Editing RMS Queen Elizabeth

{{Short description|Ocean liner (1938–1968)}}
{{about|the Cunard Line oceanliner launched in 1938|other ships|Queen Elizabeth (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = RMS Queen Elizabeth at Southampton 1967 (3).jpg
| Ship caption = RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' at [[Southampton]], [[England]], in 1967
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship flag = [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px]]
| Ship country = [[United Kingdom]]
| Ship name = *1939–1968: ''Queen Elizabeth''
*1968–1970: ''Elizabeth''
*1970–1972: ''Seawise University''
| Ship owner = *1939–1949: [[Cunard White Star Line]]
*1949–1968: [[Cunard Line]]
*1968–1970: [[The Queen Corporation]]
*1970–1972: [[Orient Overseas Line]]
| Ship operator = 
| Ship registry = *[[Liverpool]] (1940–1968)
*[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] (1970–1972)
| Ship namesake = [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]]
| Ship route = [[Transatlantic crossing|Transatlantic]]
| Ship ordered = 6 October 1936
| Ship builder = *[[John Brown and Company]]
*&nbsp;<small>[[Clydebank]], Scotland, United Kingdom</small>
| Ship yard number = 552
| Ship laid down = 4 December 1936<ref>''Pride of the North Atlantic, A Maritime Trilogy'', David F. Hutchings. Waterfront 2003</ref>
| Ship launched = 27 September 1938
| Ship completed = 2 March 1940
| Ship christened = <!-- blank per template doc -->
| Ship maiden voyage = 16 October 1946<ref>John Shephard, [http://www.liverpoolships.org/the_cunard_white_star_liner_queen_elizabeth.html The Cunard – White Star liner ''Queen Elizabeth'']</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEzKxccRgZs RMS Queen Elizabeth – Maiden Voyage after War – Cunard – Original footage], British Movietone News via youtube</ref>
| Ship in service = 1946–1972
| Ship out of service = 9 January 1972
| Final Transatlantic Voyage = 30 October 1968
| Ship identification = *Radio Callsign GBSS
*{{IMO Number|5287902}}
| Ship out of Cunard service = 7 December 1968 (Sold)
| Ship fate = Caught fire and capsized, wreck partially dismantled between 1974–75, rest buried under land reclamation
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship type = [[Ocean liner]]
| Ship tonnage = 83,673 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]]
| Ship displacement = 83,000+ [[Long ton|tons]] (84331+ [[metric ton]]s)
| Ship length = {{cvt|1031|ft|1}}
| Ship beam = {{cvt|118|ft|1}}
| Ship height = {{cvt|233|ft|1}}
| Ship draught = {{cvt|38|ft|9|in|1}}
| Ship depth = 
| Ship decks = 13
| Ship power = 12 × [[Water-tube boiler#Yarrow|Yarrow]] boilers
| Ship propulsion = *4 × [[C. A. Parsons and Company|Parsons]] single-reduction geared steam turbines
*4 shafts, {{cvt|200000|shp}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.relevantsearchscotland.co.uk/ships/ships/042queenelizabeth.html|title=RMS Queen Elizabeth|website=www.relevantsearchscotland.co.uk|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921161655/https://www.relevantsearchscotland.co.uk/ships/ships/042queenelizabeth.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Ship speed = *{{cvt|28.5|knots|
}} (service)
| Ship capacity = 2,283 passengers
| Ship crew = 1,000+
| Ship notes = 
}}
|}

'''RMS ''Queen Elizabeth''''' was an [[ocean liner]] operated by [[Cunard Line]]. Along with the {{RMS|Queen Mary|3=2}}, she provided a weekly transatlantic service between [[Southampton]] in the United Kingdom and [[New York City]] in the United States, via [[Cherbourg]] in France.

