Editing Racing slick

{{Short description|Type of tire used in auto racing}}
<!-- This article uses "tyre" as opposed to "tire". Per WP:ENGVAR, editors are asked to avoid arbitrarily changing the spelling without first discussing such a change. Please ask if you have questions regarding this. -->
[[File:Alain Prost F1 RE40 p1040464.jpg|thumb|250px|Tyre on [[Alain Prost]]'s 1983 [[Renault in Formula One|Renault Formula One]] racing car]]
A '''racing slick''' or '''slick tyre''' is a type of [[tire|tyre]] that has a smooth [[tire tread|tread]]<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.bfor.com/resources/product_bulletins/b_vsms.pdf
 |title       = V-STEEL SMOOTH TREAD-MS
 |publisher   = [[Bridgestone]]
 |access-date  = 2012-01-31
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100917204240/http://bfor.com/resources/product_bulletins/b_vsms.pdf
 |archive-date = 2010-09-17
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://michelinbicycletire.com/michelinbicycle/index.cfm?event=smoothtread.view
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130202051757/http://michelinbicycletire.com/michelinbicycle/index.cfm?event=smoothtread.view
| archive-date=2013-02-02
| title = Why a Smooth Tread on Road Tires?
| publisher = Michelin
| access-date = 2012-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sheldonbrown.com/brandt/slicks.html
| title =  Tires with smooth tread
| author = Jobst Brandt
| author-link = Jobst Brandt
| access-date = 2012-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-racing/nascar/nascar-basics/nascar-rain1.htm
| title = Why doesn't NASCAR race in the rain?
| author = Christopher Neiger
| date = 22 December 2008
| publisher = HowStuffWorks
| quote = NASCAR tires have a completely smooth tread.
| access-date = 2012-01-31}}</ref> used mostly in [[auto racing]]. The first production slick tyre was developed by M&H Tires in the early 1950s for use in [[drag racing]]. By eliminating any grooves cut into the tread, such tyres provide the largest possible [[contact patch]] to the road,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pirelli.com/tyres/en-gb/motorsport/all-tyres/products-sheet/slick|title=Slick - Motorsport Tyres &#124; Pirelli|website=www.pirelli.com}}</ref> and maximize dry [[traction (engineering)|traction]] for any given tyre dimension. Slick tyres are used on [[race tracks]] and in [[road racing]], where acceleration, steering and braking require maximum traction from each wheel. Slick tyres are typically used on only the driven (powered) wheels in drag racing, where the only concern is maximum traction to put power to the ground, and are not used in [[rallying]].

Slick tyres are not suitable for use on common road vehicles, which must be able to operate in all weather conditions. They are used in auto racing where competitors can choose different tyres based on the weather conditions and can often change tyres during a race.

==Performance==
{{See also|Tire load sensitivity}}
Two [[stress (mechanics)|stress]] mechanisms produce tyre [[grip (auto racing)|grip]]:<ref name="racecar-engineering"/>
* Indentation of the [[viscoelastic]] tyre rubber adapting to the texture of the road surface
* Molecular [[adhesion]] at the interface between the tyre rubber and the road surface

Slick tyres can provide far more traction than grooved tyres on dry roads, but typically have far less traction than grooved tyres under wet conditions. Wet roads severely diminish the traction because of [[aquaplaning]] due to water trapped between the tyre contact area and the road surface. Grooved tyres are designed to remove water from the contact area through the grooves, thereby maintaining traction even in wet conditions.

Since there is no tread pattern, slick tyre tread does not deform much under load. The reduced [[deformation (engineering)|deformation]] allows the tyre to be constructed of softer compounds without excessive overheating and blistering. Modern day slick tyres have now developed particular performance qualities in a specific window of temperatures, becoming sticky when accumulating enough heat, and thus give much greater adhesion to the road surface,<ref name="racecar-engineering">{{Cite web |last=Hatton |first=Gemma |date=January 2, 2020 |title=Tyre grip |url=https://www.racecar-engineering.com/tech-explained/tyre-grip/}}</ref> but they also have lower [[treadwear rating]]s; ''i.e.'' they wear out much more quickly than the harder rubber tyres used for driving on the streets. It is not uncommon for drivers in some auto sports to wear out multiple sets of tyres during a single day's driving.

==Drag racing slicks==
[[File:1958 Fuel Dragster.jpg|thumb|A 1958 [[Top Fuel|Fuel]] [[dragster (car)|dragster]] (technically, a [[Hot rod#Rail|rail]]), on display at the [[California Automobile Museum]]]]
The first drag racing slick was developed by M&H Tires (Marvin & Harry Tires) in the early 1950s. It was the only company in the world that produced and sold original drag racing tyres.

Drag racing slicks vary in size, from slicks used on motorcycles to very wide ones used on "top fuel" dragsters. For "closed wheel" cars, often the car must be modified merely to account for the size of the slick, raising the body on the rear springs for the height of narrower slicks, or replacing the rear wheel housings with very wide "tubs" and narrowing the [[rear axle]] to allow room for the wider varieties of tyres. Open-wheel dragsters are freed from any such constraints, and can go to enormous tyre sizes. Some use very low pressures to maximize the tread contact area, producing the typical sidewall appearance which leads to their being termed "wrinkle wall" slicks. [[Inner tube]]s are typically used, to ensure that the air does not suddenly leak catastrophically as the tyre deforms under the stress of launching.

