Editing Quirinal Hill

{{short description|One of the seven hills of Rome, Italy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox Hill of Rome
| name         = Quirinal Hill
| Latin name   = Collis Quirinalis
| Italian name = Quirinale
| seven hills  = yes
| rione        = [[Trevi (rione of Rome)|Trevi]]
| buildings    = [[Gardens of Sallust]], [[Baths of Constantine (Rome)|Baths of Constantine]], [[Torre delle Milizie]], [[Trevi Fountain]],
| churches     = [[Sant'Andrea al Quirinale]], <br>[[San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane]]
| palazzi      = [[Quirinal Palace]], [[Palazzo Baracchini]]
| people       = [[Lucius Papirius Cursor]]
| events       =
| religion     = [[Temple of Mars Ultor]]
| mythology    = [[Titus Tatius]], [[Quirinus]]
| sculptures   = [[Horse Tamers]]
}}
[[File:Seven Hills of Rome.svg|thumb|right|Schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills and [[Servian Wall]]]]

The '''Quirinal Hill''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|r|ɪ|n|əl}}; {{langx|la|Collis Quirinalis}}; {{langx|it|Quirinale}} {{IPA|it|kwiriˈnaːle|}}) is one of the [[Seven Hills of Rome]], at the north-east of the city center. It is the location of the official residence of the Italian head of state, who resides in the [[Quirinal Palace]]; by [[metonymy]] "the Quirinal" has come to stand for the Italian president. The Quirinal Palace has an area of {{convert|1.2|e6ft2|ha acre|abbr=unit}}.

== History ==
According to Roman legend, the Quirinal Hill was the site of a small village of the [[Sabines]], and king [[Titus Tatius]] would have lived there after the peace between Romans and Sabines. These Sabines had erected [[altar]]s in the honour of their [[deity|god]] [[Quirinus]] (naming the hill by this god).{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Tombs from the 8th century BC to the 7th century BC that confirm a likely presence of a Sabine settlement area have been discovered; on the hill, there was the tomb of Quirinus, which [[Lucius Papirius Cursor]] transformed into a [[Temple of Quirinus|temple]] for his [[Roman Triumph|triumph]] after the third [[Samnium|Samnite]] war. Some authors consider it possible that the cult of the [[Capitoline Triad]] ([[Jupiter (god)|Jove]], [[Minerva]], [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]) could have been celebrated here well before it became associated with the [[Capitoline Hill]]. The sanctuary of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], an [[Osci|Osco]]-Sabine [[goddess]], was here too.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/3046006 | jstor=3046006 | title=Women on the Quirinal Hill: Patronage in Rome, 1560-1630 | last1=Valone | first1=Carolyn | journal=The Art Bulletin | date=1994 | volume=76 | issue=1 | pages=129–146 | doi=10.2307/3046006 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to [[Livy]], the hill first became part of the city of Rome, along with the [[Viminal Hill]], during the reign of [[Servius Tullius]], Rome' sixth king, in the 6th century BC.<ref>[[Livy]], [[Ab urbe condita (book)|Ab urbe condita]], 1.44</ref>

In 446 BC, a temple was dedicated on the Quirinal in honour of [[Sancus]], and it is possible that this temple was erected over the ruins of another temple. [[Augustus]], too, ordered the building of a temple, dedicated to [[Mars (god)|Mars]]. On a slope of the Quirinal were the extensive [[gardens of Sallust]].

On the Quirinal Hill [[Constantine the Great]] ordered the erection of [[Baths of Constantine (Rome)|his baths]], the last ''[[thermae]]'' complex erected in [[Roman Empire|imperial Rome]]. These are now lost, having been incorporated into Renaissance Rome, with only some drawings from the 16th century remaining.

In the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Torre delle Milizie]] and the convent of St. Peter and Domenic were built, and above Constantine's building was erected the [[Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi]]; the two famous colossal marble statues of the [[Horse Tamers]], generally identified as the [[Dioscuri]] with horses, which now are in the Piazza Quirinale, were originally in this palazzo. They gave to the Quirinal its medieval name '''Monte Cavallo''', which lingered into the 19th century, when the hill was transformed beyond all recognition by urbanization of an expanding capital of a united Italy. In the same palazzo were also the two statues of river gods that [[Michelangelo]] moved to the steps of [[Capitoline Hill#Palazzo Senatorio|Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill]].

According to the political division of the center of Rome, the Hill belongs to the [[Rioni of Rome|rione]] [[Trevi (rione of Rome)|Trevi]].