Built by [[John Brown and Company]] at [[Clydebank]], [[Scotland]], as ''Hull 552'',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA346 |title="Big Liners Steel Frame Work Rises as Workers Speed Up" ''Popular Mechanics'', left-side pg 346 |publisher=Hearst Magazines |date=September 1937}}</ref> she was launched on 27 September 1938 and named in honour of [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]], the wife of [[King George VI]]. Her design was an improvement of that of ''Queen Mary'', resulting in a vessel 12 feet longer and several thousand tons greater GRT, making her the largest passenger liner ever built for a record 56 years. She entered service in March 1940 as a [[troopship]] in the [[Second World War]], and did not make her first commercial voyage as an ocean liner until October 1946.

With the decline in popularity of the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the smaller, more economical ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'', which made her maiden voyage in 1969. ''Queen Mary'' was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and sold to the city of [[Long Beach, California]]. ''Queen Elizabeth'' was retired after her final crossing to New York, on 8 December 1968.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://ssmaritime.com/RMS-Queen-Elizabeth.htm | title=RMS Quen Elizabeth - 1939 }}</ref> She was moved to [[Port Everglades]], [[Florida]], and converted to a tourist attraction, which opened in February 1969. The business was unsuccessful, and closed in August 1970. Finally, the ship was sold to Hong Kong businessman [[Tung Chao-yung]], who intended to convert her into a floating university cruise ship called '''''Seawise University'''''. In 1972, while she was undergoing refurbishment in Hong Kong harbour, a fire broke out aboard under unexplained circumstances, and the vessel was capsized by the water used to fight the fire. The following year the wreck was deemed an obstruction to shipping in the area, and in 1974 and 1975 was partially scrapped on site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruiseserver.net/travelpage/ships/cu_qe.asp |title=Classic Liners and Cruise Ships – Queen Elizabeth |publisher=Cruiseserver.net |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

==Design and construction==
[[File:Queen Elizabeth Construction.jpg|thumb|left|''Queen Elizabeth'' under construction at Clydebank]]
On the day RMS ''Queen Mary'' sailed on her maiden voyage, Cunard's chairman, Sir Percy Bates, informed his ship designers, headed by George Paterson, that it was time to start designing the planned second ship.<ref>RMS Queen Elizabeth from Victory to Valhalla. pp. 10</ref> The official contract between Cunard and government financiers was signed on 6 October 1936.<ref name=qe>{{cite web |url=http://www.cunard.com/AboutCunard/default.asp?Active=Heritage&Sub=Fleet |title=Cunard Queen Elizabeth 1940 – 1972 |publisher=Cunard.com |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102204343/http://cunard.com/AboutCunard/default.asp?Active=Heritage&Sub=Fleet |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The new ship improved upon the design of ''Queen Mary''<ref name="cross355">Maxtone-Graham, John. ''The Only Way to Cross''. New York: Collier Books, 1972, pp. 360–61</ref> with sufficient changes, including a reduction in the number of boilers to twelve instead of ''Queen Mary''{{'s}} twenty-four, that the designers could discard one funnel and increase deck, cargo and passenger space. The two funnels were self-supporting and braced internally to give a cleaner-looking appearance. With the forward well deck omitted, a more refined hull shape was achieved, and a sharper, raked bow was added for a third bow-anchor point.<ref name=cross355/> She was to be twelve feet longer and 4,000 tons greater displacement than the ''Queen Mary''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/sister-ship-to-the-queen-mary/query/Queen|title=Sister Ship To The Queen Mary|first=British|last=Pathé|website=www.britishpathe.com}}</ref><ref name=qe/>

