Editing Quilombo

{{short description|Type of Brazilian settlement inhabited by escaped slaves and their descendants}}
{{About|a kind of settlement|other uses of "Quilombo"|Quilombo (disambiguation)}}
{{broader|Maroons}}
[[File:Quilombolas.jpg|200px|thumb|Brazilian [[Quilombola]]s during a meeting in the capital of Brazil, [[Brasília]].]]
[[File:Quilombolas amapa.jpg|thumb|A Quilombo in [[Amapá]].]]

A '''''quilombo''''' ({{IPA|pt|kiˈlõbu|audio|LL-Q5146 (por)-MedK1-quilombo.wav}}); from the [[Kimbundu]] word {{lang|kmb|kilombo}}, {{lit|war camp}})<ref>{{citation |author=A. de Assis Junior |title=Dicionário kimbundu-português |entry=Kilómbo |page=127 |url=https://archive.org/details/dicionriokimbu00assiuoft |publisher=Luanda Argente, Santos}}</ref> is a Brazilian [[hinterland]] [[town|settlement]] founded by people of [[Afro-Brazilians|African origin]], and others sometimes called Carabali. Most of the inhabitants of quilombos, called [[quilombola]]s, were [[maroons]], a term for escaped slaves.

Documentation about refugee slave communities typically uses the term [[mocambo (settlement)|mocambo]] for settlements, which is an [[Ambundu]] word meaning "war camp". A mocambo is typically much smaller than a quilombo. "Quilombo" was not used until the 1670s, primarily in the more southerly parts of Brazil.<ref>Stuart Schwartz, ''The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 205.</ref>

In the [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] countries of [[Latin America]], such villages or camps were called {{lang|es-419|'''palenques'''}}. Its inhabitants are {{lang|es-419|palenqueros}}. They spoke various [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-[[African languages|African]]-based [[creole language]]s such as [[Palenquero]].

Quilombos are classified as one of the three basic forms of active resistance by enslaved Africans. They also regularly attempted to seize power and conducted armed insurrections at plantations to gain amelioration of conditions.<ref name="Kent">{{cite journal |last=Kent |first=R. K. |title=Palmares: An African State in Brazil |journal=Journal of African History |year=1965 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=161–175 |jstor=180194 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700005582|s2cid=162914470 }}</ref> Typically, quilombos were a "pre–19th century phenomenon". In the first half of the 19th century in Brazil, enslaved people typically took armed action as part of their resistance. The colony was undergoing both political transition, as it fought for independence from Portugal, and new tensions associated with an increased slave trade, which brought in many more native-born Africans who resisted slavery.

== Etymology ==

In 17th-century Angola, a new military formation called ''kilombo'' (a fortified town surrounded by a wooden palisade) appeared among [[Imbangala]] warriors, which would soon be used in Brazil by freed Angolan slaves.{{sfn|Desch-Obi|2008|pp=21}}

It is widely believed that the term ''quilombo'' establishes a link between settlements and the culture of [[kingdom of Kongo|West Central Africa]] from where the majority of slaves were forcibly brought to Brazil. During the era of slave trafficking, natives in present day central [[Angola]], called Imbangala, had created an institution called a ''kilombo'' that united various tribes of diverse lineage into a community designed for military resistance.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

=== Other meaning in Spanish ===
In South American Spanish of the [[Southern Cone]], the word ''quilombo'' has come to mean ''[[brothel]]''; in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, Paraguay, and Uruguay, a mess, noise or disorder; in Venezuela, a remote or out-of-the-way place.<ref>Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, "''quilombo''", senses 1, 2 and 3, respectively.</ref>

== History ==

=== Background: Slavery in Brazil ===
{{See also|Slavery in Brazil}}

Legal slavery was present in Brazil for approximately three centuries, with the earliest known landing of enslaved [[African people|Africans]] taking place 52 years after the Portuguese were the first Europeans to set foot in Brazil in 1500.<ref name="Kent" /> The demand for enslaved Africans continued to increase through the 18th century, even as the Brazilian [[sugar]] economy ceased to dominate the world economy. In its place, commodity crops such as [[tobacco]] increased in prominence.<ref name="Schwartz 1970 313–333">{{cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Stuart B. |title=The "Mocambo": Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |date=Summer 1970 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1353/jsh/3.4.313}}</ref>

