore Hill]] in [[Oyster Bay (town), New York|Oyster Bay]] from the mid-1880s until he died;<ref name="National-Park-Service Sagamore-Hill-info" /> the area was considered part of Queens until the formation of neighboring [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] in 1899.

Musicians raised in the borough include 
* [[Nas]], 
* [[LL Cool J]], 
* [[N.O.R.E.]], 
* [[Nicki Minaj]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/nicki-minaj-key-to-queens-new-york-7842279/|title=Nicki Minaj Receives Key to Queens, New York|last=Stutz|first=Colin|date=June 26, 2017|website=Billboard.com|access-date=August 26, 2022}}</ref> 
* [[50 Cent]], 
* [[the Ramones]], 
* [[Sylvain Sylvain]], [[Johnny Thunders]] and [[Billy Murcia]] of the [[New York Dolls]]
* [[Nina Sky]], 
* [[A Tribe Called Quest]],
* [[Mobb Deep]], 
* [[Onyx (hip hop group)|Onyx]], 
* [[Ja Rule]], 
* [[Lloyd Banks]], 
* [[Tony Yayo]], 
* [[Run–D.M.C.]], 
* [[Pepa (rapper)|Pepa]] of [[Salt-N-Pepa]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbssmedia.com/artists/detail/2789 | title=WBSS Media-Sandra 'Pepa' Denton }}</ref> 
* [[Lil Tecca]], 
* [[Rich The Kid]], 
* [[Action Bronson]], 
* [[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]],<ref name="Nadia-Ali-bio" /> 
* and [[Tony Bennett]].<ref name="Biography-Tony-Bennett 2014 Apr 2" />

Jazz greats [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Norman Mapp]] both resided in [[Corona, Queens|Corona]], as well as [[folk rock]] duo [[Simon & Garfunkel]]<ref name="Humphries 1989" /> and [[guitarist]]s [[Scott Ian]] and [[Johnny Ramone]].<ref name="People-Silverman 2004 Sep 16" /> [[K-pop]] rapper [[Mark (rapper)|Mark Lee]] from the boy group [[NCT (band)|NCT]] grew up in Queens before moving to Canada. [[Madonna]], from 1979 to 1980, lived in Corona as a member of the band Breakfast Club.<ref name="Ciccone-Leigh 2008" /> Actors and actresses such as [[Adrien Brody]],<ref name="AP-Brody-Zarobinski 2003 Mar 25" /> [[Zoe Saldaña]], [[Lucy Liu]],<ref name="NYTs 2003 Oct 13" /> John Leguizamo, [[Susan Sarandon]], and [[Idina Menzel]]<ref name="NYDaily 2005 Nov 15" /> were born or raised in Queens. Actress [[Mae West]] also lived in Queens.<ref name="Newsday 2005 Apr 15" /> Writers from Queens include [[John Guare]] (''[[The House of Blue Leaves]]'') and [[Laura Z. Hobson]] (''[[Gentleman's Agreement (novel)|Gentleman's Agreement]]''). Mafia boss [[John Gotti]] lived in Queens for many years.<ref name="CNN 2002 Jun 11" /> [[Richard Feynman]], a scientist who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], was born in Queens and grew up in [[Far Rockaway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Site of Richard Feynman |url=http://www.richardfeynman.com/about/bio.html |website=www.richardfeynman.com |publisher=Estate of Richard Feynman |access-date=September 13, 2022}}</ref> Lee "Q" O'Denat, founder of [[WorldStarHipHop]] was from [[Hollis, Queens|Hollis]].

Queens has also been home to athletes such as:
* Professional basketball players [[Rafer Alston]],<ref name="NYTs 1998 Mar 25" /> [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]],{{efn|Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was born Lew Alcindor ({{italics correction|''né''}} Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.).}}<ref name="Biography-Kareem-Abdul-Jabbar 2014 Apr 2" /> [[Metta World Peace]],{{efn|Born Ron Artest.}}<ref name="Indiana-Daily-Student 2005 Feb 10" /> [[Emily Engstler]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Engstler - Women's Basketball |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/emily-engstler/12106 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=University of Louisville Athletic |language=en}}</ref> and [[Celeste Taylor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeste Taylor WNBA Playoffs Game Log |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/players/t/tayloce01w/gamelog-playoffs/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Basketball-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> 
* Olympic athletes [[Bob Beamon]]<ref name="NYTs 2000 Jan 1" /> and [[Dalilah Muhammad]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Dalilah Muhammad? The Hurdler Who Set the Standard. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/sports/olympics/dalilah-muhammad-track.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 22, 2021 |last1=Saget |first1=Bedel |last2=Buchanan |first2=Larry |last3=Delgado |first3=Paula Ceballos |last4=Patanjali |first4=Karthik |last5=Rhyne |first5=Emily |last6=Throop |first6=Noah |last7=Ward |first7=Joe |last8=White |first8=Jeremy |last9=Syam |first9=Umi |last10=Byrd |first10=Aaron }}</ref>
* Tennis player [[John McEnroe]]<ref name="Biography-John-McEnroe 2014 Apr 2" /> was born in [[Douglaston, Queens|Douglaston]]. [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball pitcher [[Whitey Ford]] grew up in Astoria.<ref name="NYTs 2000 Aug 17" /> 
Journalist [[Marie Colvin]] was a native of Queens.


==In popular culture==
Queens has also served as a setting for various fictional characters, including [[Spider-Man|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]] from [[Marvel Comics]]. He grew up in [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]] with his [[Aunt May]] and [[Uncle Ben]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Lawrence C. |title=Using Superheroes in Counseling and Play Therapy |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-0132-7 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA77 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Archie Bunker]] of ''[[All in the Family]]'', who lived at the fictional 704 Hauser Street in [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=All In The Family |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-in-the-Family |website=Britannica.com |access-date=January 23, 2024}}</ref> The popular sitcom ''[[The King of Queens]]'' is set in the titular borough, with the main characters living in a house in [[Rego Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/the-king-of-queens/article_a45b248c-d535-54e6-8076-496dc196ff7e.html|title='The King of Queens'|date=September 19, 2024 }}</ref> The movie ''[[Somewhere in Queens]]'', starring Queens native [[Ray Romano]], is also set in the title borough.

==The Cemetery Belt==
{{main|Rural Cemetery Act}}
Several large cemeteries in Queens – [[St. Michael's Cemetery (New York)|St. Michaels]], [[All Faiths Cemetery|Luthern]], [[Calvary Cemetery (Queens)|Calvary]], [[Cypress Hills Cemetery|Cypress Hill]], [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Queens)|Mt. Olivet]] and [[Mount Zion Cemetery (New York City)|Mt. Zion]] – together with several in Brooklyn are collectively known as The Cemetery Belt. There are about five million burials in the borough and Calvary, with about 3 million burials,<ref>Williams, Keith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/27/nyregion/why-the-brooklyn-queens-border-is-full-of-dead-people.html "Why the Brooklyn-Queens Border Is Full of Dead People"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 27, 2017. Accessed January 23, 2024. "There are more than a dozen cemeteries near the line separating the two boroughs, in an area sometimes called the Cemetery Belt. More than five million people are buried in Queens alone, outnumbering those living there by more than two to one.... Calvary Cemetery in Queens, where three million Catholics are buried, and Washington Cemetery, a Jewish graveyard in Brooklyn, are among sites that have been completely developed."</ref> has the largest number of interments of any cemetery in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |editor1=Kenneth T. Jackson |editor2=Lisa Keller |editor3=Nancy Flood |date= December 2010|title= The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC |location= |publisher= [[Yale University Press]]|page= |isbn= 9780300182576}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|New York City|New York (state)}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Queens]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York]]
* [[Queens directories]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|50em}}

==References==
<references><ref name="Antos 2009">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Antos,|2009|p=}} |last1=Antos |first1=Jason D. <!--({{italics correction|''né''}} Jason D. Antonopoulos; born 1981) How to do that without causing a script warning?--> |date=2009 |title=Queens |location=[[Charleston, South Carolina]] |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]}} {{LCCN|2008925020}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7385-6308-4}}; {{OCLC|1065560700|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books''|url={{GBurl|deGPmYTCca4C|p=12}} |type=preview only |via= |page=12}} }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books''|url={{GBurl|P4rvTo3xOWgC|p=PT14}} |type=preview only |via= |page=12}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Religion-stats 2010">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|ARDA,|2010}} |last1=ARDA |author-link1=Association of Religion Data Archives |date=2010 |title=County Membership Report – Queens County (New York) |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36081&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh |publisher=The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161722/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36081&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Beers-maps 1873">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Beers,|1873|p= }} |last1=Beers |first1=((Frederick William (1839–1933), cartographer (supervisor))) |date=1873 |title=Atlas of Long Island, New York – From Recent and Actual Surveys and Records |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e2-6331-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 |language=en-US |type=192 pages, including 98 color maps, folded |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=Beers, Comstock & Cline (publisher). Charles Hart (1824–1914) (printer). Louis E. Neuman (1835–1902) (engraver) |access-date=September 1, 2021 |via=[[New York Public Library]], Digital Collections and the [[Library of Congress]] }} {{LCCN|2016430357}}; {{OCLC|994815013|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|953568433}} & {{OCLC search link|13964902}} ([[microfilm]]).
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Beers: "Map of Long Island",|1873|p= }} |title=''"Map of Long Island"'' |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2005625368/ }} {{OCLC|767854563}}. }}</li>
</ol></ref>

<ref name="Biography-Tony-Bennett 2014 Apr 2">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Biography.com'', "Tony Bennett," April 2,|2014}} |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |date=April 2, 2014 |title=Tony Bennett |url=https://www.biography.com/musician/tony-bennett |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |access-date=February 15, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="Biography-Kareem-Abdul-Jabbar 2014 Apr 2">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Biography.com'', "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar," April 2,|2014}} |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |date=April 2, 2014 |title=Kareem Abdul-Jabbar |url=https://www.biography.com/athlete/kareem-abdul-jabbar |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |access-date=February 15, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="Biography-John-McEnroe 2014 Apr 2">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Biography.com'', "John McEnroe," April 2,|2014}} |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |date=April 2, 2014 |title=John McEnroe |url=https://www.biography.com/athlete/john-mcenroe |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518162349/https://www.biography.com/athlete/john-mcenroe |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Ciccone-Leigh 2008">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Ciccone & Leigh, July|2008|p=}} |last1=Ciccone |first1=Christopher |last2=Leigh |first2=((Wendy (1950–2016))) |author-link2=:de:Wendy Leigh |date=July 2008 |title=Life With My Sister Madonna |url={{GBurl|mqqFX9lU98IC|p=56|dq="corona"+"breakfast club"}} |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simion Spotlight Entertainment]] |page=56 |access-date=August 31, 2010 |via=[[Google Books]]}} ''See article → [[Life with My Sister Madonna]].'' {{LCCN|2008300312}} (hardcover), {{LCCN|2009536200}} (paperback); {{ISBN|1-4165-8762-4|978-1-4165-8762-0}}; {{OCLC|232128720|show=all}}.</ref>

<ref name="CCSSE 2003">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|CCSSE,|2003|p=}} |last1=Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE) (publisher) |author-link1=Community College Survey of Student Engagement |date=2003 |title=''"Engaging Community Colleges – National Benchmarks of Quality – 2003 Findings"'' |url=https://cccse.org/sites/default/files/2003_National_Report.pdf |page=12 |access-date= }} {{OCLC|1064663491|425804160}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
Of the four categories, (i) Extra-Large Colleges (15,000 or more students), (ii) Large Colleges (8,000–14,999 students), (iii) Medium Colleges (4,500–7,999 students), and (iv) Small Colleges (4,499 or fewer students), [[LaGuardia Community College]] was in the top three of Large Colleges.</div></ref>

<ref name="DiNapoli 2013 Dec">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|DiNapoli,||p=}} |last1=DiNapoli |first1=Thomas Peter II |author-link1=Thomas DiNapoli |last2=Bleiwas |first2=((Kenneth B., Deputy Comptroller)) |date=December 2013 |title=An Economic Snapshot of Queens |url=https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/reports/osdc/pdf/report-9-2014.pdf |publisher=[[New York Department of State]] |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Dominion 2011 Sep 6">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Dominion of New York,'' September 6,|2011}} |website=Dominion of New York |last=Dia |first=Hannington |date=September 6, 2011 |title=Best Black Arts & Culture in Queens 2011" (column) "Six Reasons to Love Queens |url=http://www.dominionofnewyork.com/2011/09/06/best-black-arts-culture-in-queens-2011/ |access-date=March 28, 2012}} ({{italics correction|''Dominion''}} was founded in 2012 by Kelly Virella).</ref>

<ref name="5-boro-history">{{cite web |title=Early Five Borough's History |access-date=December 30, 2007 |url=http://www.hopefarm.com/5boros.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309050829/https://web.archive.org/web/20101021055612/http://hopefarm.com/5boros.htm |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"When Queens County was created the courts were transferred from Hempstead to Jamaica Village and a County Court was erected. When the building became too small for its purposes and the stone meeting house had been erected, the courts were held for some years in that edifice. Later a new courthouse was erected and used until the seat of justice was removed to North Hempstead."</div></ref>

<ref name="Eisenstadt 2005">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Eisenstadt,|2005|p=}} |editor-last1=Eisenstadt |editor-first1=Peter R. |date=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of New York |url={{GBurl|tmHEm5ohoCUC|p=1274|dq="queens"+"elevation"}} |edition=1st |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |page=1274 }} {{LCCN|2005001032}}; {{ISBN|0-8156-0808-X|978-0-8156-0808-0}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Eisenstadt, "New York City",|p=1062}} |title=''"New York City"'' |url={{GBurl|tmHEm5ohoCUC|p=1062|dq="queens"+"elevation"+"highest"+"brooklyn"+"staten island"}} |page=1062 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Eisenstadt, "Queens",|p=1274}} |title=''"Queens"'' |url={{GBurl|tmHEm5ohoCUC|p=1274|dq="queens"+"elevation"+"highest"}} |page=1274 }} }}</ol>
: {{hanging indent |text=Highest natural elevations in each borough (data varies):}}
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text=[[The Bronx]]: [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]], [[Fieldston, Bronx|Fieldston]] on Grosvenor Avenue: {{convert|284|ft|m|1}} (no plaque). }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=[[Manhattan]]: [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], [[Bennett Park (New York City)|James Gordon Bennett Park]] at West 183rd Street & [[Fort Washington Avenue]]: {{convert|265.05|ft|m|1}} (plaque). }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Queens: [[Glen Oaks, Queens|Glen Oaks]] at [[North Shore Towers]]: {{convert|258.2|ft|m|1}} (no plaque). }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=[[Brooklyn]]: [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] at [[Battle Hill (Brooklyn)|Battle Hill]]: {{convert|220|ft|m|1}} (no plaque). }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=[[Staten Island]]: [[Todt Hill]]: {{convert|412|ft|m|1}} (no plaque), sometimes chronicled as the highest point on the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]], south of [[Maine]], all the way to the bottom of [[Florida]]. }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Forbes 2014 Apr 10">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|''Forbes'', April 10,|2014|p=}} |magazine=[[Forbes]] |last=Shao |first=Heng |date=April 10, 2014 |title=Join the Great Gatsby: Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out to Long Island's North Shore |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2014/04/10/chinese-real-estate-buyers-fan-out-to-long-islands-north-shore/ |page=14 |access-date=April 2, 2016}} {{EBSCOhost|95585487}}.</ref>