[[File:RMS Queen Mary (1936) (51022313917).jpg|thumb|left|Scale models of ''Queen Mary'' (foreground) and ''Queen Elizabeth'' (background) created by John Brown & Company, on display at the Glasgow Museum of Transport.]]
''Queen Elizabeth'' was built on slipway four at John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, Great Britain. During her construction she was more commonly known by her shipyard number, Hull 552.<ref>RMS Queen Elizabeth, The Beautiful Lady. Janette McCutcheon, The History Press Ltd (8 November 2001)</ref> The interiors were designed by a team of artists headed by the architect [[George Grey Wornum]].<ref>''The Liverpool Post'', 23 August 1937</ref> The staircases, foyers and entrances were constructed by [[H.H. Martyn & Co.]]<ref>{{cite book |author=John Whitaker|year=1985|title=The Best|page=238}}</ref> Cunard's plan was for the ship to be launched in September 1938, with fitting-out intended to be complete for her to enter service in the spring of 1940.<ref name=qe/> [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] herself performed the launching ceremony on 27 September 1938.<ref name=cross355/> Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before the Queen could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the ship’s bow just before it slid out of reach.<ref>Hutchings, David F. (2003) ''Pride of the North Atlantic. A Maritime Trilogy'', Waterfront.</ref> The liner was then docked for fitting out.<ref name=qe/><ref name=cross355/> It was announced that on 23 August 1939 [[King George VI]] and Queen Elizabeth were to visit the ship and tour the engine room and that 24 April 1940 was to be the proposed date of her maiden voyage. Due to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], these two events were postponed and Cunard's plans were cancelled.<ref name=qe/>

''Queen Elizabeth'' sat at the fitting-out dock at the shipyard in her Cunard colours until 2 November 1939, when the [[Ministry of Shipping (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Shipping]] issued special licences to declare her seaworthy. On 29 December the engines were tested for the first time, running from 0900 to 1600 with the propellers disconnected to monitor her oil and steam operating temperatures and pressures. Two months later Cunard received a letter from [[Winston Churchill]],<ref name=maxtone359>Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 358–60</ref> then [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], ordering the ship to leave Clydeside as soon as possible and "to keep away from the British Isles as long as the order was in force".{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Second World War==
At the start of the Second World War, it was decided that ''Queen Elizabeth'' was so vital to the war effort that she must not have her movements tracked by German spies operating in the Clydebank area. An elaborate ruse suggested to any German observers that she would sail to Southampton to complete her fitting-out.<ref name=maxtone359/> Another factor prompting the ship’s departure was the necessity to clear the fitting-out berth at the shipyard for the battleship {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}},<ref name=maxtone359/> for final fitting-out, as only it could accommodate the [[King George V-class battleship (1939)|''King George V''-class battleship]]s.

[[File:The three largest ships in the world, New York, 1940 - photographic postcard (3796186285).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|''Normandie'', ''Queen Mary'' and ''Queen Elizabeth'' at [[New York Harbor]] in 1940]]

One major factor that limited the ship's departure date was that there were only two spring tides that year high enough for ''Queen Elizabeth'' to leave the Clydebank shipyard,<ref name=maxtone359/> known also by German intelligence. A minimal crew of four hundred were assigned for the trip; most were transferred from {{RMS|Aquitania|3=2}} and told that this would be a short coastal voyage to Southampton,<ref name=maxtone359/> but to pack for six months.<ref name=palaces>''Floating Palaces.'' (1996) A&E. TV Documentary. Narrated by Fritz Weaver</ref> Parts were shipped to Southampton, and preparations were made to move the ship into the [[King George V Graving Dock]] when she arrived.<ref name=maxtone359/> The names of Brown's shipyard employees were booked to local hotels in Southampton, and Captain John Townley, who had previously commanded ''Aquitania'' on one voyage and several of Cunard's smaller vessels, was appointed as her first [[sea captain|master]].

By the beginning of March 1940, ''Queen Elizabeth'' was ready to move; the ship had been fuelled, and adjustments to her compass were made, along with some final testing of equipment. The Cunard colours were painted over with [[battleship grey]], and on the morning of 3 March, the ship quietly left her moorings in the Clyde and proceeded out of the river, where she was met by a [[King's Messenger]],<ref name=maxtone359/> who presented sealed orders directly to the captain.

