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Quercus bicolor
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{{Short description|Species of oak tree}} {{speciesbox | name = Swamp white oak | image = Quercus bicolor morton acc 71-69-2.jpg | image_caption = [[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 71-69-2 | genus = Quercus | display_parents = 2 | parent = Quercus sect. Quercus | species = bicolor | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Kenny, L. |author2=Wenzell, K. |author3=Jerome, D. |date=2017 |title=''Quercus bicolor'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T194069A111189345 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194069A111189345.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = G5 | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=NatureServe Explorer|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145299/Quercus_bicolor|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> | authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]<ref>First described in {{cite journal | last = Muhlenberg | first = Heinrich Ernst | title = Kurze Bemerkungen über die in der Gegend von Lancaster in Nordamerika wachsenden Arten der Gattungen ''Juglans'', ''Fraxinus'' und ''Quercus'' | trans-title = Short remarks on the plants growing in the region of Lancaster in North America from the genera ''Juglans'', ''Fraxinus'', and ''Quercus'' | periodical = Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften | volume = 3 | page = [http://ds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/viewer/image/1938305_003/409/ 396] | date = 1801 | others = With remarks by Carl Ludwig Willdenow}}</ref> | range_map = Quercus bicolor range map 1.png | range_map_caption = Natural range | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Quercus bicolor'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>Dippel</small> |''Quercus bicolor'' var. ''cuneiformis'' <small>Dippel</small> |''Quercus bicolor'' var. ''platanoides'' <small>(Castigl.) A.DC</small> |''Quercus discolor'' var. ''bicolor'' <small>(Willd.) Hampton</small> |''[[Quercus mollis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> |''[[Quercus paludosa]]'' <small>Petz. & G.Kirchn.</small> |''[[Quercus platanoides]]'' <small>(Castigl) Sudworth</small> |''Quercus prinus'' var. ''bicolor'' <small>(Willd.) Spach</small> |''Quercus prinus'' var. ''discolor'' <small>F.Michx</small> |''Quercus prinus'' var. ''platanoides'' <small>Castigl.</small> |''Quercus prinus'' var. ''tomentosa''<small> Michx.</small> |''Quercus filiformis'' <small>Muhl. ex A.DC., not validly published</small> |''Quercus pannosa'' <small>Bosc ex A.DC., not validly published</small> |''[[Quercus platanoides]]'' <small>(Lam.) Sudw.</small> |''Quercus velutina'' <small>L'Hér. ex A.DC.</small> }} | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Tropicos}}</ref><ref>{{ThePlantList}}</ref> }} '''''Quercus bicolor''''', the '''swamp white oak''', is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the [[Fagaceae|beech family]]. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] with [[bur oak]] where they occur together in the wild. == Description == ''Quercus bicolor'' grows rapidly and can reach {{convert|60|to|80|ft|abbr=off|sp=us|order=flip}} tall with the tallest known reaching {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=on}} and lives up to 285 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages |url=http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=bicolor}}</ref> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] resembles that of the white oak. The [[leaf|leaves]] are broad [[ovoid]], {{convert|12|–|18|cm|frac=4|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|7|-|11|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad, always more or less glaucous on the underside, and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side, intermediate between the [[chestnut oak]] and the [[Quercus alba|white oak]]. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be. The [[fruit]] is a [[peduncle (botany)|peduncled]] [[acorn]], {{convert|1.5|–|2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}, rarely {{convert|2.5|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}, long and {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} broad, maturing about six months after pollination.<ref name=tammy>{{eFloras|1|233501012|Quercus bicolor |family=Fagaceae |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon}}</ref> Good crops of swamp white oak occur every 3 to 5 years, with light crops during intervening years. The minimum seed-bearing age is 20 years, optimum age is 75 to 200 years, and maximum age is usually 300 years. Because the seed of swamp white oak is not dormant, it germinates soon after falling. Seed collections should be made soon after ripening in order to delay early germination. These acorns are difficult to store without germination or loss of viability occurring. Sound acorns have a germinative capacity between 78 and 98 percent. Gravity, rodents, and water are the primary dispersing agents (4,10).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swamp White Oak|url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/quercus/bicolor.htm#:~:text=The%20fruit%2C%20an%20acorn%2C%20matures,1.25%20to%203.25%20in)%20long.}}</ref> Swamp white oak may live up to 300 years. {{Gallery |Image:Quercus bicolor JPG1L.jpg|Leaves |File:Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Bark Closeup Vertical.JPG|Bark }} == Distribution and habitat == Swamp white oak, a lowland tree, occurs across the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada, from [[Maine]] to [[South Carolina]], west as far as [[Ontario]], [[Minnesota]], and [[Tennessee]] with a few isolated populations in [[Nebraska]] and [[Alabama]]. This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western [[New York (state)|New York]] and northern [[Ohio]].<ref>{{Silvics|volume=2|genus=Quercus|species=bicolor|first=Robert|last=Rogers|access-date=14 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{BONAP|ref|genus=Quercus|species=bicolor}}</ref> The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types: [[black ash–American elm–red maple]], [[silver maple–American elm]], [[bur oak]], and [[pin oak–sweetgum]]. Occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas. It is found within a very wide range of mean annual temperatures from {{convert|16|to|4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Extremes in temperature vary from {{convert|41|to|-34|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Average annual precipitation is from {{convert|640|to|1270|mm}}. The frost-free period ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part. The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils. It is not found where flooding is permanent, although it is usually found in broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. It occupies roughly the same ecological niche as [[pin oak]], which seldom lives longer than 100 years, but is not nearly as abundant. == Uses == It is one of the more important white oaks for [[lumber]] production. The wood is similar to that of ''[[Q. alba]]'' and is not differentiated from it in the lumber trade. In recent years, the swamp white oak has become a popular [[Ornamental plant|landscaping tree]] due to its relative ease of transplanting. This is the species that was chosen to be planted around the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|911 Memorial Site in Manhattan]]. Being in the white oak group, wildlife such as deer, bears, turkeys, ducks, and geese as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when acorns are dropping in the fall. == Cultivars == A mix of ''Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor'', named 'Nadler' or the [[Kindred Spirit hybrid oak]], exists. == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == *[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/qubi.htm ''Quercus bicolor'' images from Vanderbilt University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311055521/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/qubi.htm |date=11 March 2007 }} *[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100293574 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1934] {{Commons|position=left|Quercus bicolor}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q142792}} {{Authority control}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} [[Category:Quercus|bicolor]] [[Category:Trees of Northern America]] [[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]] [[Category:Plants described in 1801]] [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow]]
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