<ref name="French 1860">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|French,|1860|p=}} |last1=French |first1=((John Homer (1824–1888))) |date=1860 |chapter=Queens County |title=Gazeteer of the State of New York |url=http://history.rays-place.com/ny/queens-towns.htm |url-status=dead |type=towns in Queens County |location=[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] |publisher=R. Pearsall Smith (publisher) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104114722/http://history.rays-place.com/ny/queens-towns.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|French, Google Books (Harvard),|1860|pp=}} |title=''Access – via Google Books (Harvard University)'' |url={{GBurl|R_zHwh4xByQC|p=546}} |pages=546–551 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="TimeOut 2018 Mar 11">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Gleasin, March 11,|2019|p=}} |last1=Gleason |first1=Will |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Citing Its Diversity and Culture, NYC Was Voted Best City in the World in New Global Survey |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/new-york-voted-best-city-in-the-world-in-massive-worldwide-survey-031119 |magazine=[[Time Out (magazine)#Time Out New York|TimeOut]] |access-date=June 23, 2019 }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Just look at the [[Queens Night Market]], which began in the summer of 2015 as a collection of 40 vendors serving authentic international cuisine in [[Flushing Meadows Corona Park]]. Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view. 'When I first started, it was all about how can we attract people with an event that's as affordable and diverse as possible,' says Night Market founder John Wang. 'We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before."</div></ref>

<ref name="Google-Maps-Queens">{{cite web |work=[[Google Maps]] |ref={{SfnRef|Google (map)}} |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Queens,+NY/@40.6511939,-74.0112772,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c24369470a592b:0x4109d18b6c5c7b05!8m2!3d40.7282239!4d-73.7948516 |title=Overview Map of Queens |access-date=January 6, 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="Greenspan">{{cite web |last1=Greenspan |first1=((Walter Perry (1945–2012))) |title=Geographic History of Queens County |url=http://sites.rootsweb.com/~nyqueen2/History.htm |access-date=December 23, 2007}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
Greenspan, formerly a commodities analyst, was, for the last ten years of his life, active with Metro New York Genealogy. In the 1980s, he was, among other things, Presidident of the New York Chapter of the [[Futures Industry Association]].</div></ref>

<ref name="Humphries 1989">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Humphries,|1989|p=}} |last1=Humphries |first1=Patrick |date=1989 |orig-date=1988 – ''Boy in the Bubble'' |title=Paul Simon – Still Crazy After All These Years |url=https://archive.org/details/paulsimonstillcr00hump/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |isbn=9780385249089 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|8830030}}; {{ISBN|0-3852-4908-X}}; {{OCLC|740541862|show=all}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Their house <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Paul Simon]]'s family] was situated on 70th Road [at 137-62] in [[Kew Garden Hills]], only three blocks away from the [[Art Garfunkel|Garfunkel]]s' home [at 136-58 72nd Avenue in Kew Garden Hills]." (p. 3)</div></ref>

<ref name="Inventing-Gotham 2007">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"Inventing Gotham"||p= }} |url=http://mapsites.net/gotham01/ConsolidationDBQ.htm |url-access= |title=Inventing Gotham – New York City and the American Dream: Consolidation |date=n.d. |website=Mapsites.net |type=a virtual tour of New York City constructed for and by eleventh and twelfth grade students at the [[Fieldston School]] in [[The Bronx]] |publisher=[[Fieldston School]], Department of History |language=en-US |access-date=December 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202040/http://mapsites.net/gotham01/ConsolidationDBQ.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |via=Mapsites.net ([[Wayback Machine]])}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Illustration & editorial: {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Brooklyn Daily Eagle,'' November 5,|1894|p= }} |last1=Brooklyn Daily Eagle, The |author-link1=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=November 5, 1894 |title=The Lady or the Tiger? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50595037/ |type=anti-consolidation editorial – illustration by Orrin Welch Simons; 1867–1930 |language=en-US |volume=54 |issue=307 |page=19 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-access=subscription}} | (criticized by {{italics correction|''The New York Times''}}). }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document A: 1834: General [[Jeremiah Johnson (mayor)|Jeremiah Johnson]] (1766–1852) }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document B: 1834: Consolidation Committee of the State legislature }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document C: 1849: ''[[The New York Tribune]]'' (a Republican newspaper) }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document D: [[Andrew Haswell Green]] (1820–1903) }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document E: Popular joke }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document F: 1894: ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' magazine }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document G: 1896: Rev. [[Richard Salter Storrs]] (1821–1900) }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document H: 1893: [[St. Clair McKelway]] (1905–1980), editor of the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document I: Consolidation League }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document J: League of Loyal Citizens }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document K: ''[[The New York Times]],'' May 1, 1888 }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text=Document L: 1894: Results of the Consolidation Referendum }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Leip's-Atlas">{{cite web |last1=Leip |first1=David G. |title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS |website=uselectionatlas.org |location=[[Ithaca, New York]] |publisher=[[Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, LLC]] (a New York entity) |access-date=April 29, 2017}} {{OCLC|439540511}}.</ref>

<ref name="Lloyd-Harbor-Brief-History">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Lloyd Harbor, Brief History|}}|title=Lloyd Harbor – A Brief History |url=http://www.lloydharbor.org/village/brief_history.htm |publisher=Incorporated Village of Lloyd Harbor, Suffolk County, NY (website host) |access-date=April 9, 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427205006/http://www.lloydharbor.org/village/brief_history.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2009 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Lonely-Planet 2014 Dec 10">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Lonely Planet'', December 10,|2014}} |last1=Lonely Planet |author-link1=Lonely Planet |date=December 10, 2014 |title=Best in the US 2015 |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-in-the-us-2015 |access-date=December 10, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Wired 2019 Jun 15">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef}} |last1=Martin |first1=Aarian |date=June 15, 2019 |title=New York City Flexes Again, Extending Cap on Uber and Lyft" – "Officials want to extend the city's limit on the number of for-hire vehicles, and may consider a congestion charge |url=https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-city-flexes-extending-cap-uber-lyft/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Martin-Stocker-Nichols-Shaheen 2021 Feb">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Martin, Stocker, Nichols, Shaheen, February|2021|}} |last1=Martin |first1=Elliot William PhD |last2=Stocker |first2=Adam |last3=Nichols |first3=Aqshems M. |last4=Shaheen |first4=Susan Alison PhD |title=''"Roundtrip Carsharing in New York City: An Evaluation of a Pilot Program and System Impacts"'' |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/roundtrip-carsharing-in-nyc-pilot-evaluation.pdf |publisher=[[UC Berkeley]], [[Institute of Transportation Studies]] (ITS), Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) |via=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] }} {{doi|10.7922/G2R49P23}}; [[eScholarship]] {{URL|https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kb1r71v|5kb1r71v}} (permalink); {{OCLC|1249955145}}.</ref>

<ref name="McCurdy 2019">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|McCurdy,|2019|p=}} |last1=McCurdy |first1=John Gilbert |date=2019 |title=Quarters – The Accommodation of the British Army and the Coming of the American Revolution |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]}} {{LCCN|2019002331}} (print); {{LCCN|2019004115}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-1-5017-3661-2}} (PDF); {{ISBN|978-1-5017-3662-9}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-1-501-73660-5}} (cloth); {{OCLC|1137756892|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|iuhzDwAAQBAJ|p=1}} }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|IMCIDwAAQBAJ|p=PR3}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="McGlinn 2002">{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|McGlinn,|2002|p=}} |last1=McGlinn |first1=Lawrence Alan |date=2002 |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City |url=http://msaag.aag.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13_McGlinn.pdf |pages=110–119 |journal=Middle States Geographer |volume=35 |publisher=Middle States Division of the [[Association of American Geographers]] (publisher) |access-date=April 2, 2016}} {{ISSN|1067-2230}}.</ref>

<ref name="Mushabac-Wigan 1997">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Mushabac & Wigan, |1997|p=}}|last1=Mushabac |first1=Jane Esther |last2=Wigan |first2=Angela Harman <!--({{italics correction|''maiden''}}; born 1943; married to composer Mel W. Marvin) how to do that without causing a script warning?--> |date=1999
|orig-date=1997 |title=A Short and Remarkable History of New York City |type=entry: "1683"}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''1st printing →'' |url= |date=1997 |location=New York |publisher=City & Company (publisher) |page=19}} → Note: City & Company, founded by Helene Silver in 1994, was sold in 2002 to Rizzoli International Publications. The company name, as a New York entity, has been inactive since 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-8854-9250-0}}; {{OCLC|37464494}}. }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''2nd printing (link) →'' |url=https://archive.org/details/shortremarkableh00mush/page/18/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |date=1999 |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] (publisher) |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Boston Public Library]]) |page=| isbn=9780823219841 }} }} {{LCCN|9904688}}; {{ISBN|0-8232-1984-4}}; {{OCLC|1252727441|show=all}}.</ol></ref>

<ref name="NY.com 1999 May 8">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|NYC Origins, May 8,|1999}} |date=May 8, 1999 |title=New York City – Geography and Origins: Queens |url=https://www.ny.com/histfacts/geography.html#queens |website=NY.com |publisher=[[Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc.]] |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="NYers-and-Cars 2018 Apr 5">{{cite web |date=April 5, 2018 |title=New Yorkers and Their Cars |url=https://edc.nyc/article/new-yorkers-and-their-cars |publisher=[[New York City Economic Development Corporation]] |access-date=September 21, 2021}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"According to recent census estimates, almost 1.4 million households in New York City own a car compared to 3.1 million total households." {{nowrap| ... }} "Manhattan, where only 22 percent of households own a car, while ownership is highest in Staten Island where cars are owned by 83 percent of all households. Queens (62 percent) is also above the city average, while the Bronx (40 percent) and Brooklyn (44 percent) look more like the city as a whole."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYC-Lens 2015 Apr 24">{{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''NY City Lens'' April 24,|2015}} |last1=NY City Lens |author-link1=NY City Lens |last2=Uwimana |first2=Solange |date=April 24, 2015 |title=Sutphin Boulevard: The Next Tourist Hot Spot? |url=https://nycitylens.com/sutphin-boulevard-the-next-tourist-hot-spot/ |language=en-US |access-date=April 12, 2016 |publisher=Produced by students at the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]] }}</ref>

<ref name="NYG&B-Newsletter 1998 Winter">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''NYG&B Newsletter'', Winter|1998|p=}} |last1=NYG&B Newsletter |last2=Macy | first2=Harry Jr. |date=Winter 1998 |orig-date={{space|nit}}Updated June 2011{{space|nit}} |title=Before the Five-Borough City: Queens |url=https://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/blog/five-borough-city-old-cities-towns-and-villages-came-together-form-greater-new-york |url-status= |via=bklyn-genealogy-info.com |publisher=[[New York Genealogical and Biographical Society]] |access-date=May 9, 2009 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703114614/http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Map/5.Bor.Q.Rich.html |archive-date=July 3, 2009 }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
This map shows the boundaries of the former towns and the former city within the present Borough of Queens.</div></ref>

<ref name="NYSERDA 2021 Feb">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef||}} |last1=NYSERDA |author-link1=NYSERDA |date=February 2021 |title=''"New York State Transportation Electrification Report"'' |url=https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Transportation/21-06-New-York-State-Transportation-Electrification-Report.pdf |edition=Final Report |type=Report Number 21-06 |publisher=[[New York State Energy Research and Development Authority]] (NYSERDA) |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Past-Poet-Laureates 2019">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"Past Queens Poet Laureates,"|2019|}} |date=2019 |chapter=Past Queens Poet Laureates |chapter-url=https://queensbp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/List-of-Queens-Poet-Laureates-1997-2019.pdf |title=''Office of the Queens Borough President – Poet Laureates'' |url=https://queensbp.org/poet-laureate/ |access-date=September 15, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Penn-State 2014">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Penn State,|2014}} |last1=Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences |author-link1=Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences |date=2014 |chapter=Social Capital Variables for 2014 |chapter-url=https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014 |title=''"Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014" (Excel)'' |url=https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 |publisher=Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development |access-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-date=December 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231001016/https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Peterson-Seyfried 1983–1987">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Peterson & Seyfried,|1987|p=}} |editor-last1=Peterson |editor-first1=Jon Alvah |last1=Seyfried |first1=Vincent Francis |date=1987 |orig-date=1983 |title=A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens |location=New York |publisher=Department of History, [[Queens College, City University of New York]] }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Peterson & Seyfried,|1983|p=}} |title=''1983 ed.'' – A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens and Its Neighborhoods: Bibliography, Chronology, and Other Aids |type=70 pages }} {{OCLC|1251870218|show=all}}.}}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Peterson & Seyfried,|1987|p=}} |title=''1987 ed.'' – A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens, New York City: Historical Sketches, Population Data, Chronologies, Bibliography, and Other Aids |type=59 pages }} {{OCLC|18097590}}. }}</ol></ref>

<!-- <ref name="NYCSubway.org">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|||}} |title=Facts & Figures – Subways |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/faq/factsfigures.html |website=www.nycsubway.org |access-date=March 9, 2014 |type=website managed by David C. Pirmann, born 1971, of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]] }}</ref> -->

<ref name="Port-Authority-JFK">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority}} |last1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |author-link1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |title=2000–2020 Monthly Airport Traffic Report Archives |url=https://www.panynj.gov/airports/en/statistics-general-info/Monthly_Airport_Activities.html |access-date=September 20, 2021}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, JFK, December|2019}} |title=''December 2019. "John F. Kennedy International Airport"'' |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/monthly-2019/JFK_DEC_2019.pdf}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, JFK, December|2020}} |title=''December 2020. "John F. Kennedy International Airport"'' |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/monthly-2020/JFK_DEC_2020.pdf}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, LGA, December|2019}} |title=''December 2019. "LaGuardia Airport"'' |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/monthly-2019/LGA_DEC_2019.pdf}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, LGA, December|2020}} |title=''December 2020. "LaGuardia Airport"'' |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/monthly-2020/LGA_DEC_2020.pdf}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Powell 1928 Feb">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Powell, February|1928}} |last1=Powell |first1=Charles Underhill |date=February 1928 |editor-last1=Buttenheim |editor-first1=Harold Stanley |title=Bringing Order Out of Chaos in Street Naming and House Numbering – How the Great Borough of Queens, Composed of Sixty Former Villages, Changed the Names of Most of Its Streets and Gave New Numbers to All Its Houses |url= |magazine=[[The American City (magazine)|The American City]] |location=[[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]] |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=91–93}} {{ISSN|0002-7936}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Powell, Internet Archive, February|1928|p= }} |title=''pp. 91–93'' |date=February 1928 |publisher=Penton Media, Inc., Penton Business Media |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-city-county_1928-02_38_2/page/90/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[University of Michigan]]) }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Queens-Economic-Review 2000">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Queens: Economic Review'',|2000|p=}} |date=2000 |title=Queens: An Economic Review |url=https://nysl.ptfs.com/data/Library1/1440.PDF |type=Report – Office of the State Deputy Comptroller for the City of New York: 11–2000 |publisher=Office of the [[New York State Comptroller]], [[Carl McCall|H. Carl McCall]], [[New York State Comptroller|State Comptroller]], New York City Public Information Office |pages=1, 5 |access-date=March 28, 2012 |via=[[New York State Library]] }} {{LCCN|00325035}}; {{OCLC|43393337}}.</ref>