[[File:British troops arrive in the Middle East having been transported by the liner QUEEN ELIZABETH, 22 July 1942. E14706.jpg|thumb|''Queen Elizabeth'' painted in wartime grey, having just transported troops to the Middle East in 1942]]
[[File:Ss Queen Elizabeth FL10011 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' as a troopship during [[World War II]]]]

They were to take the ship directly to New York, in the neutral United States, not to stop or even slow to drop off the Southampton [[harbour pilot]] who had embarked on at Clydebank, and to maintain strict radio silence. Later that day, when she was due to arrive at Southampton, the city was bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]].<ref name=maxtone359/>

''Queen Elizabeth'' zigzagged across the Atlantic to elude German U-boats and took six days to reach New York at an average speed of 26 knots. There she found herself moored alongside both ''Queen Mary'' and the French Line's {{SS|Normandie|3=2}}, the only time the world's three largest ocean liners were ever berthed together.<ref name=maxtone359/>
The three ships remained together for two weeks before ''Queen Mary'' departed for [[Sydney]], Australia.<ref name="cross355" /> Captain Townley received two telegrams on his arrival in New York, one from his wife, and the other from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth thanking him for the vessel's safe delivery. The ship was then secured so that no one could board her without prior permission, including port officials.<ref name=maxtone359/>

''Queen Elizabeth'' left the port of New York on 13 November 1940, for Singapore to receive her troopship conversion.<ref name=qe/> After two stops to refuel and replenish her stores in [[Trinidad]] and [[Cape Town]], she arrived in Singapore's naval docks, where she was fitted with [[anti-aircraft]] guns, and her hull repainted grey.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

''Queen Elizabeth'' left Singapore on 11 February, and on 23 February 1942, secretly arrived in [[Esquimalt]], British Columbia, Canada. She underwent refit work in drydock adding accommodation and armaments, and three hundred naval ratings quickly painted the hull.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nauticapedia.ca/Articles/Queen_Elizabeth.php|title = Queen Elizabeth}}</ref> In mid-March, carrying 8,000 American soldiers, ''Queen Elizabeth'' began a 7,700-mile voyage from San Francisco to Sydney, Australia.<ref>[https://www.williamzacha.com/artists/dorr-bothwell/db-art/wwii-diary/queen-elizabeth/ ''The RMS Queen Elizabeth (1942)''] Zacha's Bay Window Gallery</ref> She then carried Australian troops to [[theater (warfare)|theatres]] of operation in Asia and Africa.<ref name=scots>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayrshirescotland.com/ships/ships/042queenelizabeth.html |title=Rms. Queen Elizabeth |publisher=Ayrshire Scotland |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108071036/http://www.ayrshirescotland.com/ships/ships/042queenelizabeth.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> After 1942, the two ''Queens'' were relocated to the North Atlantic for the transportation of American troops to Europe.<ref name=scots/> Their high speeds allowed them to outrun hazards, principally German [[U-boat]]s, usually allowing them to travel outside a [[convoy]] and without escort.<ref name=palaces/> Nevertheless, ''Queen Elizabeth'' was the target of [[German submarine U-704|U-704]], which fired four torpedoes at her on 9 November 1942.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945 |date=2000 |publisher=Modern Library |location=New York |pages=107}}</ref> The commander, Horst Wilhelm Kessler, heard a detonation<ref name=":0" /> and Nazi radio propaganda claimed she was sunk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Image |url=https://rmhh.co.uk/ships/pages/RMS%20Queen%20Elizabeth%208.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=rmhh.co.uk}}</ref> In reality, one of the torpedoes detonated prematurely and the ship was unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY - The CUNARD - WHITE STAR Liner rms QUEEN ELIZABETH (1938-1972) |url=https://earlofcruise.blogspot.com/2017/03/history-cunard-white-star-liner-rms.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=earlofcruise.blogspot.com}}</ref>

During her war service ''Queen Elizabeth'' carried more than 750,000 troops, and sailed some {{Convert|500000|mi}}.<ref name="qe" />

==As a liner==
[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth at Southampton 1960 (1).jpg|thumb|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' at [[Southampton]], [[England]], in 1960]]
Following the end of the Second World War, ''Queen Elizabeth'' was refitted and furnished as an ocean liner,<ref name=qe/> while her running mate ''Queen Mary'' remained in her wartime role and grey appearance except for her funnels, which were repainted in the company's colours. For another year, her sibling did military service, returning troops and [[war bride|G.I. brides]] to the United States while ''Queen Elizabeth'' was overhauled at the Firth of Clyde Drydock, in [[Greenock]], by the John Brown Shipyard.