"Wrinkle Wall" slicks are now specifically designed for the special requirements of drag racing, being constructed in such a way as to allow the sidewall to be twisted by the torque applied at launch, softening the initial start and thus reducing the chances of breaking traction. As speed builds, the [[centrifugal force (fictitious)|centrifugal force]] generated by the tyre's rotation "unwraps" the sidewall, returning the energy to the car's acceleration. Additionally, it causes the tyres to expand radially, increasing their diameter and effectively creating a taller [[gear ratio]], allowing a higher top speed with the same [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] gearing.

===Cheater slicks===
{{Redirect|Cheater slicks|the band|Cheater Slicks}}
Since completely slick tyres are outlawed on most roads due to their inability to handle wet pavement, the "cheater slick" became a popular item in the [[hot rod]] world in the 1960s; a typical slick type tyre, but engraved with the absolute minimum amount of tread grooves required to satisfy legal requirements. Since then, however, tyre development has progressed greatly, so that today's hot rod street cars typically use wide, grooved tyres which perform better than the slicks of the past; while the cheater slicks available today, both for nostalgic appearance of street cars and for competition use in classes where legal street tyres are required, have followed their own line of development, diverging from true slick tyre construction to become a distinct tyre design in themselves.

==R compound tyres (grooved slicks)==
The development in cheaper slick technology has affected the development of tyres for racing series other than drag racing as well. When other forms of auto racing similarly instituted classes which require DOT approved street tyres, some manufacturers similarly began to market tyres which superficially resembled their high performance street tyres, but with the least tread pattern permissible and with very soft, sticky rubber, intended specifically for competition because the soft tread would wear too quickly for street use. These became known as ''R compound tyres''. With additional years of progress, this class of tyre has followed its own line of development, to the point where they have little in common with true street tyres of the same brand. This has led to new classes of racing which require not only DOT approval, but also a minimum [[treadwear rating]], in an effort to eliminate the R compound tyres from competition and require "true" street tyres.

==Formula One==
[[File:Used slick tyres Austrian GP 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Pirelli]] ultrasoft slick tyres seen at the [[2016 Austrian Grand Prix]]. The [[tyre wear]] is clearly visible.]]
{{main|Formula One tyres}}
In [[Formula One]], slick tyres were introduced by [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] at the [[1971 Spanish Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/ |title=Montjuic, 1971: When Formula 1 met racing slicks |first=Kurt |last=Ernst |date=August 12, 2013 |website=www.hemmings.com}}</ref> They were banned from the [[1998 Formula One season|1998]] to [[2008 Formula One season|2008 seasons]]. Dry weather tyres with mandatory [[circumference|circumferential]] grooves intended to reduce total grip and reduce cornering speeds were used, but were still often referred to as "slicks" as the grooves were not intended to disperse water and could not be used effectively in wet conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00253.html|title= Formula 1 Technical Regulation changes for 1998|publisher= grandprix.com|date=6 January 1997|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Slick tyres were reintroduced from the [[2009 Formula One season|2009 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/11/8741.html |title=A beginner's guide to the 2009 rule changes|publisher= Formula1.com|date=27 November 2008|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>

==Bicycle tyres==
In contrast, many [[bicycle tyre]]s made for street use are slick. [[Hydroplaning (tyres)|Aquaplaning]] does not present a problem for bicycles tyres due to their narrower width, higher pressure, lower speed, and circular cross section (due to the need to lean the bicycle in turns); the bicycle tyre can penetrate the water layer to contact the road much more easily. In practice, grooved bicycle tyres do not outperform slick tyres on wet roads. However, many low and medium performance bicycle tyres have substantial tread depth, because the bicycles are designed with off-road excursions in mind: in dirt, gravel or sand, the tread pattern provides significantly improved traction. In addition, high-performance bicycle tyres, although designed for road use only, often have a very fine tread pattern, which appears to provide no difference in performance versus a slick tyre and is only there for marketing purposes and as a tyre-wear indicator. This is clear not only from direct testing of tyres, but also from the fact that the texture of the road is itself coarser than the minimal tread pattern on these tyres.<ref name="sheldon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sheldonbrown.com/tyres.html|title=Cycle Tyres and Tubes|website=www.sheldonbrown.com}}</ref> Some grooveless designs have small "holes" or dimples embedded in the tread as a tyre-wear indicator. This is similar to automobile tyre-wear indicator bars, which contact the road when the tyre is worn to a low tread amount, making the tyre noisy on the road.

==See also==
* [[Indentation hardness]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219165045/http://www.nhra.com/dragster/1999/issue07/racing_technology.html Racing Technology; Street-legal slicks]
*[http://members.rennlist.com/944sandmore/traktire.htm R-compound "street" tires]
*[https://www.racecar-engineering.com/tech-explained/how-tyre-rubber-works/ How tyre rubber works; racecar-engineering.com]

{{Tires}}
{{Powertrain}}

{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slick Tyre}}
[[Category:Tires]]
[[Category:Vehicle modifications]]