Editing Quercus wislizeni

{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Interior live oak
| image = Interior live oak twig with acorn.JPG
| image_caption = Smooth leaves and acorn. The leaf margins are often spiny.
| image2 = Quercus wislizeni trunks.jpg
| image2_caption = Typical growth habit
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Jerome, D. |date=2017 |title=''Quercus wislizeni'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T89254808A89254811 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T89254808A89254811.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Quercus
| display_parents = 2
| parent = Quercus sect. Lobatae
| species = wislizeni
| authority = [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC.]] {{refn|name=ipni1|1={{cite web |url=http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=296923-1|title=''Quercus wislizeni'' A.DC.|work=[[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]]|access-date=August 29, 2010}} "Description of ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni'' was published in ''Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ...'' (DC.) 16(2.1): 67 (1864)."<ref name="de Candolle"/>}}<ref name=trop1>{{Tropicos|13100161|Quercus wislizeni|A.DC. | access-date=August 9, 2010}}</ref>
| range_map = Quercus wislizeni range map 1.png
| range_map_caption = Combined ranges of ''Quercus wislizeni'' and ''[[Quercus parvula]]''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="trop1" />
| synonyms = * ''Quercus wislizenii'' A.DC.
}}

'''''Quercus wislizeni''''', known by the common name '''interior live oak''',<ref name=trop1/> is an evergreen [[oak]], highly variable and often shrubby, found in western North America.

==Description==

It is a large [[shrub]] or [[tree]]{{sfn|Flora of North America}} growing to {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, although where it is common in the low-elevation [[Sierra Nevada]] foothills it seldom exceeds {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}}. The dark-green [[leaves]]—appearing grayish from a distance—are usually small, {{convert|2-7|cm|frac=2|abbr=off}} long,<ref name="tktimb2">{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLbAAwAAQBAJ |title=Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest |last2=Kuhlmann |first2=Ellen |date=2014 |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |isbn=978-1-60469-263-1 |edition=1st |location=Portland, OR |pages=198}}</ref> thick, and often spiny-toothed at higher elevations, particularly on young trees. The male [[flower]]s are on [[catkin]]s, the female flowers in groups of 2–4 in leaf axils.<ref name="tktimb2" /> The [[acorn]]s are {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long, and [[Biennial plant|mature the second season]] (about 18&nbsp;months) after flowering.{{sfn|Flora of North America}}

Specimens can live for up to 200 years.<ref name="tktimb2" />

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Quercus wislizeni kz4.jpg|Spiny-toothed leaves
}}

==Taxonomy==
[[File:2013 - Native Live Oak Kept in Landscape, Birch Lane, Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, CA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Q. wislizeni'' in [[Glendale, California]]]]

Although originally published by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle as "wislizeni",<ref name="de Candolle"/> some sources{{sfn|Flora of North America}} mistakenly spelled the [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] "wislizenii". Correct spelling is with one "I", per ICN article 60C.2.<ref>J. McMeill et al. (eds). 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. {{ISBN|978-3-87429-425-6}}</ref> [[Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus]]'s specimen was thought by de Candolle to have been collected in [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico. German-born American botanist [[Georg Engelmann]] later corrected the location to the American fork of the Sacramento River near [[Auburn, California]].

California physician and botanist (and one of the founding fathers of the California Academy of Sciences) [[Albert Kellogg]] described an oak in an 1855 publication as ''Quercus arcoglandis'' (spur acorn oak),<ref>Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1(1):25 (1855)</ref> apparently the same species as ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni''. This clearly predates French-Swiss botanist de Candolle's 1864 name, and if confirmed to be this same taxon would have priority.

Currently there are two recognized varieties of interior live oak:{{sfn|Jepson eFlora: ''Quercus wislizeni''}}
* ''Q. wislizeni'' A. DC. var. ''wislizeni'' (1864)
* ''Q. wislizeni'' A. DC. var. ''frutescens'' Engelm (1878).<ref>Engelm., Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3:396 (1878).</ref> This is an invalid taxon. Engelmann's ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni'' var. ''frutescens'' description is virtually identical to de Candolle's ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni,'' while Engelmann's ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni'' description most closely matches Kellogg's ''Q.&nbsp;morehus''.<ref name=Keuter>{{cite journal|author=Duncan A. Hauser|author2=Al Keuter|author3=John D. McVay|author4=Andrew L. Hipp|author5=Paul S. Manos|title=The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae)|journal=Am. J. Bot. |date=October 2017 |volume=104|issue=10|pages=1581–1595|doi=10.3732/ajb.1700291|pmid=29885216|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
It was named for its collector, Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810–1889).<ref name="trop1" />

==Distribution and habitat==
''Q. wislizeni'' is found in many areas of California<ref>{{Calflora|Quercus wislizeni|id=7010}}</ref> in the United States continuing south into northern [[Baja California]] in Mexico. It generally occurs in [[foothills]], being most abundant in the lower elevations of the [[Sierra Nevada]], but also widespread in the [[Pacific Coast Ranges]]—where since 1980 it has been known as a separate species ''[[Quercus parvula]]''<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Nixon |first=Kevin |title=A Systematic Study of ''Quercus parvula'' Greene on Santa Cruz Island and Mainland California |date=1980 |type=Master's Thesis}}</ref>{{sfn|Jepson eFlora: ''Quercus parvula''}}—and the [[San Gabriel Mountains]]. 

==Ecology==
The interior live oak is a [[red oak]] (section ''Lobatae'') in the California Floristic Province (series ''Agrifoliae''). ''Q.&nbsp;wislizeni'' hybridizes with [[California black oak]] ''(Q.&nbsp;kelloggii)'' (= [[Quercus × morehus|''Quercus'' × ''morehus'']], Abram's oak). All California red oaks show evidence of [[introgression]] and/or [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with one another.

A common alliant tree is [[gray pine]] (''Pinus sabiniana'').<ref name=Keuter/>

Deer browse the tree's foliage.<ref name=":0" />

==Uses==
Humans use the wood as a fuel source.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Whitney |first=Stephen |title=Western Forests |series=The Audubon Society Nature Guides |date=1985 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-394-73127-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382 382] |url=https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382 }}</ref> The acorns are edible.<ref name="tktimb2" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="de Candolle">{{cite encyclopedia |last=de Candolle |first=Alphonse Pyramus |title=Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis |volume=16 |issue=2.1 |page=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/155275 67] |chapter=Q. wislizeni |date=1864 |language=la}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFJepson_eFlora:_Quercus_parvula|CITEREFJepson_eFlora:_Quercus_wislizeni}}
* {{eFloras|1|233501098|Quercus wislizeni |family=Fagaceae |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |ref={{harvid|Flora of North America}}}}
* {{Jepson eFlora|40706|Quercus parvula |first1=Thomas J. |last1=Rosatti |first2=John M. |last2=Tucker |date=2014 |ref={{harvid|Jepson eFlora: ''Quercus parvula''}}}}
* {{Jepson eFlora|40780|Quercus wislizeni |first1=Thomas J. |last1=Rosatti |first2=John M. |last2=Tucker |date=2014 |ref={{harvid|Jepson eFlora: ''Quercus wislizeni''}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Quercus wislizeni|position=left}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182135/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82383&lang=us C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''California Buckeye: Aesculus californica'', GlobalTwitcher.com, N. Stromberg ed.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009812}}

[[Category:Quercus|wislizeni]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Flora of California]]
[[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
[[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges]]
[[Category:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1864]]
[[Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Oaks of Mexico]]