[[File:StateLibQld 1 143895 Queen Elizabeth (ship).jpg|left|thumb|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']]
Six years of war service had never permitted the formal sea trials to take place, so they were now finally undertaken. Under the command of Commodore [[James Gordon Partridge Bisset|Sir James Bisset]], the ship travelled to the Isle of [[Isle of Arran|Arran]] to carry them out. On board was the ship's namesake, [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]], and her two daughters, Princesses [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth]] and [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Margaret]].<ref name=qe/> During the trials, Queen Elizabeth took the wheel for a brief time, and the two young princesses recorded the two measured runs with stopwatches that they had been given for the occasion. Bisset was under strict instructions from Sir Percy Bates, who was also aboard the trials, that all that was required from the ship was two measured runs of no more than 30 knots and that she was not permitted to attempt to attain a higher speed record than ''Queen Mary''.<ref name="ssmaritime.com">{{Cite web|url=http://ssmaritime.com/RMS-Queen-Elizabeth.htm|title=RMS Quen Elizabeth - 1939|website=ssmaritime.com}}</ref> ''Queen Elizabeth''{{'}}s engines were capable of driving her to speeds of over 32 knots.<ref name="ssmaritime.com"/> After her trials ''Queen Elizabeth'' finally entered passenger service, allowing Cunard White Star to launch the long-planned two-ship weekly service to New York.<ref>Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 396</ref> Despite specifications similar to those of ''Queen Mary'', ''Queen Elizabeth'' never held the [[Blue Riband]], for Cunard White Star chairman Sir Percy Bates asked that the two ships not to compete against each other.<ref name="ssmaritime.com"/>

The ship ran aground on a sandbank off [[Southampton]] on 14 April 1947, and was re-floated the following day.<ref name=qe/>

In 1955, during an annual overhaul at Southampton, England, ''Queen Elizabeth'' was fitted with underwater fin stabilisers to smooth the ride in rough seas. Two retractable fins were fitted on each side of the hull, allowing fuel savings in smooth seas and during docking.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=biYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA22 "Big Liner Sprouts Fins."] ''Popular Science'', June 1955, pp. 122–124.</ref> On 29 July 1959, she was in a collision with the American freighter ''American Hunter'' in foggy conditions in [[New York Harbor]] and was holed above the waterline.<ref name="Times300759">{{cite newspaper The Times |title=Liner Queen Elizabeth in Collision |date=30 July 1959 |page=6 |issue=54526 |column=A}}</ref>

[[File:RMSQE.jpg|thumb|left|In [[New York Harbor]] approaching [[Manhattan]], 1965]]
[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth at Southampton 1967 (5).jpg|thumb|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' at [[Southampton]] in 1967]]

Together with ''Queen Mary'' and in competition with the American liners {{SS|United States}} and {{SS|America}}, ''Queen Elizabeth'' dominated the [[transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] passenger trade until their fortunes began to decline with the advent of the faster and more economical jet [[airliner]] in the late 1950s.<ref name=palaces/> As passenger numbers declined, the liners became uneconomic to operate in the face of rising fuel and labour costs. For a short time the ''Queen Elizabeth'', then under the command of Commodore Geoffrey Trippleton Marr, attempted a dual role of alternating her usual transatlantic route with cruising between New York and [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name=qe/> For this new tropical excursion the ship received a major refit in 1965, with a new [[Lido (swimming pool)|Lido]] deck added to her aft section, enhanced [[air conditioning]], and an outdoor swimming pool. With these improvements, Cunard intended to keep the ship in operation until at least the mid-1970s.<ref>Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 409</ref> However, the strategy did not prove successful, owing to the ship's deep [[Draft (hull)|draught]], which prevented her from entering various island ports, and high fuel costs. She was also too wide for transiting the [[Panama Canal]], limiting travel to the Pacific.