During the sugar boom period (1570–1670), the sugar plantations in Brazil presented hellish conditions, including the personal brutality of enslavers and the whip-wielding overseers in their employ. Physical torture was common for minor infractions. There was high physical exertion on workers, especially during harvest season. In addition, enslaved people were held to nearly-impossible daily production quotas while having to contend with lack of rest and food. Economically, in sugar plantations, it was cheaper for owners of enslaved Africans to work them to death and get new replacement slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The plantation economy {{!}} West Indies {{!}} The Places Involved {{!}} Slavery Routes {{!}} Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery {{!}} PortCities Bristol|url = http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/places-involved/west-indies/plantation-economy/|website = discoveringbristol.org.uk|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref> Conditions were so bad that even the Crown intervened on at least two occasions, forcing plantation owners to provide the people they enslaved with sufficient food.<ref name="Schwartz 1970 313–333" />

=== Quilombo in the Early Modern period ===
:''See [[Atlantic slave trade]] for a comprehensive presentation of slavery in Brazil''.

Settlements were formed by enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations. Some enslavers, such as [[Friedrich von Weech]], regarded the first escape attempt as a part of the "breaking in" process for new slaves. The first escape attempt would be punished severely as a deterrent for future escapes. Enslaved people who tried to escape a second time would be sent to slave prisons, and those who tried a third time would be sold.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karasch |first=Mary C. |title=Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro 1808–1850 |year=1987 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-07708-6 |pages=303 |url=http://www.librarything.com/work/268053}}</ref> In general, slaves who were caught running away were also required to wear an iron collar around their necks at all times, in addition to the punishment they received.

Not all those who escaped slavery formed settlements in Brazil. Escaping from a life of slavery was a matter of opportunity. Settlements were formed in areas with dense populations of formerly enslaved people, like [[Pernambuco]], where the biggest collection of [[mocambos|''mocambos'']] formed the quilombo that became [[Palmares (quilombo)|Palmares]]. While many quilombos were formed in rural areas such as Palmares, some were formed inside of cities, such as the [[:pt:Quilombo do Leblon|Quilombo do Leblon]] inside of [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Talarico |first1=Bruna |title=Quilombo no Leblon foi o primeiro abolicionista no país |url=http://www.palmares.gov.br/?p=2925 |website=Palmares}}</ref> Some, among them [[Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua|Mahommah G. Baquaqua]], escaped to New York because his multiple attempts at escape and suicide led to him being sold to a ship's captain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Samuel |title=Biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua |year=1854 |location=Detroit}}</ref>

Many ''quilombos'' were near Portuguese plantations and settlements. To keep their freedom, they were active both in defending against ''[[capitães do mato]]'' and being commissioned to recapture other runaway slaves. At the same time, they facilitated the escape of even more enslaved persons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shore |first1=Edward |title=Geographies of Resistance: Quilombos, Afro-descendants, and the Struggle for Land and Environmental Justice in Brazil's Atlantic Forest |journal=Afro - Hispanic Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |year=2017 |pages=58–78 |id={{ProQuest|2076933136}} }}</ref> For this reason, they were targets of the [[Dutch people|Dutch]], then Portuguese colonial authorities and, later, of the Brazilian state and enslavers.

People of the Quilombos would form a working government, and the community did not just consist of Africans but also of Native South Americans and even whites who were fleeing society or the law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Glenn Alan |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Quilombo_Dos_Palmares/EAxEvgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Quilombo Dos Palmares: Brazil's Lost Nation of Fugitive Slaves |date= |publisher=New London Librarium |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9982730-0-6 |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

Despite the atmosphere of cooperation between some ''quilombos'' and the surrounding Portuguese settlements, they were almost always eventually destroyed. Seven of ten major ''quilombos'' in [[colonial Brazil]] were terminated within two years of formation. Some ''mocambos'' that were farther from Portuguese settlements and the later Brazilian cities were tolerated and still exist as [[town]]s today, with their dwellers speaking [[Portuguese Creole]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://novo.mgquilombo.com.br/|title=Web Server's Default Page|website=novo.mgquilombo.com.br}}</ref>