<ref name="Queens-DA-info 2020 Jan 6">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Queens District Attorney||p=}} |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Melinda Katz, District Attorney |url=http://www.queensda.org/ |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="QueensMamas 2011 May 28">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''QueensMamas'', May 28,|2011|p=}} |website=QueensMamas |date=May 28, 2011 |title=NYC Beaches 2011 – Summer Beach Season Kicks Off |url=http://www.queensmamas.com/queens_mamas/2011/05/summer-beach-season-kicks-off-in-nyc.html |url-status=dead |location=[[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] |access-date=March 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320231702/http://www.queensmamas.com/queens_mamas/2011/05/summer-beach-season-kicks-off-in-nyc.html |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]]: The Mamas Network, Leni Calas ({{italics correction|''née''}} Elleni K. Calas; born 1979) (founding publisher)</ref>

<ref name="Queens-Museum 2016 Jul 23">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Queens Museum, July 23,|2016|p=}} |last1=Queens Museum |author-link1=Queens Museum |date=July 23, 2016 |title=From 'Forest Hills: Birthplace of Punk' to 'Rock Rock Rockaway Beach' |url=http://www.queensmuseum.org/events/from-forest-hills-birthplace-of-punk-to-rock-rock-rockaway-beach |access-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Rennert 2009">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef||2008|p=}} |date=2008 |editor-last1=Rennert |editor-first1=Richard Scott |title=The Open Book: Celebrating 40 Years of America's Grand Slam |url=https://archive.org/details/usopenopenbookce0000unse/page/14/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |url-access=registration |publisher=[[United States Tennis Association]] & [[Triumph Books]] (publisher) |page=14 |isbn=9781600781575 |access-date=July 5, 2016 |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Gilbert M. Simmons Memorial Library|Kenosha Public Library]]) }} {{ISBN|978-1-6007-8157-5|1-6007-8157-8}}; {{OCLC|213446843|show=all}}, {{OCLC|1048021596|show=all}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Moving the home of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in 1978 across the borough of Queens, from the serene surroundings of [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]] to the 46.5 cement acres [188,000 m2; 2,030,000 sq ft; 18.8 ha] of [[Flushing Meadows]], further expanded the US Open's ability to deliver world-class tennis and star-studded entertainment to the masses. Indeed, the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]] (the world's largest <u>public tennis facility</u> when not hosting tournament tennis) and its centerpiece, [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] (the world's largest tennis stadium), have enabled the US Open to become the world's best-attended annual sporting event, with nearly three-quarters of a million fans on-site each year."</div></ref>

<ref name="Room 1997–2006">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Room, 1997,|2006|p=}} |last1=Room |first1=((Adrian (1933–2010))) |author-link1=Adrian Room |title=Place Names of the World |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''1st ed. →'' Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl00room/page/294/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |date=1997 |url-access=registration |type=entry: "Queens" |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Columbia University]]) |page=295| isbn=9780786401727 | last1=Room | first1=Adrian | publisher=McFarland }} }} {{LCCN|9638011}}; {{ISBN|0-7864-0172-9}}; {{OCLC|1023788128|show=all}}.</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''2nd ed. →'' Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/308/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |date=2006 |url-access=registration |type=entry: "Queens" |via=[[Internet Archive]] (Albany County Public Library, [[Laramie, Wyoming]]) |page=308}} {{LCCN|2005017522}}; {{isbn|0-7864-2248-3|978-0-78642-248-7}}; {{OCLC|60671826|show=all}}. }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Scheltema-Westerhuijs 2011">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Scheltema & Westerhuijs, |2011|p=}} |editor-last1=Scheltema |editor-first1=Hugo Gajus |editor-last2=Westerhuijs |editor-first2=Heleen |date=2011 |title=Exploring Historic Dutch New York |location=New York |publisher=[[Museum of the City of New York]] & [[Dover Publications]]}} Introduction by [[Russell Shorto]]. {{LCCN|2019301028}}; {{ISBN|978-0-4864-8637-6}}, {{ISBN|0-4864-8637-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-4868-3493-1}}, {{ISBN|0-4868-3493-X}}; {{OCLC|841493950|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|QAdxDwAAQBAJ|p=1}} |type=limited preview }} }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|7CVyDwAAQBAJ|p=1}} |type=limited preview}} }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|qdXCAgAAQBAJ|p=1}} |type=limited preview}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Seyfried-Peterson">{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Seyfried & Peterson, December 17,|2007}} |last1=Seyfried |first1=((Vincent Francis (1918–2012))) |author-link1=Vincent F. Seyfried |last2=Peterson |first2=((Jon Alvah, PhD)) |date=December 17, 2007 |title=Historical Essay: A Thumbnail View |url=http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/tourism/tourism_history.shtml |journal=Cultural Affairs |type=official history page of the [[Queens Borough President]]'s office |url-status=dead |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218014547/http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/tourism/tourism_history.shtml |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{OCLC|640142399|639544317}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{space|3}}"From the final withdrawal of the British in November 1783, until the 1830s, Queens continued as an essentially Long Island area of farms and villages. The location of the county government in Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) underscores the island orientation of that era. The population grew hardly at all, increasing only from 5,791 in 1800 to 7,806 in 1830, suggesting that many younger sons moved away, seeking fortunes where land was not yet so fully taken up for farming."<br />
{{space|3}}"Even more crucial to future development was the opening of the [[Queensboro Bridge]] in 1909. This span ended the isolation of the borough's road system at precisely the time when mass use of the automobile was getting underway in the United States."</div></ref>

<ref name="Seyfried 2004">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Seyfried,|2004|p=}} |last1=Seyfried |first1=((Vincent Francis (1918–2012))) |title=A Walk Through Queens with David Hartman and Historian Barry Lewis |url=http://www.thirteen.org/queens/history3.html |website=Educational Broadcasting Corporation |year=2004 |access-date=December 29, 2007}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{space|3}}"The most momentous event in the history of Queens occurred in 1909 when the long-planned [[Queensboro Bridge]] was finally opened. This ended the century-old isolation of the county and dependence on ferries."</div></ref>

<ref name="Shorto-Funk 2004">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Shorto & Funk,|2004}} |editor-last1=Shorto |editor-first1=Russell |editor-link1=Russell Shorto |last=Funk |first=Howard Leroy |author-link= |date=2004 |chapter=Long Island: Maspeth / Middleburgh / Hastings / Newtown |chapter-url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/long-island/maspeth/ |title=A [Virtual] Tour of New Netherland |url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland |language=en-US |publisher=[[New Netherland Project]] & [[New Netherland Institute]] (publisher). [[New York State Library]] & the [[Holland Society of New York]] (funders) |access-date=March 29, 2008 }} {{OCLC|731873680}} ([[New Netherland Institute|NNI]]).</ref>

<ref name="People-Silverman 2004 Sep 16">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Silverman, September 16,|2004|p=}} |last1=Silverman |first1=Stephen M. |author-link1=Stephen M. Silverman |date=September 16, 2004 |title=Punk Rock Legend Johnny Ramone Dies at 55 |url=https://people.com/celebrity/punk-rock-legend-johnny-ramone-dies-at-55/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=June 2, 2009}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[Johnny Ramone]], 55, was born John Cummings and grew up in [[Forest Hills, N.Y.]], soaking up rock in the '60s but then moving to an edgier sound."</div></ref>

<ref name="6sqft 2015 Sep 1">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''6sqft'', September 1,|2015}} |last1=Schulz |first1=Dana |date=September 1, 2015 |orig-year={{space|nit}}Updated August 23, 2017{{space|nit}} |title=A History of the US Open in New York: From the West Side Tennis Club to Arthur Ashe Stadium |url=https://www.6sqft.com/a-history-of-the-us-open-in-new-york-from-the-west-side-tennis-club-to-arthur-ashe-stadium/ |work=6sqft |access-date=October 22, 2015 |location=[[Chelsea, Manhattan]] |publisher=CityRealty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216134353/https://www.6sqft.com/a-history-of-the-us-open-in-new-york-from-the-west-side-tennis-club-to-arthur-ashe-stadium/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Spiller-Queens-Menus-Project 2019">{{cite book |date=2019 |editor-last1=Spiller |editor-first1=Harley Judd |title=Menus from the United States. ''"Queens"'' |publisher=Harley J. Spiller Collection, [[University of Toronto Scarborough]], [[University of Toronto Libraries|Scarborough Library]]}} ({{URL|https://archive.org/details/spiller|Harley J. Spiller Collection}} at [[Internet Archive]]) ({{cite web |title=''Harley J. Spiller Collection'' |url=https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/harley-j-spiller-collection}} at the [[University of Toronto Libraries|Scarborough Library]]).</ref>

<ref name="Sullivan 1927 p342">{{Cite Q|Q114149635|mode=cs1 <!-- History of New York State, 1523–1927 (1927) v1 --> |editor-last=Sullivan |editor-first=James |editor2-last=Williams |editor2-first=Melvin E. |editor3-last=Conklin |editor3-first=Edwin P. |editor4-last=Fitzpatrick |editor4-first=Benedict |chapter=Chapter IV. Growth and Achievement. |p=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/miua.1262471.0001.001?urlappend=%3Bseq=440 342]}}</ref>

<ref name="US-Dept-Transportation-JFK">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|U.S. International Airline Stats}} |title=U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics |url=https://www.transportation.gov/policy/aviation-policy/us-international-air-passenger-and-freight-statistics-report |type=quarterly |series=International Aviation Developments Series |publisher=Office of the [[Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Aviation and International Affairs]], [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]], Office of Airline Information (OAI) of the [[Bureau of Transportation Statistics|Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)]] |access-date=September 20, 2021}} {{OCLC|58924747|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|U.S. International Air Stats, December|2019}} |title=''December 2019. Table 6: "Top 40 U.S. Passenger Gateways to the World, Scheduled Service 1"'' |url=https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2020-12/US%20International%20Air%20Passenger%20and%20Freight%20Statistics%20for%20December%202019.pdf |page=35}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|U.S. International Air Stats, December|2020}} |title=''December 2020. Table 6: "Top 40 U.S. Passenger Gateways to the World, Scheduled Service 1"'' |url=https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2021-07/US%20International%20Air%20Passenger%20and%20Freight%20Statistics%20for%20December%202020.pdf |page=36}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="WNYC-Venugopal 2019 Jun 28">{{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Venugopal, June 28,|2019}} |last1=Venugopal |first1=Arun |author-link=Arun Venugopal |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Why Queens Is the Center of the Nation's Progressive Movement |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/how-queens-became-center-progressive-movement/ |work=[[WNYC]] |language=en |access-date=June 29, 2019}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Previously known to outsiders as Brooklyn's more-diverse, less-hip neighbor, a vast landscape of ethnic eateries, Queens has emerged as the capitol of the nation's progressive movement."</div></ref>

<!-- Wikipedia cannot be used as a reference !!! &ndash;
<ref name="Wikipedia-Airport-ddbs">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Wikipedia Airport Databases}} |title=''Wikipedia Airport Databases (lists)''}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|Busiest airports by passenger traffic]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of the busiest airports in the United States|Busiest airports in the United States]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic|Busiest airports by international passenger traffic]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest airports in North America|Busiest airports in North America]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|Busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest airports by aircraft movements|Busiest airports by aircraft movements]]'' }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text= ''[[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic|Busiest airports by cargo traffic]]'' }}</ol></ref>
-->

<ref name="AM-New-York 2018 Aug 3">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''AM New York'', August 3,|2018|p=}} |last1=AM New York |author-link1=AM New York Metro |last2=Cook |first2=Lauren |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Tornado Touched Down in College Point, Queens, NWS Says |url=https://www.amny.com/news/tornado-queens-1.20271766 |access-date=August 4, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="AP-Brody-Zarobinski 2003 Mar 25">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|AP Newswire, March 25,|2003}} |last1=AP Newswire |author-link1=Associated Press |date=March 25, 2003 |title=''Adrien Brody, in his Oscar Acceptance Speech, Pays Tribute to his Friend, Tommy Zarobinski, Deployed With the Army National Guard in Kuwait'' }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite news |ref={{SfnRef||}} |last1=(AP) |author-link1=Associated Press |date=March 25, 2003 |title=Brody's Friend's Parents Proud |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/03/25/showbuzz/ |url-status=dead |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=August 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308164023/http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/03/25/showbuzz/ |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}} }}
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite news |last1=(AP) |author-link1=Associated Press |date=March 26, 2013 |title=Oscar Winner Pays Homage to U.S. Soldier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/284605486/ |location=[[Fort Lauderdale]] |work=[[Sun-Sentinel|South Florida Sun Sentinel]] |volume=53 |issue=335 |edition=Broward Metro |page=2 (section A) |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=September 16, 2021 }} {{ProQuest|387873468}} (US Newsstream database). }}</ol>
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[Adrien Brody|Brody]], who grew up in [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] and Zarobinski [Thomas R. Zarobinski; born 1971], a native of [[Rego Park]], attended the [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School for Performing Arts]] together, where Brody studied acting and Zarobinski studied drawing."</div></ref>