Cunard retired ''Queen Mary'' in 1967 and ''Queen Elizabeth'' upon her final Atlantic crossing to New York on 5 November 1968.<ref name="auto"/> The two liners were replaced with the new, smaller, more economical ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]''.

==Final years==
[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth Southampton.jpg|thumb|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' at [[Southampton]] in 1968]]
[[File:RMS Queen Elizabeth at Southampton 1967 (4).jpg|thumb|left|''Queen Elizabeth'' docked at [[Southampton]] in 1967]]
[[File:Postcard Stevens with RMS Queen Elizabeth.jpg|thumb|''Queen Elizabeth'' leaving [[New York City|New York]] during her last voyage, 1968]]
In late 1968, ''Queen Elizabeth'' was sold to the Elizabeth Corporation, with 15% of the company controlled by a group of Philadelphia businessmen and 85% retained by Cunard. The new company intended to operate the ship as a hotel and tourist attraction in [[Port Everglades]], Florida, similar to the planned use of ''Queen Mary'' in [[Long Beach, California]].<ref name=qe/> ''Elizabeth'', as she was now called, arrived in Port Everglades on 8 December 1968 and opened to tourists in February 1969, well before ''Queen Mary'', which opened two years later, in 1971. The vessel was sold to Queen Ltd of Port Everglades on 19 July 1969.<ref name="auto"/> However, ''Queen Elizabeth's'' retirement in Florida was not to last. The climate of southern Florida was much harder on the ship than the climate of southern California was on ''Queen Mary''. There was some talk of permanently flooding the bilge and allowing ''Queen Elizabeth'' to rest on the bed of the Intracoastal Waterway in Ft. Lauderdale harbour (Port Everglades) and remain open, but the ship was forced to close in August 1970, after losing money and being declared a fire hazard.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29134425/journal_and_courier/ |title='Queen' Fire Hazard' |agency=Associated Press |page=9 |date=13 November 1969 |newspaper=Journal and Courier |location=Lafayette, IN |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The vessel was sold at auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon [[Tung Chao Yung]].<ref name=qe/>

Tung, the head of the [[Orient Overseas Container Line|Orient Overseas Line]], intended to convert the vessel into a university for the [[Semester at Sea|World Campus Afloat]] program (later reformed and renamed as Semester at Sea). Following the tradition of the Orient Overseas Line, the ship was renamed ''Seawise University''.<ref name=qe/>

The ship was under Hong Kong ownership, and sailed for Hong Kong on 10 February 1971.<ref name="auto"/> This was ill-advised, as the ship's engines and boilers were in poor condition after several years of neglect. The retired Commodore Marr and a former chief engineer of the ship were hired by Tung as advisors for the journey to Hong Kong. Marr recommended that ''Seawise University'' be towed to the [[New Territories]], but Tung and his crew were convinced that they could get there using just the aft engines and boilers. The planned several-week trip turned into months as the crew battled with boiler issues and a fire. An unplanned lengthy mid-voyage stopover allowed the new owners to fly spare parts out to the ship and carry out repairs before resuming course, arriving in Hong Kong Harbour in July 1971.

[[File:Queen Elizabeth on fire as Seawise University.gif|left|thumb|''Seawise University'' on fire]]