== Quirinal Palace ==
[[File:Quirinal Giovanni Piranesi.jpg|thumb|right|A mid-18th century etching of the Palazzo del Quirinale by [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]]: The colossal Roman "[[Horse Tamers]]" or [[Dioscuri]] are in the foreground, but the [[obelisk]] from the Mausoleum of Augustus (erected 1781 – 1786) has not yet been set up between them.]]
[[File:Quirinal Hill Luigi Rossini.jpg|thumb|right|An etching of the Hill, crowned by the mass of the Palazzo del Quirinale, from a series ''I Sette Colli di Roma antica e moderna'' published in 1827 by [[Luigi Rossini]] (1790–1857): His view, from the roof of the palazzo near the [[Trevi Fountain]] that now houses the [[Accademia di San Luca]], substituted an imaginary foreground garden for the repetitious roofscape.]]

{{further|Quirinal Palace}}

The Quirinal Hill is today identified with the [[Quirinal Palace]], the official residence of the [[List of Presidents of the Italian Republic|President of the Italian Republic]] in Rome, and one of the symbols of the State. Before the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946, it was the residence of the king of Italy, and before 1871 it was, as originally, a residence of the Pope.

The healthy<ref>Before mosquitos were identified as the vector of Rome's seasonal [[malaria]] ("bed air") a [[Miasma theory|miasma]] exuded by low-lying ground was thought to be the cause.</ref> cool air of the Quirinal Hill attracted aristocrats and papal families that built villas where the [[gardens of Sallust]] had been in antiquity. A visit to the villa of Cardinal [[Luigi d'Este]] in 1573 convinced [[Pope Gregory XIII]] to start the building of a summer residence the following year, in an area considered healthier than the [[Vatican Hill]] or [[Lateran]]: His architects were [[Flaminio Ponzio]] and [[Ottaviano Nonni]], called Mascherino; under [[Pope Sixtus V]], works were continued by [[Domenico Fontana]] (the main facade on the Piazza) and [[Carlo Maderno]], and by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] for [[Pope Clement XII]]. Gardens were conceived by Maderno. In the 18th century, [[Ferdinando Fuga]] built the long wing called the ''Manica Lunga'', which stretched 360 meters along via del Quirinale. In front lies the sloping Piazza del Quirinale where the pair of gigantic Roman marble "Horse Tamers" representing [[Castor and Pollux]], found in the Baths of Constantine, were re-erected in 1588. In a view etched by [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]], the vast open space is unpaved. The Quirinal Palace was the residence of the popes until 1870, though [[Napoleon]] deported both [[Pius VI]] and [[Pius VII]] to France, and declared the Quirinal an imperial palace. When Rome was united to the [[Italy|Kingdom of Italy]], the Quirinal became the residence of the kings until 1946.

Today, the palace hosts the offices and the apartments of the Head of State and, in its long side along ''via XX Settembre'' (the so-called ''Manica Lunga''), the apartments that were furnished for each visit of foreign monarchs or dignitaries.

Several collections are in this Palazzo, including [[tapestry|tapestries]], paintings, [[statue]]s, old [[carriage]]s (''carrozze''), watches, furniture, and [[porcelain]].

In Piranesi's view, the palazzo on the right is the ''Palazzo della Sacra Consulta'', originally a villa built upon the ruins of the Baths of Constantine, which was adapted by Sixtus V as a civil and criminal court. The present façade was built in 1732–1734 by the architect Ferdinando Fuga on the orders of [[Pope Clement XII]] Corsini, whose coat-of-arms, trumpeted by two ''Fames'', still surmounts the roofline balustrade, as in Piranesi's view. It formerly housed Mussolini's ministry of colonial affairs.

== Other monuments ==
[[File:constitutional.court.of.italy.in.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|right|The Constitutional Court of Italy in [[Palazzo della Consulta]], is among the Quirinal Hill government buildings in Rome.]]