<ref name="Astoria-Post 2021 Jan 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Astoria Post,'' January 15,|2021}} |last1=Astoria Post |last2=Griffin |first1=Allie |date=January 15, 2021 |title=More Than 50 Citi Bike Stations Will Be Installed in Astoria in the Coming Weeks |url=https://astoriapost.com/more-than-50-citi-bike-stations-will-be-installed-in-astoria-in-the-coming-weeks |location=[[Sunnyside, Queens|Sunnyside]] |publisher=Queens Post group, a subsidiary of Outer Boro Media |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg-News 2014 Oct 27">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Bloomberg News'', October 17,|2014}} |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |last=Hymowitz |first=Carol |date=October 27, 2014 |title=One Percenters Drop Six Figures at Long Island Mall |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-27/one-percenters-drop-six-figures-at-long-island-mall.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg-News 2018 Oct 30">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Bloomberg News'', October 30,|2018}} |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |last=Goldman |first=Henry |date=October 30, 2018 |title=NYC's Fastest-Growing Neighborhood Gets $180 Million Investment |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-30/nyc-s-fastest-growing-neighborhood-gets-180-million-investment?srnd=premium |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Business-Insider 2015 May 27">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Business Insider'', May 27, 2015}} |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |last=Robinson |first=Melia |date=May 27, 2015 |title=This Is What It's Like in One of the Biggest and Fastest-Growing Chinatowns in the World |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5 |access-date=March 19, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Business-Insider 2017 Feb 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Business Insider'', February 15, 2017}} |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |last=Lubin |first=Gus |date=February 15, 2017 |title=Queens Has More Languages Than Anywhere in the World – Here's Where They're Found |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=2021-04-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210425173451/https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<ref name="CNN 2002 Jun 11">{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=June 11, 2002 |title='Dapper Don' John Gotti Dead – Brought Down by the Bull |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/ |url-status=dead |access-date=August 31, 2010 |edition=U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050813020339/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/ |archive-date=August 13, 2005 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CNN 2016 Apr 16">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|CNN, April 16,|2016}} |publisher=[[CNN]] |last=Kaye |first=Randi |author-link=Randi Kaye |date=April 16, 2016 |title=See Donald Trump's Boyhood Neighborhood |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2016/04/16/donald-trump-boyhood-neighborhood-queens-kaye-pkg-ac.cnn |type=video |series=''[[Anderson Cooper 360°]]'' (series) |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2014 Jan 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''DNAinfo New York'', January 20,|2014|p=}} |last1=DNAinfo New York |author-link1=DNAinfo |last2=Honan |first2=((Katie ({{italics correction|''née''}} Kathleen M. Honan; born 1985))) |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Rockaway Ferry Floats on Through May, but Trip Will Cost Nearly Double |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/rockaway-beach/rockaway-ferry-floats-on-through-may-but-trip-will-cost-nearly-double |access-date=April 20, 2014 |archive-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064314/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/rockaway-beach/rockaway-ferry-floats-on-through-may-but-trip-will-cost-nearly-double |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2015 Jan 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''DNAinfo New York'', January 20,|2015|p=}} |last1=DNAinfo New York |author-link1=DNAinfo |last2=Honan |first2=((Katie ({{italics correction|''née''}} Kathleen M. Honan; born 1985))) |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway, LIRR |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150120/east-elmhurst/cuomo-announces-airtrain-laguardia-airport-from-subway-lirr |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120233716/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150120/east-elmhurst/cuomo-announces-airtrain-laguardia-airport-from-subway-lirr |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian-US-Ngu 2020 Aug 13">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Ngu, August 13,|2020}} |last1=Guardian US, The |author-link1=The Guardian US |last2=Ngu |first2=Sarah |date=August 13, 2020 |title='Not What It Used to Be': In New York, Flushing's Asian Residents Brace Against Gentrification |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments |language=en-US |edition=US |access-date=January 29, 2021 |url-access=registration}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], which is 69% Asian. {{'-}}They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,{{-'}} said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February {{nowrap| ... }} Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m {{nowrap| ... }} The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese."</div></ref>

<ref name="The-Independent 2016 Feb 4">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''The Independent,'' February 4,|2016}} |last1=The Independent |author-link1=The Independent |last2=Guion |first2=Payton |date=February 4, 2016 |title=New York Mayor to Propose $2.5B Streetcar for Underserved Communities |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/new-york-mayor-to-propose-25b-streetcar-in-underserved-communities-a6853761.html |url-access=subscription |language=en-GB |access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Indiana-Daily-Student 2005 Feb 10">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Indiana Daily Student,'' February 10,|2005}} |last1=Indiana Daily Student |author-link1=Indiana Daily Student |last2=Aasen |first2=Adam Patrick |date=February 10, 2005 |title=The Man Behind the Melee |url=https://www.idsnews.com/article/2005/02/the-man-behind-the-melee |publisher=[[Indiana University Bloomington]] |access-date=April 20, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name="Newsday 1994 Feb 22">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', February 22,|1994|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Pérez-Rivas |first2=Manuel |date=February 22, 1994 |title=Queens Neighbornoods" "Queens in Albany" (series) "Beach Nourished by $$$ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/706886672/ |volume=54 |issue=172 |page=21 |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 4, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }} {{ProQuest|278781750}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="Newsday 1998 Feb 22">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', February 22,|1998|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Amon |first2=((Rhoda ({{italics correction|''née''}} Rhoda Sher; 1923–2008))) |date=February 22, 1998 |title=Our History – Our Towns – Nassau" (series) "Mineola: First Farmers, Then Lawyers |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist002d%2C0%2C6131005.story?coll=ny_community_guide_lihistory_promo |type=All eds. |page=50 (section H) |access-date=November 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015160228/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist002d%2C0%2C6131005.story?coll=ny_community_guide_lihistory_promo |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{ProQuest|279117006}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"That was the year when the "Old Brig" courthouse was vacated after 90 years of housing lawbreakers. The county court moved from [[Mineola, Long Island|Mineola]] to [[Long Island City]]."</div></ref>

<ref name="Newsday 2005 Apr 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', April 15,|2005|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Blair |first2=Cynthia |date=April 15, 2005 |title=It Happened in New York" – "1855: Union Course Tavern, Oldest Bar in Queens, Opens |url=http://www.newsday.com/about/ny-ihiny041505story,0,5288754.htmlstory |url-status=dead |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618083448/http://www.newsday.com/about/ny-ihiny041505story%2C0%2C5288754.htmlstory |page=65 (section A) |archive-date=June 18, 2009 }} ({{cite book |title=''alternate link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/709798538/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"There is a painting of [[Mae West]], who lived in [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] and performed at the [[Union Course Tavern|tavern]], on the door."</div></ref>

<ref name="Newsday 2007 Mar 29">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', March 29,|2007|p= }} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Mohan |first2=Geoffrey A. |date=March 29, 1998 |title=Long Island, Our History: Eastern Factions of Queens Win the Fight to Separate After Six Decades of Wrangling – Nassau's Difficult Birth |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs615a,0,7026626.story?page=4 |url-status=dead |language=en-US |location=[[Melville, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016012933/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs615a%2C0%2C7026626.story?page=4 |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |access-date=December 31, 2007 |quote=North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote. }}
:: Access via [[Newspapers.com]]
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent|text={{Cite book |date=March 29, 1998 |title=''Nassau ed.'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/707599747/ |volume= 58 |issue=208 |pages=A14–A15, A47–A48 |url-access=subscription }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent|text={{Cite book |date=March 28, 1998 |title=''Suffolk ed.'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/726258167/ |volume= 58 |issue=207 |pages=A16–A17, A53–A54 |url-access=subscription }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Newsday 2016 Jul 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', July 1,|2016|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Kellogg |first2=Valerie |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Boyhood Home Selling For $1.65M in Queens |url=http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/donald-trump-s-boyhood-home-in-queens-is-for-sale-1.11994797 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 17, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705064104/http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/donald-trump-s-boyhood-home-in-queens-is-for-sale-1.11994797 |archive-date=July 5, 2016 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Newsday 2018 Apr 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', April 15,|2018|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Castillo |first2=Alfonso A. |date=April 15, 2018 |title=East Side Access Price Goes Up Again, Now Stands at $11.2B – The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is Blaming Much of the Latest $955 Million Budget Increase on Amtrak |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/east-side-access-tour-1.18020231 |url-access=subscription |page=6 |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191909/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/east-side-access-tour-1.18020231 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{ProQuest|2024950309}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) → {{Cite book |last1=AM New York Metro |author-link1=AM New York Metro |date=April 16, 2018 |title=''(same article)'' |page=4 }} {{ProQuest|2025258093}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2005 Nov 15">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', November 15,|2005|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News'' |author-link1=New York Daily News |last2=Neumaier |first2=Joe |title=Rent Control – One Part Original, One Part Newcomer |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=November 15, 2005 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/rent-control-part-original-part-newcomer-article-1.640767 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |access-date=March 17, 2014 |page=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323005353/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/rent-control-part-original-part-newcomer-article-1.640767 |archive-date=March 23, 2014 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{ProQuest|306013522}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|306005097}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|306005271}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|306016877}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''alternate link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/410078500/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2010 Sep 26">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', September 26,|2010|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News'' |author-link1=New York Daily News |last2=Schapiro |first2=Rich |date=September 26, 2010 |title=Tornado Anxiety: City Twisters Just Coincidence, Experts Say |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/575765311/ |url-access=subscription |page=22 |access-date=August 4, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }} {{ProQuest|755490021}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2012 Sep 9">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', September 9,|2012|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News'' |author-link1=New York Daily News |last2=Trapasso |first2=Clare |last3=Schapiro |first3=Rich |last4=McShane |first4=Larry |date=September 9, 2012 |title=Queens, B'klyn Become Tornado Alley for Day |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/575701566/ |edition=Metro Final |volume=94 |issue=76 |page=4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }} {{ProQuest|1038818684}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2014 Dec 11">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', December 11,|2014|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News''|author-link1=New York Daily News |first2=Eli |last2=Rosenberg |first3=Chris |last3=Erikson |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Lonely Planet Guidebooks Call Queens the Best Travel Destination in the United States |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/queens-best-travel-destination-country-article-1.2040496 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216205153/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/queens-best-travel-destination-country-article-1.2040496 |archive-date=December 16, 2014 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] |volume=96 |issue=248 |page=8 }} {{ProQuest|1635183092}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''alternate link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/584756491/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2015 Jan 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', January 20,|2015|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News'' |author-link1=New York Daily News |last2=Durkin |first2=Erin |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Andrew Cuomo Announces $450M Plan to Build AirTrain Connecting LaGuardia Airport to the Subway |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/cuomo-announces-plan-building-airtrain-laguardia-airport-article-1.2085807 |volume=96 |issue=210 |page=10 |access-date=January 21, 2015}} {{ProQuest|1647081122}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''link to print edition'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/584688764/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYDaily 2017 May 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|New York ''Daily News'', May 1,|2017|p=}} |last1=New York ''Daily News'' |author-link1=New York Daily News |date=May 1, 2017 |title=NYC Launches Ferry Service With Queens, East River Routes |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/new-york/nyc-launches-ferry-service-queens-east-river-routes-article-1.3122046 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |access-date=May 1, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501154444/http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/new-york/nyc-launches-ferry-service-queens-east-river-routes-article-1.3122046 |archive-date=May 1, 2017 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>