With the £5&nbsp;million conversion nearing completion, the vessel caught fire on 9 January 1972.<ref name=qe/> These fires were set deliberately, as several blazes broke out simultaneously throughout the ship and a later court of inquiry handed down a cause of arson by person or persons unknown.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1347&dat=19720110&id=JYITAAAAIBAJ&pg=5917,2544569 |title=Arson Suspected as Blaze Destroys Queen Elizabeth |date=10 January 1972 |access-date=17 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The fact that Tung had acquired the vessel for $3.5&nbsp;million, and had insured it for $8&nbsp;million, led some to speculate that the inferno was part of a fraud to collect on the insurance claim. Others speculated that the fires were the result of a conflict between Tung, a [[Chinese Nationalist]], and [[Communist]]-dominated ship construction unions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--The-Queen-Elizabeth-Mysteriously-Sinks-In-a-Hong-Kong-Harbor.html |title=On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Mysteriously Sinks in a Hong Kong Harbor |date=9 January 2011 |publisher=Findingdulcinea.com |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226193350/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--The-Queen-Elizabeth-Mysteriously-Sinks-In-a-Hong-Kong-Harbor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ship rolled on its side from the water sprayed on her by fireboats, then settled on the bottom of Victoria Harbour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chriscunard.com/queen-elizabeth/ |title=Queen Elizabeth |publisher=Chriscunard.com |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> The vessel was finally declared a shipping hazard and dismantled for scrap between December 1974<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cunard - White Star Liner QUEEN ELIZABETH 1938 - 1972 |url=http://www.liverpoolships.org/the_cunard_white_star_liner_queen_elizabeth.html |website=www.liverpoolships.org}}</ref> and 1975. Portions of the hull that were not salvaged, as well as the keel, boilers and engines, remained at the bottom of the harbour, and the area was marked as "Foul" on local sea charts, warning ships not to try to anchor there. It is estimated that around 40–50% of the wreck was still on the seabed. In the late 1990s, the last remains of the wreck were buried during [[land reclamation]] for the construction of [[Container Terminal 9]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gwulo.com/RMS-Queen-Elizabeth-location-in-Hong-Kong |title=Sea queen to lie below CT9 |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The position of the wreck is {{Coord|22|19|43|N|114|06|44|E|display=inline|type:landmark_region:HK}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1832010/EIA/PDF/Vol%204%20Appendix/Chapter%209/Appendix%209_3.pdf |title=Providing Sufficient Water Depth for Kwai Tsing Container Basin and its Approach Channel Environmental Impact Assessment Report&nbsp;– Appendix 9.3 UK Hydrographic Office Data |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Seawise University wreck.jpg|thumb|left|1972: The wreck of ''Seawise University'', ex-''Queen Elizabeth'', in [[Victoria Harbour]], Hong Kong]]
[[File:Seawise University (Queen Elizabeth)-jan1972-gc01.jpg|thumb|The wreck of ''Seawise University'' after the fire]]

After the fire, Tung had one of the liner's anchors and the metal letters "Q" and "E" from the name on the bow placed in front of the office building at [[Del Amo Fashion Center]] in [[Torrance, California|Torrance]], California, which had been intended as the headquarters of the Seawise University venture;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruisetalkshow.com/id181.html |title=Queen Elizabeth |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164039/http://www.cruisetalkshow.com/id181.html |publisher=cruisetalkshow.com |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://linerlogbook.blogspot.com/2010/12/queen-elizabeth-in-torrance.html |title=The Captain's Table: The Queen Elizabeth in Torrance |first=Z. e |last=Whitlow |date=14 December 2010}}</ref> they later went on display with commemorative plaques in the lobby of [[Wall Street Plaza]] (88 Pine Street), New York City. Two of the ship's fire warning system brass plaques were recovered by a dredger, and were displayed at The Aberdeen Boat Club in Hong Kong in an exhibit about the ship. The charred remnants of her last ensign were cut from the flagpole and framed in 1972, and still adorn the wall of the officers' mess of marine police HQ in Hong Kong. [[Parker Pen Company]] produced a special edition of 5,000 pens made from material recovered from the wreck, each in a presentation box; today these are highly collectible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parker75.com/Reference/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth.htm |title=Parker 75 RMS Queen Elizabeth |publisher=Parker75.com |access-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref>