=== Constitution of Brazil ===
Article 68 of the 1988 [[Constitution of Brazil]] granted the remaining quilombos the collective ownership of the lands they had occupied since colonial times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooke |first=James |date=1993-08-15 |title=Brazil Seeks to Return Ancestral Lands to Descendants of Runaway Slaves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/15/world/brazil-seeks-to-return-ancestral-lands-to-descendants-of-runaway-slaves.html |access-date=2016-12-06 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As of 2016, 294 villages have applied to be recognized as quilombos, because they were founded by escaped enslaved people and are mainly inhabited by their descendants. The certification process thus far has been slow, and 152 villages have been recognized as quilombos.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Silva |first1=Marcelo Gonçalves da |title=A titulação das terras das comunidades tradicionais quilombolas no Brasil: análise da atuação do Estado |url=https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-09042018-155054/pt-br.php |doi=10.11606/T.8.2018.tde-09042018-155054 |doi-access=free |language=pt |year=2017 |location=São Paulo}}</ref>

== Quilombos ==
Seven of the ten major quilombos in colonial Brazil were destroyed within two years of being formed. Four fell in Bahia in 1632, 1636, 1646 and 1796. The other three met the same fate in Rio in 1650, Parahyba in 1731, and Piumhy in 1758.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.</ref>

One quilombo, in Minas Gerais, lasted from 1712 to 1719. Another, the "Carlota" of Mato Grosso, was wiped out after existing for 25 years, from 1770 to 1795.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.</ref>

There were also a number of smaller quilombos or mocambos. The first reported quilombo was in 1575 in Bahia. Another quilombo in Bahia was reported at the start of the seventeenth century. Between 1737–1787, a small quilombo thrived in the vicinity of Sao Paulo.<ref>Roger Bastide, ''The Other Quilombos'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 191-2.</ref>

There were also reports of mocambos in 1591 in Jaguaripe, in 1629 in Rio Vermelho, in 1636 in Itapicuru, in 1640 in Rio Real, in 1663 in Cairu, in 1723 in Camamu,  in 1741 in Santo Amaro, in 1763 in Itapao, and 1797 in Cachoeira. All of these mocambos were in the Bahia region.<ref>Stuart Schwartz, ''The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 209-210.</ref> The Buraco de Tatu mocambo thrived for 20 years between 1743 and 1763. It was located between Salvador and Itapoa until it was eventually destroyed by a force led by Joaquim da Costa Cardozo.<ref>Stuart Schwartz, ''The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 218-222.</ref>

The region of Campo Grande and São Francisco was often populated with quilombos. In 1741, Jean Ferreira organised an expedition against a quilombo, but many runaways escaped capture. In 1746, a subsequent expedition captured 120 members of the quilombo. In 1752, an expedition led by Pere Marcos was attacked by quilimbo fighters, resulting in significant loss of life.<ref>Roger Bastide, ''The Other Quilombos'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 193.</ref>

Quilombos continued to form in the 19th century. In 1810, a quilombo was discovered at Linhares in Sao Paulo. A decade later, another was found in Minas. In 1828, another quilombo was discovered at Cahuca, near Recife, and a year later, an expedition was mounted against another at Corcovado, near Rio. In 1855, the Maravilha quilombo in Amazonia was destroyed.<ref>Roger Bastide, ''The Other Quilombos'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 195.</ref>

=== Palmares ===
{{main|Palmares (quilombo)}}
The most famous quilombo was [[Palmares (quilombo)|Palmares]], an independent, self-sufficient community near [[Recife]], established in about 1600. Palmares was massive and consisted of several settlements with a combined population of over 30,000 citizens, mostly [[Black people|blacks]]. It was to survive almost an entire century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kent |title=Palmares: An African State in Brazil |journal=Journal of African History |year=1965 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=163 |jstor=180194 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700005582|s2cid=162914470 }}</ref> 