<ref name="NY-Observer 2016 Feb 4">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Observer,'' February 4,|2016}} |last1=New York Observer |author-link1=New York Observer |last2=Jorgensen |first2=Jillian |date=February 4, 2016 |title=A Streetcar Named Independence: De Blasio Invests in Non-MTA Transit |language=en-US |url=http://observer.com/2016/02/a-streetcar-named-independence-de-blasio-invests-in-non-mta-transit/ |access-date=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="NY1 2014 Nov 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''NY1 News'', November 1,|2014|p= }} |last1=Chung |first1=Lori |date=November 1, 2014 |title=Commuters Bemoan Closing of Rockaway Ferry |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/archives/2014/11/01/commuters-bemoan-closing-of-rockaway-ferry.NYC_218228 |language=en-US |work=[[NY1|Spectrum News NY1]] |publisher=[[Charter Communications]] |access-date=January 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212122028/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/archives/2014/11/01/commuters-bemoan-closing-of-rockaway-ferry.NYC_218228 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NY1 2019 Oct 7">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''NY1 News'', October 7,|2019}} |last1=McGowan |first1=Clodagh |date=October 7, 2019 |title=How Jackson Heights Earned the Nickname 'Little Colombia' |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/10/07/how-jackson-heights-earned-the-nickname--little-columbia |language=en-US |work=[[NY1|Spectrum News NY1]] |publisher=[[Charter Communications]] |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929132303/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/10/07/how-jackson-heights-earned-the-nickname--little-columbia |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1872 Feb 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 25,|1872|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/02/25/78777602.pdf |title=The Queens County Court-House Question – A New Building to be Erected at Mineola |date=February 25, 1872 |volume=21 |issue=6375 |page=4 (columns 6 & 7) |access-date=November 11, 2012}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3BVfifN |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1874 Feb 9">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 9,|1874|p=}} |last1=New York Times, The |date=February 9, 1874 |author-link1=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/02/09/79216521.pdf |title=The New Queens County Court-House |volume=23 |issue=6988 |page=8 (column 7) |access-date=November 11, 2012}} {{ProQuest|}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2X4sjVo |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}} ({{cite news |title=''link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20583806/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1894 Sep 13">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', September 13,|1894|p= }} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 13, 1894 |title=Of Interest to Politicians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/09/13/archives/of-interest-to-politicians.html |language=en-US |volume=63 |issue=13435 |page=9 (column 6) |access-date=January 28, 2008 |via=[[TimesMachine]] |url-access=subscription}} ({{URL|https://nyti.ms/2Wi1XiF|permalink}}).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{space|3}}"The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New York City, [[Long Island City]], in Queens County; the [[Brooklyn|County of Kings]], (Brooklyn;) the [[Staten Island|County of Richmond]], ([[Staten Island|S.I.]];) the towns of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], [[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], and all that portion of the towns of [[Eastchester, Bronx|East Chester]] and [[Pelham, New York|Pelham]] which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the centre line of the [[Bronx River]], to the middle of the channel between [[Hunter Island (Bronx)|Hunter's]] and [[Glen Island Park|Glen Islands]], in [[Long Island Sound]], and that part of the town of [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]], in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1894 Oct 16">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', October 16,|1894|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 16, 1894 |title=Vote for Greater New-York – Commissioners Offer Arguments for a Mighty City |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E0D91131E033A25755C1A9669D94659ED7CF |volume=44 |issue=13463 |page=9 (column 3) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |url-access=subscription}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3tsYzNM |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1894 Nov 4">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', November 4,|1894|p= }} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 1894 |title=New-York's Place in Danger – Consolidation Defeated, She Must Yield to Chicago |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/11/04/archives/newyorks-place-in-danger-consolidation-defeated-she-must-yield-to.html |language=en-US |volume=64 |issue=13479 |page=2 (columns 2 & 3) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |via=[[TimesMachine]] |url-access=subscription }} ({{URL|https://nyti.ms/2XMZ7Cr|permalink}}).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1894 Nov 8">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', November 8,|1894|p= }} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 1894 |title=Greater New-York in Doubt – The City Vote Is for It and Brooklyn Is Uncertain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1894/11/08/archives/greater-newyork-in-doubt-the-city-vote-is-for-it-and-brooklyn-is.html |language=en-US |volume=64 |issue=13483 |page=1 (column 3) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |via=[[TimesMachine]] |url-access=subscription }} ({{URL|https://nyti.ms/2WuCTEZ|permalink}}) ({{cite book |title=''also accessible via Newspapers.com'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20615325/ |url-access=subscription }}).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table {{nowrap| ... }}"
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 90%; border-radius: 12px 12px 12px 12px; "
|-valign="bottom" style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:white"|
----
| style="background-color:white"|Area<br />in<br />square<br />miles
----
| style="background-color:white"|Pop-<br />ulation
----
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Manhattan|New York City]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|38.85
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; |1,801,739
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Brooklyn|Kings County]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|66.39
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|992,364
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Staten Island|Richmond County]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|57.19
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|53,452
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text=[[Westchester County]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|20.24
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|18,182
|-style="text-align:left"
| colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFF8DC" |Queens County:
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|29.65
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|19,803
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|nit}}*Part of the town of [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|17.86
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|17,756
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|33.50
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|14,441
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Long Island City]] }}
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|7.14
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|30,506
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]] }}
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|21.32
| style="background-color:#EAEEF2"|17,549
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|2}}[[Jamaica Bay]] }}
----
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|25.63
----
| style="background-color:#FFF8DC"|{{nowrap| .... }}
----
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="background-color:white; text-align:left"|{{hanging indent |text={{space|4}}Total area }}
| style="background-color:white"|317.77
| style="background-color:white"|{{space|2}}2,965,792
|-style="text-align:left"
| colspan=3 style="background-color:white"|{{space|3}}{{nowrap|*Estimated}}
|}
"The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet {{nowrap| ... }}"</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1894 Dec 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times,'' December 15,|1894|p= }} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 1894 |title=The State Vote Canvassed – Official Announcement of the Result of the Election – Morton's Plurality 156,108 and Saxton's 127,483 – The Detailed Vote for Greater New-York |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/12/15/106917592.pdf |language=en-US |volume=44 |issue=13515 |page=9 (Section 2; column 4) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |via= |url-access=subscription}} → The area included a radius of {{convert|20|mi|km|spell=in}}, with the [[New York City Hall]] as a center to circumscribe it. Alternative access → {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|||p= }} |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2X3DJsA |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1896 Feb 22">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 22,|1896|p= }} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 22, 1896 |title=Report Favors Consolidation – An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/02/22/archives/report-favors-consolidation-an-argument-against-the-claims-of-the.html |language=en-US |volume=45 |issue=13887 |page=1 |access-date=December 28, 2007 |via=[[TimesMachine]] |url-access=subscription}} ({{URL|https://nyti.ms/3DmFukY|permalink}}).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1896 Jun 7">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', June 7,|1896|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 7, 1896 |title=The Coming Greater City – Benefits to Long Island and Villages Under Its Control |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE3DC1038E533A65754C0A9609C94679ED7CF |volume=45 |issue=13977 |page=16 (columns 1 & 2) |access-date=December 23, 2007}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3A5okXi |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}} ({{cite book |title=''link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20377794/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1899 Feb 12">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 12,|1899|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 12, 1899 |title=The East City Line Fixed – Its Base Found in the Sand of a Closed Beach Channel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/02/12/archives/the-east-city-line-fixed-its-base-found-in-the-sand-of-a-closed.html |volume=48 |issue=15317 |page=15 (column 5) |access-date=December 28, 2007}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3gAn1b7 |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}) ({{cite book |title=''link'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20452434/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1943 Feb 16">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 16,|1943|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 16, 1943 |title=Two Die in Unheated Homes in 8° Below Zero; Snow Due – Suffering in City Is Intense Because of Fuel Shortage – Transport Service Hampered – Slight Relief Today Forecast |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/02/16/archives/two-die-in-unheated-homes-in-8-below-zero-snow-due-suffering-in.html |edition=Late City |volume=92 |issue=31069 |pages=1–2 |access-date=August 4, 2018}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3tvGkaP |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1963 Feb 9">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 9,|1963|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 9, 1963 |title=Eastern U.S. Hit by Subzero Cold: Winds Add to the Sharpness of 2 Below in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/02/09/archives/eastern-us-hit-by-subzero-cold-winds-add-to-the-sharpness-of-2.html |volume=112 |issue=38367 |page=4 (column 6; top) |access-date=August 4, 2018 }} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2YKolC3 |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1966 Jul 4">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', July 4,|1966}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Dallos |first=Robert E. |date=July 4, 1966 |title=Heat Reaches 103, Record for Year; Beaches Jammed – Readings of 100 Degrees Forecast for Today for Third Day in a Row – Some Relief in Sight – Buckling Roads and Stalled Cars Snarl Traffic – L.I. Derailment Hurts 10 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/04/archives/heat-reaches-103-record-for-year-beaches-jammed-readings-of-100.html |volume=115 |issue=39608 |page=1 |access-date=August 4, 2018}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3jWc0CX |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1985 Jan 21">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', January 21,|1985}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 21, 1985 |title=Upstate Storm Eases: Record Low Hits City |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1985/01/21/230412.html |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |volume=134 |issue=46296 |page=10 (section A) |access-date=August 4, 2018 }} {{ProQuest|425294243}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3hlmEkV |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 1998 Mar 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', March 25,|1998}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Litsky |first=((Frank how to include date without trigging a script warning? (1926–2018))) |author-link2=Frank Litsky |date=March 25, 1998 |title=Basketball: N.I.T. – Minnesota Will Meet Penn State for the Title |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0DD1E38F936A15750C0A96E958260 |volume=147 |issue=51107 |page=2 (section C) |access-date=October 18, 2007 }} {{ProQuest|430936116}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2236193029}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2YxeUWn |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[Rafer Alston]], the junior point guard from [[South Jamaica, Queens]], explained it this way {{nowrap| ... }}"</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2000 Jan 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', January 1,|2000|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Williams |first=Lena |date=January 1, 2000 |title=Track and Field – Soothing an Old Ache |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CE7D91338F932A35752C0A9669C8B63 |edition=Late |volume=149 |issue=51254 |page=4 (section D) |access-date=November 7, 2007}} {{ProQuest|431349849}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2233856837}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2VsolVW |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Neither the outpouring of affection from an adoring public nor the love he finally found after four failed marriages could make up for the neglect and physical abuse he suffered as a child growing up in [[South Jamaica, Queens]]."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2000 Aug 17">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', August 17,|2000}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Berkow |first=Ira |author-link2=Ira Berkow |date=August 17, 2000 |title=Ford Highlight Film Started Early |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/17/sports/on-baseball-ford-highlight-film-started-early.html |department=On Baseball |edition=Late |volume=149 |issue=51483 |page=1 (section D) |access-date=April 29, 2017 }} {{ProQuest|431525428}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2233220760}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2X8nOZF |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2000 Dec 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', December 15,|2000}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Kershaw |first=Sarah |date=December 15, 2000 |title=Meet Me at 60th and 60th – Many Drivers Find Streets of Queens a Confusing Maze |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/15/nyregion/meet-me-at-60th-and-60th-many-drivers-find-streets-of-queens-a-confusing-maze.html |department=The Metro Section |volume=150 |issue=51603 |page=1 (section B) |access-date=August 13, 2017}} {{ProQuest|431629713}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2233049173}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3917i0d |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2001 Sep 8">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', September 8,|2001}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Ojito |first=Mirta |author-link2=Mirta Ojito |date=September 8, 2001 |title=Campaigning For City Hall: The Battleground – Gauging the Vote of the Satisfied |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402EFD91E39F93BA3575AC0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 |volume=150 |issue=51870 |page=1 (section B) |access-date=November 11, 2007}} {{ProQuest|431865465}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2231767130}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3tvuLQA |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2002 Jan 13">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', January 13,|2002|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=O'Grady |first=Jim |date=January 13, 2002 |title=Neighborhood Report: Richmond Hill – Making Guyana More Accessible, Two Sisters Start an Airline |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1F39F930A25752C0A9649C8B63 |volume=151 |issue=51997 |page=7 (section 14) |access-date=September 30, 2007 }} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3nj0bc8 |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Many of them live in [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]]. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on [[Liberty Avenue (New York City)|Liberty Avenue]] between the [[Van Wyck Expressway]] and [[Lefferts Boulevard]], now known as Little Guyana."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2002 Jan 27">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Lippincott, January 27|2002|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Lippincott |first=Erin Elisa |title=Neighborhood Report – Kew Gardens – A Borough President's Goal: Dethroning the Queen of Queens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/nyregion/neighborhood-report-kew-gardens-borough-president-s-goal-dethroning-queen-queens.html |date=January 27, 2002 |volume=151 |issue=52011 |page=8 (section 14) |access-date=August 3, 2017}} {{ProQuest|431958925}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2231393915}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3l259qU |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2003 Oct 13">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', October 13,|2003}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Ogunnaike |first=Lola |author-link2=Lola Ogunnaike |date=October 13, 2003 |title=The Perks and Pitfalls of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E5D7133FF930A25753C1A9659C8B63 |access-date=October 25, 2007}} {{ProQuest|432545699}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2229682926}} (online; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Born in [[Jackson Heights]], Queens, [[Lucy Liu|Ms. Liu]], the daughter of working-class Chinese immigrants, recalled many an afternoon spent parked in front of a television set."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2004 Feb 8">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 8,|2004}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Shaman |first=Diana |date=February 8, 2004 |title="If You're Thinking of Living In {{nowrap| ... }}" (series) "Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-area-with-country-feel.html |page=5 (section 11) |access-date=January 21, 2012}} {{ProQuest|432666566}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2229398132}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2006 Oct 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', October 1,|2006|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Roberts |first=Sam |author-link2=Sam Roberts (newspaper journalist) |title=Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens |date=October 1, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html |page=29 (section A) |access-date=May 22, 2010}} {{ProQuest|433409052}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2225332297}} & {{ProQuest|2225196560}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2009 Apr 4">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', April 4,|2009|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Schreiber |first=Jay |date=April 4, 2009 |title=Short-Lived, Long-Loved |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E1DB1F3FF937A35757C0A96F9C8B63 |page=3 (section D) |access-date=July 5, 2016}} {{ProQuest|434063308}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) & {{ProQuest|2220224032}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2011 May 24">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', May 24,|2011|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Roberts |first=Sam |author-link2=Sam Roberts (newspaper journalist) |date=May 24, 2011 |title=Survey Hints at a Census Undercount in New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/nyregion/survey-suggests-census-undercounted-new-york-city.html |page=21 (section A) |access-date=September 12, 2016 }} {{ProQuest|03624331}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2217096891}} (online; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"How, they wondered, could Queens have grown by only one-tenth of 1 percent since 2000? How, even with a surge in foreclosures, could the number of vacant apartments have soared by nearly 60 percent in Queens and by 66 percent in Brooklyn? {{nowrap| ... }} Often, though, owners of illegally divided houses are reluctant to disclose the number of tenants, who tend to include people who are in the country illegally and are leery of providing any information to the government."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2011 Nov 17">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', November 17,|2011|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Hughes |first=C. J. |title=Enticing Renters To Cross the Bridge (More Rentals-Planned in Long Island City) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/realestate/posting-queens-more-rentals-planned-in-long-island-city.html |date=November 17, 2011 |volume= |issue= |page=2 (section RE) }} {{ProQuest|905001156}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2216488789}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2012 Mar 26">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', March 26,|2012|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Nir |first=Sarah Maslin |author-link2=Sarah Maslin Nir |date=March 26, 2012 |title=In Queens, Taking a Step Back From Numbered Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/nyregion/in-douglaston-queens-turning-away-from-numbered-streets.html |page=23 (section A) |access-date=March 28, 2012}} {{ProQuest|940930346}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2216001643}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2014 Feb 6">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 6,|2014}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/nyregion/biden-compares-la-guardia-airport-to-third-world.html |page=19 (section A) |access-date=July 6, 2016 }} {{ProQuest|1495401223}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2213767015}} (online; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to [[LaGuardia Airport|La Guardia]], the person would think he was in 'some third world country.{{'-}}"</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2014 Oct 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', October 1,|2014|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 1, 2014 |last=Haller |first=Vera Christiane |title=Downtown Flushing: Where Asian Cultures Thrive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/realestate/downtown-flushing-where-asian-cultures-thrive.html |page=8 (RE section) |access-date=March 23, 2019}} {{ProQuest|2212955596}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jun 10">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', June 10,|2015|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Meyers |first=Naile-Jean |date=June 10, 2015 |title=Supporting Structure for Arthur Ashe Roof Is Completed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/11/sports/tennis/supporting-structure-for-arthur-ashe-roof-is-completed.html |page=13 (section B) |access-date=July 7, 2016 |quote=}} {{ProQuest|1687288412}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|1713677566}} (online; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Zausner said the stadium, the largest in tennis, will maintain its [[seating capacity]] of 23,771, though some seats in the highest rows were removed to accommodate two video boards. Seats were added in lower levels to replace those lost, he said."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2015 Jul 27">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', July 27,|2015}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=July 27, 2015 |title=La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/nyregion/la-guardia-airport-to-be-rebuilt-by-2021-cuomo-and-biden-say.html |page=17 (section A) |access-date=July 6, 2016 }} {{ProQuest|1699145344}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|1714006701}} (online; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which operates the airport in northern Queens, estimates the overhaul will cost about $4 billion, most of which will go toward tearing down the [[LaGuardia Airport#Terminal B|Central Terminal Building]], rebuilding it in place and augmenting it with a grand entry way."</div></ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2016 Feb 3">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 3,|2016}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Grynbaum |first=Michael M. |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-to-propose-streetcar-line-linking-brooklyn-and-queens.html |page=1 (section A) |access-date=February 4, 2016}} {{ProQuest|1762277440}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|1762277108}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2016 Jun 15">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', June 15,|2016}} |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=June 15, 2016 |title=De Blasio's $325 Million Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at Subway Price |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/nyregion/new-york-city-ferry-service.html |page=1 (section A) |access-date=June 28, 2016|issn=0362-4331|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}} {{ProQuest|1797022833}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|1796775572}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2017 May 1">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', May 1,|2017|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Levine |first1=Alexandra S. |last2=Wolfe|first2=Jonathan |date=May 1, 2017 |title=New York Today: Our City's New Ferry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/nyregion/new-york-today-citywide-ferry-service-begins.html |access-date=May 1, 2017 }} {{ProQuest|1893466314}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="NYTs 2018 Aug 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', August 25,|2018|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Falkowitz |first=Max |date=August 25, 2018 |title=A World of Food, Outside the U.S. Open Gates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/dining/food-queens-us-open.html |page=15 (section F) |access-date=March 23, 2019}} {{ProQuest|2093023584}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2092795931}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="Queens-Chronicle 2016 Mar 3">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Queens Chronicle'', March 3,|2016|p=}} |last1=Queens Chronicle |author-link1=Queens Chronicle |last2=Marzlock |first2=Ron |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's Queens Home |url=http://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/trump-s-queens-home/article_9a0811ea-c1a0-5960-9ecc-b73a48500342.html |volume=39 |issue=9 |page=42 |access-date=November 4, 2016}} ({{Cite book |title=''link to print edition'' |date=March 3, 2016 |url=https://issuu.com/queenschronicle/docs/south_03-03-16small |via=[[ISSUU]])}}</ref>

<ref name="Queens-Tribune 2004">{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Queens Tribune'',|2004}} |last1=Queens Tribune, The |author-link1=The Queens Tribune |date=2004 |title=Patchwork of Cultures: ''"A Queens Timeline"'' |url=http://queenstribune.com/guides/2005_PatchworkOfCultures/pages/QueensTimeline.htm |url-status=dead |edition=Special |access-date=December 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109203348/http://queenstribune.com/guides/2005_PatchworkOfCultures/pages/QueensTimeline.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2007 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{nowrap|[[LCCN]] {{URL|https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89071405/|sn89071405}}}}; {{ISSN|1521-2122}}; {{OCLC|1097098828|1023128279}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"1874 – Queens County Courthouse and seat of county government moved from [[Mineola, Long Island|Mineola]] (in present-day [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]) to [[Long Island City]]."</div></ref>