Following the demise of ''Queen Elizabeth'', the largest passenger ship in active service became the 66,343 GRT {{SS|France|1961|6}}, which was longer but with less tonnage than the Cunard liner. ''Queen Elizabeth'' held the record of largest passenger ship ever built until the 101,353 GT [[Carnival Destiny]] (later Carnival Sunshine) was launched in 1996. To date, ''Queen Elizabeth'' still holds the record as the largest passenger ship for the longest period of time: 56 years.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==In fiction==
In 1959, the ship made an appearance in the British satirical comedy film ''[[The Mouse That Roared (film)|The Mouse That Roared]]'', starring [[Peter Sellers]] and [[Jean Seberg]]. While a troupe of invading men from "[[Grand Fenwick]]", a fictional European micro-nation, cross the Atlantic to 'war' with the United States, they meet and pass the far larger ''Queen Elizabeth'', and learn that the port of New York is closed due to an air raid drill.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mouse That Roared (1959) Trivia |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053084/trivia?item=tr2461151 |website=IMDB |publisher=IMDB.com |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

[[Ian Fleming]] set the climax to his 1956 [[James Bond]] novel ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' on ''Queen Elizabeth''. The 1971 [[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|film version starring Connery]] used the [[P&O (company)|P&O]] liner {{ship|SS|Canberra||6}} for the sequence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poheritage.com/the-collection/galleries/Posters/Cruising/CANBERRA---The-James-Bond-Ship|title=CANBERRA - The James Bond Ship - Cruising - Posters - P&O Collection|website=www.poheritage.com}}</ref>

The wreck was featured in the 1974 [[Production of the James Bond films|James Bond film]] ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'', as a covert headquarters for [[MI6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cruiseserver.net/travelpage/ships/cu_qe.asp |title=RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/03/favourite-bond-man-golden-gun |title=My favourite Bond film: ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' |author=Hann, Michael |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Britton |first1=Andrew |title=RMS Queen Elizabeth |series=Classic Liners series |date=2013 |publisher=[[The History Press]] |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=9780752479514}}
* {{cite book |last=Butler |first=D.A. |year=2002 |title=Warrior Queens: The Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth in World War II |edition=1st |location=Mechanicsburg |publisher=Stackpole Books }}
* {{cite book |last=Galbraith |first=R. |year=1988 |title=Destiny's Daughter: The Tragedy of RMS Queen Elizabeth |location=Vermont |publisher=Trafalgar Square }}
* {{cite book |last=Maddocks |first=Melvin |year=1978 |title=''The Great Liners'' |location=Alexandria, VA |publisher=Time-Life Books |isbn=0809426641 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greatliners00madd }}
* {{cite book |last=Varisco |first=R. |year=2013 |title=RMS Queen Elizabeth: Cunard's Big Beautiful Ship of Life |location=Gold Coast |publisher=Blurb Books }}
* Harvey, Clive, 2008, ''R.M.S. Queen Elizabeth The Ultimate Ship'', Carmania Press, London, {{ISBN|978-0-95436668-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IMO 5287902}}
* [http://www.ssmaritime.com/RMS-Queen-Elizabeth.htm Cunard Line White Star Line R.M.S. ''Queen Elizabeth'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100826125950/http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/queenelizabeth.html The Great Ocean Liners: ''Queen Elizabeth'']
* [http://rmhh.co.uk/ships/pages/RMS%20Queen%20Elizabeth%201.html RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' story and picture]
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/shipbuilding-boom-clyde-yards-on-full-time Pathe newsreel of ''Queen Elizabeth'' being built]

{{Largest passenger ships}}
{{Cunard ships}}
{{1947 shipwrecks}}
{{1965 shipwrecks}}
{{1972 shipwrecks}}<!---year added for correct sorting when displayed in the same lists as [[MS Queen Elizabeth]]--->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Queen Elizabeth (1940)}}
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:History of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Ocean liners of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Cunard Line]]
[[Category:Ship fires]]
[[Category:Ships of Scotland]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Steamships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1947]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1968]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1972]]
[[Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1938 ships]]
[[Category:Troop ships]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of Hong Kong]]