Part of the reason for the massive size of the quilombo at Palmares was because of its location in Brazil, at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the [[African slave trade]]''. Quilombo dos Palmares'' was an autonomous community of escaped enslaved people from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia".<ref>Braudel, Fernand, ''The Perspective of the World'', vol. III of ''Civilization and Capitalism'', 1984, p. 390.</ref>

In 1612, the Portuguese tried in vain to take Palmares in an expedition that proved to be very costly.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 175.</ref> Palmares thrived in the years of peace that followed the 1640s.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 180.</ref> In 1640, a Dutch scouting mission found that the self-freed community of Palmares was spread over two settlements, with about 6,000 living in one location, and another 5,000 in another. Dutch expeditions against Palmares in the 1640s were similarly unsuccessful.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 177-9.</ref>

At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000. In the 1670s, when the Portuguese tried to take control of half of Palmares, it was estimated that the palmarista population of that half was between 15,000-20,000.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 185.</ref> Between 1672 and 1694, Palmares withstood, on average, one Portuguese expedition nearly every year.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.</ref>

[[Ganga Zumba]] and [[Zumbi]] are the two best-known warrior-leaders of Palmares which, after a history of conflict with first [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch]] and then [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese]] [[colonialism|colonial]] authorities, finally fell to a Portuguese artillery assault in 1694.<ref>RK Kent, ''Palmares: An African State in Brazil'', in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 186-7.</ref> 

Forced to defend against repeated attacks by Portuguese colonists, the warriors of Palmares were experts in [[capoeira]], a dance and martial art form.{{Citation needed|reason=Both of these claims are disputed in the main article about Palmares|date=May 2017}} Portuguese soldiers sometimes stated it took more than one [[dragoon]] to capture a quilombo warrior since they would defend themselves with a strangely moving fighting technique ([[capoeira]]). The governor from that province declared that "it is harder to defeat a quilombo than the Dutch invaders".{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}

In Brazil, both men are now honored as heroes and symbols of black pride, freedom, and democracy. As his birthday is unknown, Zumbi's execution date, November 20, is observed as ''Dia da Consciência Negra'' or "[[Black Awareness Day]]" in the states of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], and his image has appeared on postage stamps, banknotes, and coins.

=== Mola ===
The Mola quilombo comprised approximately 300 formerly enslaved people and had a high degree of political, social, and military organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tucuruí - Informações, Imagens e Vídeos|url=http://amazonia.altervista.org/tucurui/tucurui_pt.html|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Amazônia|language=pt-BR}}</ref>  [[Felipa Maria Aranha]] was the first leader of the community.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galeano, Eduardo, 1940–2015|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895700030|title=Children of the days : a calendar of human history|date=30 April 2013|isbn=978-1-56858-971-8|location=London|oclc=895700030}}</ref> The group was also led by [[Maria Luiza Piriá]].<ref name="brasildefato">{{Cite web|title=Brasil de Fato|url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Brasil de Fato|language=pt-BR}}</ref> It was organised as a republic, with democratic voting in place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quilombolas: quem são, origem, tradição, condições|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/sociologia/quilombolas.htm|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Brasil Escola|language=pt-br}}</ref> Over the course of the Mola quilombo's life, it expanded to include four other similar settlements in the region; it was known as the Confederação do Itapocu''.<ref>Guimarães, José (2012). «Settlement in Southern Pará and Historical Origins of the Carajás Movement». ''Carajás Youth Debates'' (interview). Interview with Teixeira de Souza, M .. Teixeira de Souza, M. Belém.</ref>''<ref name="brasildefato"/>  In 1895, there were still traces of the settlement to be seen; as of 2020, they had disappeared.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moura, Clóvis.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62236622|title=Dicionário da escravidão negra no Brasil|date=2004|publisher=Edusp|isbn=85-314-0812-1|location=São Paulo, SP, Brasil|pages=47|oclc=62236622}}</ref>