<ref name="Quinnipiac-Chronicle 2012 Feb 22">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Quinnipiac Chronicle'', February 22,|2012|p=}} |work=[[Quinnipiac Chronicle]] |last=Boudreau |first=Catherine |date=February 22, 2012 |title=The Refugee – Bosnian War Causes Family to Start Over in America |url=https://quchronicle.com/23441 |location=[[Hamden, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]] |volume=81 |issue=18 |page=10 |access-date=July 19, 2017}} ({{Cite book |title=''link to print edition'' |date=February 22, 2012 |url=https://issuu.com/quchronicle/docs/issue_18_vol_81 |via=[[ISSUU]])}}</ref>

<ref name="TheStreet.com 2013 Dec 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''TheStreet.com'', December 20,|2013}} |last1=TheStreet.com |author-link1=TheStreet.com |last2=Reed |first2=Ted |date=December 20, 2013 |title=Fifty Years Ago, Idlewild Airport Became JFK |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/fifty-years-ago-idlewild-airport-became-jfk-12161394 |access-date=February 27, 2017 }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Fifty years ago on Tuesday, one of the most commonly used words in New York suddenly began to disappear. The word was 'Idlewild,' and it was the name of New York's international airport. On December 24, 1963, the airport's name was changed to John F. Kennedy International Airport, commemorating a young president who had been assassinated just a month earlier."</div></ref>

<ref name="Times-Ledger 2016 Mar 10">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Times-Ledger'', ||p=}} |last1=Times-Ledger |author-link1=TimesLedger Newspapers |last2=Donachie |first2=Patrick |date=March 10, 2016 |title=Flushing Neighbor Surprised Nancy Reagan Lived on Block |url=http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/11/reaganhouse_2016_03_11_q.html |url-access=registration |access-date=January 28, 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="WNBC 2016 Mar 16">{{cite news |last1=WNBC |author-link1=WNBC |last2=Siff |first2=Andrew |date=March 16, 2016 |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/new-york-city-citywide-ferry-service-hornblower-2017/810945/ |title=New York City's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017 |access-date=May 9, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="WNBC 2018 Apr 16">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|WNBC, April 16,|2018}} |last1=WNBC |author-link1=WNBC |last2=Siff |first2=Andrew |date=April 16, 2018 |title=MTA Megaproject to Cost Almost $1B More Than Expected |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/east-side-access-mta-project-cost-infrastructure/477189/ |access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="WSJ 2010 Aug 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Wall Street Journal'', August 20,|2010|p=}} |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |last=Mokha |first=Kavita |date=August 20, 2010 |title=New Immigrants Put Stamp on Richmond Hill |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704868604575433532014656688 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 9, 2014 }} {{Factiva|WSJO000020100820e68k001jl}}, {{Factiva|J000000020100820e68k0002v}}.</ref>

<ref name="WaPo 2016 Jan 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Washington Post'', January 25,|2016|p=}} |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Livingston |first=Ian |date=January 25, 2016 |title=The 12 Best Meteorological Images of the Blizzard of 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/01/25/the-12-best-meteorological-images-of-the-blizzard-of-2016/ |type=blog |department=Capital Weather Gang |access-date=August 4, 2018}} (re: [[January 2016 United States blizzard]]). {{ProQuest|1759860668}} (online; US Newsstream).</ref>

<ref name="Election-Gov-Lt-Gov 2002">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"2002 Election Results"}} |title=2002 Election Results: Governor and Lieutenant Governor |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2002/general/2002_gov.pdf |publisher=[[New York State Board of Elections]] |access-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805040313/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2002/general/2002_gov.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="NYCBOE-POTUS 2020">Elections: {{cite book |date=December 1, 2020 |title=''"Statement and Return Report for Certification – General Election 2020 – 11/03/2020 –Crossover – All Parties and Independent Bodies – President/Vice President – Citywide"'' |url=https://vote.nyc/page/election-results-summary-2020 |publisher=[[Board of Elections in the City of New York]] |access-date=September 15, 2021}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''"Election Results Summary 2020" → "General, November 3, 2020" → "Citywide President/Vice President Citywide" (recap)'' |url=https://vote.nyc/sites/default/files/pdf/election_results/2020/20201103General%20Election/00000100000Citywide%20President%20Vice%20President%20Citywide%20Recap.pdf }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="NYSBOE-POTUS 2020">Elections: {{cite book |date=October 1, 2020 |title=''"2020 General Election Night Results"'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/2020ElectionResults.html |publisher=[[New York State Board of Elections]] |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175352/https://www.elections.ny.gov/2020ElectionResults.html |url-status=dead }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''"State Certification of Candidates for the November 3, 2020, General Election"'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/Elections/2020/General/CertificationforNov32020GenElection.pdf |access-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123213926/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/Elections/2020/General/CertificationforNov32020GenElection.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="NYTBOE-POTUS 2004–2020">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|}} |title=''Election Results: President and Vice President'' |publisher=[[New York State Board of Elections]] }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|2004}} |title=''2004'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2004/president04.pdf |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218183548/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2004/president04.pdf |url-status=dead }} ({{URL|https://www.elections.ny.gov/2004ElectionResults.html|webpage}}) }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|2008}} |title=''2008'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/PresidentVicePresident08.pdf |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826172947/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/PresidentVicePresident08.pdf |url-status=dead }} ({{URL|https://www.elections.ny.gov/2008ElectionResults.html|webpage}}) }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|2012}} |title=''2012'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2012/General/President_07292013.pdf |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629185947/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2012/General/President_07292013.pdf |url-status=dead }} ({{URL|https://www.elections.ny.gov/2012ElectionResults.html|webpage}}) }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|2016}} |title=''2016'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2016/General/2016President.pdf |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321015759/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2016/General/2016President.pdf |url-status=dead }} ({{URL|https://www.elections.ny.gov/2016ElectionResults.html|webpage}}) }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Elections|2000}} |title=''2000'' |url=https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2000/wpres2000.pdf |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218183805/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2000/wpres2000.pdf |url-status=dead }} ({{URL|https://www.elections.ny.gov/2020ElectionResults.html|webpage}}) }}</li></ol></ref>

<ref name="Greater-NY-Charter Weed-Parsons 1897">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1897|p= }} |last1=Ash |first1=Mark |date=1897 |title=The Greater New York Charter as Enacted in 1897, With Notes |location=[[Albany, New York|Albany]] |publisher=Weed-Parsons Printing Company}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Greater New York Charter'',|1897|p= }} |title=''Chapter 1. Section 2'' |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Columbia University]]) |url={{GBurl|RJKfoR3EruAC|p=2}} |pages=2–3}}}}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Colonial-Laws 1894–96">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Colonial Laws of New York'',|1894–1896}} |date=1894–1896 |title=Colonial Laws of New York From the Year 1664 to the Revolution, Including the Charters of the Duke of York, the Commissions and Instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York, and the Acts of the Colonial Legislatures From 1691 to 1775, Inclusive |type=5 volumes |language=en-US |location=Albany |publisher=James B. Lyon (1858–1924)}} {{LCCN|35025349}}; {{OCLC|4602284|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Colonial Laws of New York'', Vol. 1. "Historical Note",|1894–1896|p= }} |title=''Vol. 1. "No. 107 – In Assembly – Report of the Commissioners of Statutory Revision – Historical Note"'' |via=[[Google Books]] (New York State Legislature) |url={{GBurl|d3U4AAAAIAAJ|p=PR11|dq="yorkshire"}} |pages=xi–xii }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Colonial Laws of New York'', Vol. 1. Chapter 4,|1894–1896|p= }} |title=''Vol. 1. Chapter 4 – Section 1'' |via=[[Google Books]] (New York State Legislature) |url={{GBurl|d3U4AAAAIAAJ|p=121|dq="november 1"+"queens"}} |pages=121–122}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Colonial Laws of New York'', Vol. 1. Chapter 17,|1894–1896|p= }} |title=''Vol. 1. Chapter 17'' |via=[[Google Books]] (New York State Legislature) |url={{GBurl|d3U4AAAAIAAJ|p=268|dq="brother's"+"huletts"}} |page=268}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Colonial Laws of New York'', Vol. 4. Chapter 1376,|1894–1896|p= }} |title=''Vol. 4. Chapter 1376'' |via=[[Google Books]] ([[University of Michigan]]) |url={{GBurl|bYg0AQAAMAAJ|p=1062|dq="queens"}} |pages=1062–1063}} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1860">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1860|p= }} |date=1860 |title=Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Eighty-Third Session of the Legislature |language=en-US |location=New York and Albany |publisher=Weed, Parsons & Company (printer) → [[Edward Thurlow Weed]] (1797–1882)}} {{OCLC|7747915|1039520875}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York, Google Books,|1860|p= }} |title=''Chapter 530'' |via=[[Google Books]] (New York State Legislature) |url={{GBurl|mWc4AAAAIAAJ|p=1074|dq="suffolk"}} |pages=1074–1076 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1881">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1881|p= }} |date=1881 |title=Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred and Fourth Session of the Legislature |type=3 volumes |language=en-US |location=New York and Albany |publisher=Weed, Parsons & Company (printer) → [[Edward Thurlow Weed]] (1797–1882)}} {{OCLC|7747915|85363749}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York, Vol. 1. Google Books (Iowa),|1881|p= }} |title=''Vol. 1. Chapter 478. Section 1'' |via=[[Google Books]] ([[University of Iowa]]) |url={{GBurl|RDpNAQAAMAAJ|p=649|dq="brothers island"}} |page=649 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1884">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1884|p= }} |date=1884 |title=Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred and Seventh Session of the Legislature |language=en-US |location=New York and Albany |publisher=Banks & Brothers ([[A. Bleecker Banks]])}}{{OCLC|61190473}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York, Google Books (New York State),|1884|p= }} |title=''Chapter 262'' |via=[[Google Books]] ([[New York State Legislature]]) |url={{GBurl|D3M4AAAAIAAJ|p=328|dq="riker's"}} |page=328 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1886">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1886|p= }} |date=1886 |title=Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred and Ninth Session of the Legislature |language=en-US |location=New York and Albany |publisher=Banks & Brothers ([[A. Bleecker Banks]])}} {{OCLC|61190482}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York, Google Books (Iowa),|1886|p= }} |title=''Chapter 667'' |via=[[Google Books]] ([[University of Iowa]]) |url={{GBurl|RT1NAQAAMAAJ|p=956}} |page=956}}}}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1897">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1897|p= }} |date=1897 |title=Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred Twentieth Session of the Legislature |language=en-US |location=New York and Albany |publisher=Banks & Brothers ([[A. Bleecker Banks]])}} {{OCLC|61190319}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York, Google Books (New York State),|1897|p= }} |title=''Vol. 3: Chapter 378; Section 2: "Division Into Boroughs"'' |via=[[Google Books]] (New York State Legislature) |url={{GBurl|xWA4AAAAIAAJ|p=2|dq="division into boroughs"}} |page=2}}}}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1898 Vol 2">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1898|p= }} |date=1898 |title=Laws of the State of New York Passed at the One Hundred and Twenty-First Session of the Legislature |type=begun January 5, 1898, and ended March 31, 1898; 2 volumes |language=en-US |location=[[Albany, New York|Albany]] |publisher=James B. Lyon (printer)}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|New York Laws, Vol. 2. Google Books,|1898|p= }} |title=''Vol. 2. Chapter 588. Section 1''|url={{GBurl|S21ZAAAAYAAJ|p=1336|dq="nassau"}} |pages=1336–1337 |via=[[Google Books]] ([[New York Public Library|NYPL]])}}}}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Laws-of-NY 1964 Vol 2">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Laws of New York,|1964|p= }} |date=1964 |title=Laws of the State of New York Passed at the One Hundred and Eighty-Seventh Session of the Legislature |type=convened January 8, 1964, and adjourned April 25, 1964; 2 volumes |language=en-US}} {{OCLC|61226271|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|New York Laws, Vol. 2. HathiTrust,|1964|p= }} |title=''Vol. 2. Chapter 578''|series=Laws of New York |year=1777 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0001834738&view=1up&seq=218 |page=1606 |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[UCLA School of Law]])}}</ol></ref>

<ref name="NY-Local-Government-Handbook">{{cite book |title=Local Government Handbook |publisher=[[New York State Department of State]], Division of Local Government Services }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''5th ed.'' |url=http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lgss/pdfs/Handbook.pdf |url-status=dead |date=2008 |pages=2 (chapter 1), 37 (chapter 4), 40 (chapter 5), 59 (chapter 7) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021700/http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lgss/pdfs/Handbook.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{OCLC||show=all}}. }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''6th ed.'' |url=https://nysl.ptfs.com/data/Library1/117780.PDF |date=2009 |pages=2 (chapter 1), 38 (chapter 4), 40 (chapter 5) |via=[[New York State Library]] }} {{OCLC|48479815|show=all}}. }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''6th ed. (2011 reprint)'' |url=https://nysl.ptfs.com/data/Library1/Library1/pdf/756917598.pdf |date=2011 |pages=2 (chapter 1), 37 (chapter 4), 40 (chapter 5) |via=[[New York State Library]] }} {{OCLC|756917598}}. }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''7th ed. (7.0.0)'' |url=https://nysl.ptfs.com/data/Library1/Library1/pdf/1091629067.pdf |date=March 13, 2018 |pages=3 (chapter 1.1), 46 (chapter 5.2), 70 (chapter 7.1) |via=[[New York State Library]] }} {{OCLC|1091629067}}. }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''7th ed (7.0.0)'' |url=https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/05/pub.pdf |date=November 16, 2018 |pages=3 (chapter 1.1), 46 (chapter 5.2), 70 (chapter 7.1) |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927154555/https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/05/pub.pdf |url-status=dead }} }}</ol>
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[Constitution of New York|The 1777 New York State Constitution]], Article XXXVI, confirmed land grants and municipal charters granted by the English Crown prior to October 14, 1775. Chapter 64 of the Laws of 1788 organized the state into towns and cities." {{nowrap| ... }} "The basic composition of the counties was set in 1788 when the State Legislature divided all of the counties then existing into towns. Towns, of course, were of earlier origin, but in that year they acquired a new legal status as components of the counties."</div></ref>

<ref name="Business-Wire 2001 Jul 23">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Business Wire'', July 23,|2001|p=}} |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=July 23, 2001 |title=Claritas Study Ranks Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Counties Nationwide; Analysis Shows California Leads Nation in Diversity Among Counties of 100,000-Plus Population}} {{ProQuest|445627485}} (US Newsstream database).
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Published July 25, 2001, by'' HispanicAd.com |url=https://hispanicad.com/blog/news-article/had/research/claritas-study-ranks-racial-ethnic-diversity }}</ol>
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Original source → "Claritas Demographic Resource Guide"'' |location=[[San Diego]] |publisher=Claritas, Inc. }} {{OCLC|51851506|show=all}}. }}</div></ref>

<ref name="Chan 2005">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Chan,|2005}} |date=2005 |editor-last1=Chan |editor-first1=Wai Sze (Lacey) |title=Quick Demographic Facts for Queens Library Service Areas |url=http://www.queenslibrary.org/pub/QuickFacts.asp |via=Queenslibrary.org |publisher=[[Queens Borough Public Library]], Programs and Services Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072015/http://www.queenslibrary.org/pub/QuickFacts.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2011}} {{ISBN|0-9645-3375-8|978-0-9645-3375-2}}; {{OCLC|69186196|70698782}} → [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?wi=70698782 OCLC Classify 70698782].</ref>