The hill is the site of other important monuments and buildings. Many of those built during the [[baroque]] period reflect the personal and spiritual aspirations of powerful local families:
* The church of [[Sant'Andrea al Quirinale]] was designed by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1658–1671), for Cardinal [[Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili|Camillo Pamphilii]] (nephew of [[Pope Innocent X]]); it is one of the most elegant samples of [[baroque]] architecture in Rome, with its splendid interior of marble, stuccoes, and gilded decorations.
* The four fountains ([[Quattro Fontane]]) with reclining river gods (1588–93) commissioned by [[Pope Sixtus V]].
* [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]]'s church of [[San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane]] (or San Carlino – originally ''Chiesa della Santissima Trinità e di San [[Carlo Borromeo]]''), the first and last work of this architect (the façade was completed after his death) commissioned by the [[Barberini]].
* The [[Piazza Barberini|Piazza]] and [[Palazzo Barberini]], built by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]] and [[Carlo Maderno|Maderno]], which now houses the [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica]].
*Palazzo Volpi di Misurata, across from San Carlino, built in the 18th century.
* Palazzo Albani del Drago, built by [[Domenico Fontana]] and enlarged with an added belvedere, by [[Alessandro Specchi]] for the [[Albani people|Albani]] [[Pope Clement XI]]; with the decline in the fortunes of Cardinal [[Alessandro Albani]], it was sold to the del Drago, who occupy it still.
* Palazzo Baracchini, built 1876–83, now housing the Ministry of Defense.
* The church of [[San Silvestro al Quirinale]], which was described for the first time circa 1000, rebuilt in the 16th century and restructured (façade) in the 19th.
* The [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']]
* The [[Palazzo Colonna]] (17th century), in front of [[Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi]], contains some remains of [[Caracalla]]'s temple of [[Serapis]]
* The [[Palazzo della Consulta]] hosts today the [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Constitutional Court]], and was erected by [[Ferdinando Fuga]] for [[Pope Clement XII]] directly opposite Palazzo del Quirinale.
* The [[Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi]] (17th century) built by Giorgio Vasanzio and [[Carlo Maderno]]
* Proximate to the [[Baths of Constantine (Rome)|Baths of Constantine]] and the modern Sacripanti Palace,<ref>{{cite book|author=John Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvc-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA336|title=A handbook of Rome and its environs|year = 1888|page=336|oclc=123154881|location=London|publisher=John Murray|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Liz James]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEY3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381|title=Mosaics in the Medieval World: From Late Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century|page=381|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|date=October 5, 2017|isbn=9781108508599|oclc=1050459335}}</ref> there is the dome of Titus Claudinanus and his female partner Claudia Vera. The local water pipes are inscribed with the initials of their names,<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Samuel Ball Platner]]|author2=[[Thomas Ashby (archaeologist)|Thomas Ashby]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYqFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome|page=176|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider; Cambridge University Press|date=May 21, 2015|isbn= 9781108083249|series=Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology|oclc=797640051|location=Rome|lccn=30010804|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> which define Claudia as the "most notable woman" (in [[Latin]]: ''c(larissima) f(emina)'').<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gT0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA235|title=Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 122, No. 4, 1978)|page=235|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|volume=122|issue=4|year=1978|isbn=9781422370889|oclc=}}</ref>

[[File:Piazza del Quirinale panorama.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Piazza del Quirinale]]

== See also ==
{{portal|Ancient Rome}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Seven hills of Rome]]
* [[Aventine Hill|Aventine Hill (Aventino)]]
* [[Caelian Hill|Caelian Hill (Celio)]]
* [[Capitoline Hill|Capitoline Hill (Capitolino)]]
* [[Cispius|Cispian Hill (Cispio)]]
* [[Esquiline|Esquiline Hill (Esquilino)]]
* [[Janiculum Hill|Janiculum Hill (Gianicolo)]]
* [[Monte Mario]]
* [[Oppian Hill|Oppian Hill (Oppio)]]
* [[Palatine Hill|Palatine Hill (Palatino)]]
* [[Pincian Hill|Pincian Hill (Pincio)]]
* [[Vatican Hill|Vatican Hill (Vaticano)]]
* [[Velian Hill|Velian Hill (Velia)]]
* [[Viminal Hill|Viminal Hill (Viminale)]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/.Texts/PLATOP*/Quirinalis.html Samuel Ball Platner, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'']: Quirinal Hill
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050111114339/http://www.quirinale.it/palazzo/mostre/2002_PalazzoQuirinale/foto_html/foto48.htm Rossini's etching]
*[http://www.romanlife-romeitaly.com/quirinal-repubblica.html Guide to the Quirinal area]
*{{in lang|it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20020211143615/http://www.quirinale.it/palazzo/luoghi/arte_luoghi.htm "Palazzo del Quirinale"] official site.
*[http://www.hotel.rome.it/quirinal-area/ More info about Quirinal Area]

{{Rome landmarks}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Seven hills of Rome]]
[[Category:Piazzas in Rome]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rome]]
[[Category:Rome R. II Trevi]]