=== Curiaú ===
In 1992, the [[Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area]] was established for the inhabitants of Curiaú de Dentro, Curiaú de Fora, Casa Grande, Curralinho and Mocambo.<ref name="biota"/> The area is located near the capital [[Macapá]] and measures {{convert|21,676|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2013|language=pt|title=Novos conselheiros da Area de Protecao Ambiental do Rio Curiau sao empossados|publisher=SEMA: Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente (AP) |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/noticia/novos-conselheiros-da-area-de-protecao-ambiental-do-rio-curiau-sao-empossados|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> As of 1999, the protected area is home to about 1,500 people.<ref name="biota">{{cite journal|journal=Biota Amazônia |issn=2179-5746|location=Macapá|volume=3|issue=3|year=2013|language=pt |last1=Lima e Silva |first1=Raullyan Borja |last2=Freitas |first2=João da Luz |last3=Moreira dos Santos |first3=João Ubiratan |last4=Picanço Souto|first4=Raimundo Nonato |title=Caracterização agroecológica e socioeconômica dos moradores da comunidade quilombola do Curiaú |url=http://www.iepa.ap.gov.br/biblioteca/artigo/2015/caracterizacao-agroecol-sociocon-quilombola-curiau.pdf|access-date=4 April 2021|page=113|doi=10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n3p113-138}}</ref>

=== Cunani ===
Even though [[Cunani, Calçoene|Cunani]] is better known as the capital of the unrecognised [[Republic of Independent Guiana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/GAD12009|title=Livres anciens : Etat libre du Counani : Livre rouge n°3|date=1906|website=Bibliotheque Numerique Caraibe Amazone Plateau des Guyanes|access-date=29 March 2021|language=fr}}</ref> it has been designated a Quilombo settlement, and therefore, has been given territory similar to the [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BR2190RIS.pdf?language=es |title=Cabo Orange National Park - Brazil |page=10|website=Ramsar.org|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==

* the 1963 film ''[[Ganga Zumba (film)|Ganga Zumba]]'' depicts the life of [[Ganga Zumba]], leader of the [[Palmares (quilombo)|Palmares]] quilombo
* a 1984 film entitled ''[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091816/ ''Quilombo''] at [[IMDb]]</ref> depicts the rise and fall of Palmares. Directed by [[Carlos Diegues]], ''Quilombo'' is a historical epic that chronicles the lives of Ganga Zumba and Zumbi

== See also ==
* [[Garifuna people]]
* [[San Basilio de Palenque]]
* [[Slave revolts in Brazil]]
* [[Slave states and free states]]
* [[Suscia]]
* [[Zambo]]

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Desch-Obi|first=M. Thomas J.|year=2008 |title=Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World |location=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-718-4}}

== Further reading ==
* Glenn Alan Cheney, ''Quilombo dos Palmares: Brazil's Lost Nation of Fugitive Slaves,'' Hanover, CT:New London Librarium, 2014.
* {{cite news |title=Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners. Rare victory for Brazilian poor, as record Amazon land tract is handed over to descendants of escaped enslaved people |first=Dom |last=Phillips |date=March 5, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2018-03-05 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/05/descendants-of-slaves-celebrate-brazil-land-rights-victory}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/157694 The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil (scholarly article)]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717203 Fugitive Slaves and Free Society: The Case of Brazil (scholarly article)]
* [https://archive.today/20130221061143/http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/ae.2006.33.3.340 Buried Alive: Imagining Africa in the Brazilian Northeast (scholarly article)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226225557/http://www.articlemyriad.com/69.htm ''Oppression & Rebellion: The Quilombo at Palmares'' (scholarly article)]
* [https://archive.today/20130416065226/http://unjobs.org/tags/quilombos Articles and sources for quilombos in Brazil]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgzOlTAze3Q Maroon community in Colombia]
*[https://books.google.com/books/about/.html?id=MjdFOUQBCEAC&redir_esc=y Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba]
*[https://brazilian.report/podcast-brazil/2019/07/10/discovering-rio-little-africa/ Discovering Rio's Little Africa]
{{Maroons}}{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil]]
[[Category:Maroons (people)]]
[[Category:Quilombo| ]]
[[Category:Slavery in Brazil]]
[[Category:Race in Brazil]]