<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Cohen, Ukeles, Miller, June|2012|p=}} |last1=Cohen |first1=Steven Martin PhD |author-link1=Steven M. Cohen |last2=Ukeles |first2=Jacob Benjamin PhD |last3=Miller |first3=Ronald PhD |date=June 2012 |title=Jewish Community Study of New York 2011: Comprehensive Report |url=https://www.ujafedny.org/api/get/785729/download/ |publisher=Jewish Policy & Action Research, [[UJA-Federation of New York]] |pages=49, 54, 227 |access-date=December 26, 2017 }} {{OCLC|1079839584|show=all}}.</ref>

<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun p-227">''Jewish Community Study.'' p. 227.</ref>

<ref name="Forstall 1995 Apr 20">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Forstall, April 20,|1995|p=}} |last1=Forstall |first1=Richard L. |date=April 20, 1995 |title=''"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990"'' |url=http://www.honolulutraffic.com/Admin_Record/Administrative_Record_rev_2.28.12/Administrative_Record_Volumes_1-11/Vol002_AR00028614/AR00046310.pdf |publisher=Population Division, [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 7, 2015 |via=Honolulu Traffic |archive-date=May 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510164937/http://www.honolulutraffic.com/Admin_Record/Administrative_Record_rev_2.28.12/Administrative_Record_Volumes_1-11/Vol002_AR00028614/AR00046310.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{OCLC|50183826|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text=Extracted from {{cite book |title=Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 – 1990 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/population-of-states-and-counties-us-1790-1990/population-of-states-and-counties-of-the-united-states-1790-1990.pdf |publisher=Population Division, [[U.S. Census Bureau]] }} {{OCLC|1136878696|show=all}}. }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Axios 2019 Jul 4">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Gamio, July 4,|2019}} |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |date=July 4, 2019 |title=Where America's Diversity Is Increasing the Fastest |url=https://www.axios.com/ae06eea7-e031-46a2-bb64-c74de85eca77.html |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=December 29, 2019}} {{ProQuest|2428620614}} (US Newsstream database).</ref>

<ref name="Gibson 1998 Jun">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Gibson, June|1998|p=}} |last1=Gibson |first1=Campbell J. |date=June 1998 |title=''"Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990"'' |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |series=Working Paper Number POP-WP027 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 7, 2017 }} {{OCLC|1253676076|show=all}}.</ref>

<ref name="Gibson-Jung 2002 Sep 1">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Gibson, September 1,|2002|p=}} |last1=Gibson |first1=Campbell J. |last2=Jung |first2=Kay |date=September 1, 2002 |title=''"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race (1790 to 1990) and by Hispanic origin (1970 to 1990) for Large Cities and Urban Places"'' |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2002/demo/POP-twps0056.html |series=Working Paper Number POP-WP056 |publisher=Population Division, [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 7, 2017 }} {{OCLC|73804741|show=all}}, {{OCLC|50821504|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|52545755}}.</ref>

<ref name="IndyStar 2020">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|IndyStar.com,|2020}} |last1=''IndyStar.com'' (''The Indianapolis Star'') |author-link1=The Indianapolis Star |title=2020 Decennial Census – How Many People Live in Queens County, New York? |url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/queens-county-new-york/050-36081/ |type=newspaper interactive database |access-date=August 17, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="AAFNY 2019">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Pakistani American Population,|2019|p=}} |date=2019 |title=''"Profile of New York City's Pakistani Americans"'' |url=https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019pk.pdf |publisher=[[Asian American Federation of New York]] |access-date=September 14, 2021}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Pakistani American Population, December|2004|p=}} |title=''December 2004 edition: "Census Profile: New York City's Pakistani American Population"'' |url=http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/pakistani.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Asian American Federation of New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220920/http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/pakistani.pdf |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="Narula 2014 apr 29"><!--<ref name="Atlantic-Diverse-2014">-->{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|||p=}} |last1=Narula |first1=Svati Kirsten |date=April 29, 2014 |title=The 5 U.S. Counties Where Racial Diversity Is Highest—and Lowest |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/04/mapping-racial-diversity-by-county/361388/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en-US |access-date=May 8, 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="USGazetteer 2012 Aug 22">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"U.S. Gazetteer Files",|2010|p=}} |date=August 22, 2012 |orig-year=2010 |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt |title=''2010 Census. "U.S. Gazetteer Files"'' |type=New York State, population by county; showing [[Geographic coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] – [[longitude]] and [[latitude]] |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 7, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2010">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census Data, ACS 1-Year Estimates,|2010}} |title=U.S. Census Data – Decennial Census – Total Population – 2010: DEC Summary File 1 |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |type=data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 14, 2021 }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens,|2010}} |title=Queens |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3608160323&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1 |type=View: tables. Table ID: P1 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens Demographic-Housing 2020">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census Data, ACS 1-Year Estimates,|2020}} |title=U.S. Census Data – American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2019: American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |type=data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 9, 2021 }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Bronx,|2020}}|title=Bronx |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3600508510&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 |type=View: tables. Table ID: DP05 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Brooklyn,|2020}} |title=Brooklyn |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3604710022&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 |type=View: tables. Table ID: DP05 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Manhattan,|2020}} |title=Manhattan |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3606144919&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 |type=View: tables. Table ID: DP05 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens,|2020}} |title=Queens |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3608160323&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 |type=View: tables. Table ID: DP05 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Staten Island,|2020}} |title=Staten Island |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3608570915&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05 |type=View: tables. Table ID: DP05 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2020">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census Data, ACS 1-Year Estimates,|2020}} |title=U.S. Census Data – American Community Survey – Selected Characteristics of the Native and Foreign-Born Populations – 2019: American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |type=data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 14, 2021 }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens,|2020}} |title=Queens |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3608160323&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S0501 |type=View: tables. Table ID: S0501 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens languages 2020">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census Data, ACS 1-Year Estimates,|2020}} |title=U.S. Census Data – American Community Survey – Language Spoken at Home – 2019: American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |type=data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=September 14, 2021 }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens,|2020}} |title=Queens |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US3608160323&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1601 |type=View: tables. Table ID: S1601 }} }}</ol></ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens-Asian-Indian-Alone 2014">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens, Asian-Indian,|2014}} |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Queens County, New York Asian Indian Alone |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/0500000US36081/popgroup~013 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003037/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/0500000US36081/popgroup~013 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |url-status=dead |via=[[Archive.today]] }}</ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Queens 2010">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|US Census, Queens,|2010}} |title=U.S. Census 2010 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP5&prodType=table |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213909/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP5&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |via=[[Archive.today]] |access-date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref>

<ref name="2020-Census-Map">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|U.S. Census, Queens, Data Map,|2020}} |title=2020 U.S. Census Demographic Data Map Viewer |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Queens_County,_New_York?g=050XX00US36081 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="USCensus-Decennial 2015">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|U.S. Decennial Census|}} |title=U.S. Decennial Census |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 7, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name="Afrikan-Poetry-Theatre-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Afrikan Poetry Theatre}} |url=http://afrikanpoetrytheatre.org/apt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemid=29 |url-status=dead |title=History of Afrikan Poetry Theatre |access-date=March 28, 2012 |publisher=[[The Afrikan Poetry Theatre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210002702/http://afrikanpoetrytheatre.org/apt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemid=29 |archive-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="Aqueduck-Racetrack-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Aqueduct Racetrack Information}} |title=Aqueduct Racetrack General Information |url=https://www.nyra.com/aqueduct/information/ |publisher=[[Aqueduct Racetrack]] |access-date=July 5, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Black-Spectrum-Theater-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Black Spectrum Theater}} |publisher=[[Black Spectrum Theater Company]] |date=December 11, 2010 |title=About |url=http://www.blackspectrum.com/performing-arts.html |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="Citi-Field">{{cite web |last1=Citi Field |author-link1=Citi Field |title=By the Numbers |url=http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/nym/ballpark/information/index.jsp?content=by_the_numbers |url-status=dead |access-date=July 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231070942/http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/nym/ballpark/information/index.jsp?content=by_the_numbers |archive-date=December 31, 2010 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>

<ref name="DOT permanent-expansion 2021 Apr 22">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|DOT Press Release, April 22,|2021}} |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Earth Day: Declaring On-Street Carshare 'An Unqualified Success,' DOT Announces Permanent Expansion of Pilot |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pr2021/pr21-016.shtml |type=Press Release #21-016 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="DOT 2021 Apr 22">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|DOT Final Report, April|2021|p=}} |date=April 2021 |title=''"Carshare Parking Pilot Program – Final Report"'' |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/nyc-carshare-pilot-report.pdf |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="DOT 2021 Apr">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|DOT Carshare Pilot, April|2021}} |date=April 2021 |title=NYC DOT Carshare Pilot |url=https://nycdotcarshare.info/ |publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927194620/https://nycdotcarshare.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="MTA-Gil-Hodges-Bridge-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|MTA: "Gil Hodges Bridge"|}} |last1=MTA Bridges and Tunnels (publisher) |author-link1=MTA Bridges and Tunnels |date=n.d. |orig-date=Updated March 30, 2020 |title=Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge |url=https://new.mta.info/bridges-and-tunnels/about/marine-parkway-gil-hodges-memorial-bridge |access-date=July 5, 2016 }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"The [[Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge]] was opened by the Marine Parkway Authority in 1937 to provide access to the [[Rockaway Peninsula]], which previously could be reached only by ferry or by a circuitous route around the eastern end of [[Jamaica Bay]]."</div></ref>
</div>

<ref name="MTA-Bus-Facts 2020 Apr 14">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|MTA: Bus info}} |last1=MTA |author-link1=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |date= April 14, 2020 |title=Subway and Bus Facts 2019 |url=https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-facts-2019 |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="MTA-Cross-Bay-Veterans-Memorial-Bridge-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|MTA: "Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge"|}} |last1=MTA Bridges and Tunnels (publisher) |author-link1=MTA Bridges and Tunnels |date=n.d. |orig-date=Updated March 30, 2020 |title=Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge |url=https://new.mta.info/bridges-and-tunnels/about/cross-bay-veterans-memorial-bridge |access-date=July 5, 2016 }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"In 1939 the New York City Parkway Authority built the [[Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge|Cross Bay Bridge and Parkway]], along with beach improvements in the [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaways]]."</div></ref>

<ref name="MTA-LIRR-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|MTA: LIRR info}} |last1=MTA |author-link1=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |title=Long Island Rail Road - General Information |url=http://web.mta.info/lirr/about/GeneralInformation/ |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nadia-Ali-bio">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|||p=}} |title=Nadia Ali" → "Biography |url=http://www.nadiaali.com/biography |access-date=July 7, 2010 |archive-date=August 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813202237/http://www.nadiaali.com/biography |url-status=dead }}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"Born in [[Libya]] to [[Pakistani]] parents, [[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]] grew up in Queens, New York"</div></ref>

<ref name="National-Park-Service Jamaica-Bay-Unit-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|National Park Service: Jamaica Bay Unit}} |last1=National Park Service |author-link1=National Park Service |title=National Parks of New York Harbor – Fact Sheet: Gateway NRA – Jamaica Bay Unit |url=https://www.nps.gov/npnh/learn/news/fact-sheet-jaba.htm |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="National-Park-Service Sagamore-Hill-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|National Park Service: Sagamore Hill}} |last1=National Park Service |author-link1=National Park Service |date=March 31, 2017 |orig-date={{space|nit}}Last updated: July 9, 2021{{space|nit}} |title=Sagamore Hill National Historic Site |url=https://www.nps.gov/sahi/index.htm |access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="NYC-Ferry 2021 Aug 23">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"NYC Ferry" (route map), August 23,|2021}}|date=August 23, 2021 |title=''"NYC Ferry" (route map)'' |url=https://images.ferry.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/20131449/system_map_8-23_-.png |publisher=[[NYC Ferry]], [[Hornblower Cruises]] (publisher) |access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Nycgo-Must-See-Astoria">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Nycgo, Astoria, October 22,|2014}} |last1=Nycgo.com |author-link1=NYC & Company |last2=Kuban |first2=Adam |author-link2=Adam Kuban |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Must-See Astoria: 12 Great Things to See and Do |url=https://www.nycgo.com/articles/must-see-astoria-slideshow/ |publisher=[[NYC & Company]] |access-date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Port-Authority-LGA 2016">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, LGA,|2016}} |last1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |author-link1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=2016 |title=About LaGuardia |url=http://laguardiaairport.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031839/http://laguardiaairport.com/about-us/ |archive-date=June 27, 2016 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Port-Authority-JFK-AirTrain 2016">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Port Authority, JFK AirTrain,|2016}} |last1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |author-link1=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=2016 |title=AirTrain JFK |url=https://jfkairport.com/to-from-airport/air-train |access-date=July 6, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Queens-Bus-Map">{{Cite NYC bus map |ref={{SfnRef|"Queens Bus Map"}} |Q}}</ref>

<ref name="Queens-Supreme-Courthouse-info">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|"Queens Supreme Court," October 13,|2013}} |date=October 13, 2013 |title=Queens Supreme Court |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dcas/business/dcasmanagedbuildings/queens-supreme-courthouse.page |website= NYC.gov |access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="SeaStreak-info">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Seastreak Ferry}} |title=''Routes and Schedules: "New York", "New Jersey", "Massachusetts", "Rhode Island"'' |url=https://www.seastreak.com/|publisher=Seastreakusa.com}} (see article [[SeaStreak]].</ref>

<ref name="Subway-map">{{NYCS const |ref={{SfnRef|Subway Map}} |map}}</ref>

<ref name="Zipcar 2020">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Zipcar,|2020|}} |last1=Zhen |first1=Tracy |date=2020 |title=Zipcar Impact Report |url=https://zipcar-drupal-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/drupal-presales/files/Zipcar_Impact_Report_2020_FINAL-Spreads.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2021 |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=[[Zipcar]] |page=12 }}</ref></references>

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Queens#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Queens}}
<!--ARTICLES-->
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--M-->
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|McGovern & Frazier,|2015}} |last1=McGovern |first1=Brendan |last2=Frazier |first2=John W. |date=2015 |title=Evolving Ethnic Settlements in Queens: Historical and Current Forces Reshaping Human Geography |journal=[[Focus on Geography]] |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]] (publisher) ([[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]) |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=11–26|doi=10.1111/foge.12045 |doi-access=free }} {{doi|10.1111/foge.12045}}; {{ISSN|1949-8535}}, {{ISSN|1549-4934}} (publication); {{EBSCOhost|100989570}} (article); {{OCLC|5735481287|6894888949}} (article).
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Miyares, October|2004}} |last1=Miyares |first1=Ines Maria |date=October 2004 |title=From Exclusionary Covenant to Ethnic Hyperdiversity in Jackson Heights, Queens |journal=[[Geographical Review]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]] (publisher) |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=462–483|doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00183.x |bibcode=2004GeoRv..94..462M |s2cid=129884321 }} Journal → {{ISSN|0016-7428}}, {{eISSN|1931-0846}}; Article → {{doi|10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00183.x}}; {{JSTOR|30034291}}; {{ProQuest|225329687}} (Research Library database); {{OCLC|211830189|1104949714}}.
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Willis,|1920|p=}} |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=Walter Irving |date=1920 |title=Queens Borough, New York City, 1910–1920; The Borough of Homes and Industry, a Descriptive and Illustrated Book Setting Forth Its Wonderful Growth and Development in Commerce, Industry and Homes During the Past Ten Years, 1910 to 1920; A Prediction of Even Greater Growth During the Next Ten Years, 1920 to 1930; And a Statement of Its Many Advantages, Attractions and Possibilities as a Section Wherein to Live, to Work and to Succeed |url=https://archive.org/details/queensboroughnew00chamrich/page/n5/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |publisher=Chamber of Commerce of the Borough of Queens (publisher). Long Island Star Publishing Company (printer) |access-date=August 2, 2014 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|20012286}}; {{OCLC|35896461|show=all}}.
<!--BOOKS – 19th CENTURY AND EARLY 20th CENTURY-->
<!--H-->
* {{cite book |last1=Hazelton |first1=((Henry "Harry" Isham (1867–1938))) |date=1925 |title=The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk Long Island, New York, 1609–1924 |url={{GBurl|8swpAQAAMAAJ|p=571}} |type=7 volumes |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc. }} {{LCCN|25010750}}; {{OCLC|498971362|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|247484068}}, {{OCLC search link|250867416}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 1,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 1'' |url={{GBurl|Tw5VODUmt8sC|p=1-PP7}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Columbia University]])}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 2,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 2'' |url={{GBurl|8swpAQAAMAAJ|p=571}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Wisconsin Historical Society]])}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 3,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 3'' |url={{GBurl|OgXUVGbvYiQC|p=1153}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Columbia University]])}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 4,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 4'' |url={{GBurl|u80pAQAAMAAJ|p=1-PP9}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Wisconsin Historical Society]])}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 5,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 5'' |year=1925 |publisher=New York, Chicago, Lewis historical Pub. Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/boroughsofbrookl05haze/page/n7/mode/2up |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Allen County Public Library]])}} }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 6,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 6'' |url={{GBurl|ZsspAQAAMAAJ|p=1-PP9}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Wisconsin Historical Society]])}} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hazelton, Vol. 7,|1925|p=}} |title=''Vol. 7'' |url={{GBurl|mPIr22cLiOEC|p=1-PP9}} |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Columbia University]])}} }}</ol></ol>

* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''History of Queens County,''|1882|p= }} |date=1882 |title=History of Queens County, New York: With Illustrations, Portraits, and Sketches of Prominent Families and Individuals |language=en-US |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Munsell & Co. → William Watkins Munsell; 1850–1919}} {{LCCN|01014233}}; {{OCLC|4819282|show=all}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''History of Queens County'', HathiTrust (Columbia),|1882|p= }} |title=''Via HathiTrust (Columbia University)'' |year=1882 |publisher=W.W. Munsell and Co. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t9n32m641&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021 }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''History of Queens County'', Internet Archive (Columbia),|1882|p= }} |title=''Via Internet Archive (Columbia University)'' |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofqueensc00unse/page/n5/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater }}</ol></ol>

<!--O-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Onderdonk,|1846}} |last1=Onderdonk |first1=Henry Jr. |date=1846 |title=Documents and Letters Intended to Illustrate the Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County – With Connecting Narratives, Explanatory Notes, and Additions |language=en-US |location=[[Manhattan|New-York]] |publisher=[[Jonathan Leavitt (publisher)|Leavitt]], [[John Fowler Trow|Trow]] and Company (printer)}} {{LCCN|01014234}}; {{OCLC|2860745|show=all}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Onderdonk, Google (Harvard),|1865|p= }} |title=''Via Google Books (Harvard)'' |url={{GBurl|DQYCAAAAYAAJ|p=3}} }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Onderdonk, Google (Harvard),|1865|p= }} |title=''Via Google Books (Indiana University)'' |url={{GBurl|2no2AQAAMAAJ|p=3}} }} }}</ol></ol>

* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Onderdonk,|1865}} |last1=Onderdonk |first1=Henry Jr. |date=1865 |title=Queens County in Olden Times: Being a Supplement to the Several Histories Thereof |language=en-US |location=[[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica, New York]] |publisher=Charles Welling (printer)}} {{LCCN|01014235}}; {{OCLC|1194221823|show=all}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Onderdonk, Google (Harvard),|1865|p= }} |title=''Via Google Books (Harvard)'' |url={{GBurl|fOMVAAAAYAAJ|p=PP7}} }} }}</ol></ol>
<div style="margin-left:6em">
Items extracted from newspapers and other sources, arranged chronologically, 1639–1832.</div>

<!--R-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Riker,|1852|p= }} |last1=Riker |first1=James Jr. |author-link1=James Riker |date=1852 |title=The Annals of Newtown, in Queens County, New-York: Containing Its History From Its First Settlement, Together With Many Interesting Facts Concerning the Adjacent Towns; Also, a Particular Account of Numerous Long Island Families Now Spread Over This and Various Other States of the Union |language=en-US |location=New York |publisher=D. Fanshaw → Daniel Fanshaw (1788–1860)}} {{LCCN|01014941}}; {{OCLC|1264039133|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|58788151}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Riker, Internet Archive (Columbia),|1852|p= }} |title=''Via Internet Archive (Columbia University)'' |year=1852 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofnewtowni00rike_0/page/n9/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Riker, Google Books (Princeton),|1852|p= }} |title=''Google Books (Princeton University)'' |url={{GBurl|I5Q-AAAAYAAJ|p=PP9}} }}</li>
</ol></ol>

<!--S-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal,|1908|p= }} |last1=Skal |first1=George Hugo August Eugen von |date=1908 |title=Illustrated History of the Borough of Queens, New York City |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=3}} |language=en-US |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=F. T. Smiley Publishing Co. |via=[[Google Books]] ([[Harvard]])}} → also accessible via {{URL|https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00skal/page/n5/mode/2up|Internet Archive}} ([[Library of Congress]]). {{LCCN|10008903}}; {{OCLC|5883592|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part I,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part I – "A History of the Borough of Queens"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=7|dq=}} |pages=7–30 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part II,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part II – "Queens Borough of the Present Day"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=31|dq=}} |pages=31–38 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part III,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part III – "Noteworthy Buildings and Places"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=39|dq=}} |pages=39–70 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part IV,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part IV – "Men of Mark"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=71|dq=}} |pages=71–90 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part V,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part V – "A Glance to the Past and the Future"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=91|dq=}} |pages=91–104 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Part VI,|1908|p= }} |title=''Part VI'' – "The Flushing Journal" |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=105|dq="smith"}} |pages=105–112 }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Skal, Bios,|1908|p= }} |title=''"Biographical Sketches"'' |url={{GBurl|qPYTAAAAYAAJ|p=113|dq=}} |pages=113–167 }} }}</ol></ol>

<!--U-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|USNY,|1916}} |last1=USNY |author-link1=University of the State of New York |date=1916 |title=A List of Books Relating to the History of the State of New York |type=reprinted from the ''12th Annual Report of the [[New York City Department of Education|State Department of Education]]'' |location=[[Albany, New York|Albany]] |publisher=[[University of the State of New York]], [[New York City Department of Education|State Department of Education]], School Libraries Division }} {{nowrap|[[LCCN]] {{URL|https://lccn.loc.gov/e16001026|e16001026}}}}; {{OCLC|1011459|show=all}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Google Books (Harvard)'' |url={{GBurl|QQEuAAAAYAAJ|p=1}} }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Google Books (UC Berkeley)'' |url={{GBurl|BSgzAQAAIAAJ|p=1}} }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust (Harvard)'' | year=1916 | publisher=The University of the State of New York |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx4rlt&view=1up&seq=3 }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust (UC Berkeley)'' | year=1916 | publisher=The University of the State of New York |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b728190&view=1up&seq=5 }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust (Cornell)'' | year=1916 | publisher=The University of the State of New York |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t4gm8rk7k&view=1up&seq=3 }}</li>
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive (Cornell)'' | year=1916 | publisher=Albany, N.Y., University of the State of New York |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014490506/page/n1/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater }}</ol></ol>

<!--BOOKS – LATER 20th century-->
<!--C-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Copquin}} |last1=Copquin |first1=Claudia Gryvatz |date=2007 |orig-date=2009 |title=The Neighborhoods of Queens |type=guide to 99 neighborhoods |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |via=[[Google Books]]}} {{LCCN|2007013716}} (1st ed.; 2007); {{ISBN|978-0-3001-1299-3|0-3001-1299-8}} (2007); {{ISBN|978-0-3001-5133-6|0-3001-5133-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-3001-5005-6|0-3001-5005-9}}; {{OCLC|262432302|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|b5UiKlrlAwEC |p=PR1}} |type=limited preview }}</ol></ol>

<!--G-->
* {{cite book |last1=Glascock |first1=Mary A. |date=1977 |title=An Annotated Bibliography of the History of Queens County |type=218 pages |publisher=[[Queens College, City University of New York]] }} {{OCLC|10188022}}.

<!--K-->
* {{cite book |last1=Kingsley |first1=((J. Donald, Executive Director)) |date=June 1958 |title=''"Queens Communities – Population Characteristics and Neighborhood Social Resources"'' |publisher=Bureau of Community Statistical Services Research Department, The Community Council of Greater New York}} {{OCLC|5625172|248835739}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"Queens Communities" (Vol. 1), June|1858|p=}} |title=''Vol. 1. "Astoria, Long Island City–Sunnyside, Woodside–Jackson Heights–Elmhurst–Corona, Forest Hills–Rego Park, Middle Village (Glendale part), Ridgewood–Maspeth (Glendale part), Woodhaven–Richmond Hill, Richmond Hill South–Ozone Park–South Ozone Park–Howard Beach, The Rockaways"'' |publisher=The Bureau, Research Dept. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433089928646&view=1up&seq=5 |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[New York Public Library]])}} }}</li>
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"Queens Communities" (Vol. 2), June|1858|p=}} |title=''Vol. 2. "College Point–Whitestone, Flushing, Central Queens, Bayside–Oakland Gardens, Douglaston–Little Neck–Bellerose, Jamaica–South Jamaica, Queens Village–Hollis–St. Albans, Springfield Gardens–Laurelton–Rosedale"'' |publisher=The Bureau, Research Dept. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433062496959&view=1up&seq=7 |via=[[HathiTrust]] ([[New York Public Library]])}} }}</li></ol></ol>

<!--L-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Lieberman & Lieberman,|1983}} |last1=Lieberman |first1=((Janet Elaine, PhD ({{italics correction|''née''}} Janet Elaine Rubensohn; 1921–2019))) |last2=Lieberman |first2=Richard Kenneth |date=1983 |title=City Limits: A Social History of Queens |type=the two authors are not related |location=[[Dubuque, Iowa]] |publisher=[[Kendall Hunt Publishing Company]]}} (covers the 1870s to the 1930s). {{ISBN|0-8403-3150-9|978-0-8403-3150-2}}; {{OCLC|10777703|show=all}}.
<div style="margin-left:6em">
"Based on the work of the Community History Program at [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia Community College]]."</div>

<!--BOOKS 21st CENTURY-->
<!--H-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Helmreich,|2020}} |last1=Helmreich |first1=((William Benno, PhD (1945–2020))) |author-link1=William B. Helmreich |date=2020 |title=The Queens Nobody Knows – An Urban Walking Guide |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|via=[[Google Books]]}} {{LCCN|2019058691}} (hardback), {{LCCN|2019058692}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-0-6911-6688-9}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-0-6912-0002-6}} (ebook); {{OCLC|1135915992|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|Y6bgDwAAQBAJ|p=PR3}} |type=limited preview }} }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|wL_gDwAAQBAJ|p=PP1}} |type=limited preview }} }}</ol></ol>

<!--J-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Jackson,''|2010}} |editor-last1=Jackson |editor-first1=Kenneth Terry |editor-link1=Kenneth T. Jackson |date=2010 |orig-date=1995 |title=Encyclopedia of New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/theencyclopediaofnewyorkcitysecondedition/page/n3/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] & [[New-York Historical Society]] (publisher)|via=[[Internet Archive]] }} {{LCCN|2010031294}}; {{ISBN|0-3001-1465-6|978-0-300-11465-2}}; {{OCLC|1088488960|show=all}}.

<!--K-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Kadinsky,|2015|p=}} |last1=Kadinsky |first1=Sergey |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs |location=[[Woodstock, Vermont]] |publisher=[[The Countryman Press]] (the author, among other things, has been a contributor to [[Forgotten NY]]). |lccn=2015041163 |isbn=978-1-5815-7355-8 |oclc=929863403}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Kadinsky (books),|2015|p=}} |title=''Book – via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|Czw1CgAAQBAJ|p=PP1}} |type=limited preview |page=96}} }}
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Kadinsky (blog)}} |title=''Author's blog – "Hidden Waters"'' |date=June 15, 2023 |url=https://hiddenwatersblog.wordpress.com/author/sergeykadinskygmailcom/}} {{OCLC|1187187978}}. }}</ol></ol>

<!--W-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Walsh,|2013|p= }} |last1=Walsh |first1=Kevin S. |author-link1= |last2=and the [[Greater Astoria Historical Society]] (authors) |date=2013 |title=Forgotten Queens |language=en-US |location=[[Charleston, South Carolina]] |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]}} {{LCCN|2013940008}}; {{ISBN|1-4671-2065-0|978-1-4671-2065-4}}; {{OCLC|855044557}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Walsh, Google Books,|2013|p= }} |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|YJAbAgAAQBAJ|p=3}} }}</ol></ol>

{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218014547/http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/tourism/tourism_history.shtml Official History Page of the Queens Borough President's Office]
* [http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=3 La Guardia and Wagner Archives/Queens Local History Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422195423/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=3 |date=April 22, 2012 }}
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Queens Tribune'', July 29,|2010|p=}} |date=August 4, 2010 |title=They Came from Queens |url=https://issuu.com/queenstribune/docs/tribune_epaper_072910 |work=[[Queens Tribune]] |volume=40 |issue=30|via=[[ISSUU]]}}
* [http://queensbuzz.com/history-historical-sites-in-queens-cms-644 Queens Buzz]
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{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Queens County, New York
|North     = [[The Bronx|Bronx County <br />(The Bronx)]]
|Northeast = [[Long Island Sound]]
|East      = [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]
|South     = Atlantic Ocean
|Southwest = [[Brooklyn|Kings County <br />(Brooklyn)]]
|West      = [[Brooklyn|Kings County <br />(Brooklyn)]]
|Northwest = [[Manhattan|New York County <br />(Manhattan)]]
|Southeast = [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]
}}

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{{Long Island region}}
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{{authority control}}

[[Category:Queens, New York| ]]
[[Category:New York City]]
[[Category:Boroughs of New York City]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in New York (state)]]
[[Category:1683 establishments in the Province of New York]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1683]]
[[Category:Majority-minority counties in New York]]
[[Category:Catherine of Braganza]]