Editing Rainbow Books

{{for multi|the series of U.S. government publications on [[computer security]] standards|Rainbow Series|pre-Internet communications protocols|Coloured Book protocols|the "Reading Rainbow" children's television series|Reading Rainbow}}
{{short description|Book series that contains the specifications of Compact Discs}}
[[File:Green Book cover.jpg|thumb|right|Cover for the Green Book ([[CD-i]]) specification standard, in its eponymous color]]
{{Optical disc authoring}}
[[File:Rainbow Book formats.svg|thumb|Illustration depicting each format by color.|upright=1.20]]
The '''Rainbow Books''' are a collection of [[Compact Disc|CD]] [[content format|format]] [[specification (technical standard)|specification]]s, generally written and published by the companies involved in their development, including [[Philips]], [[Sony]], [[Panasonic|Matsushita]] and [[JVC]], among others.<br>

A number of these specifications have been officially adopted by established [[Standards organization|standards bodies]], including the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]], and [[Ecma International|ECMA]].

==''Red Book'' (1980) {{anchor|Red Book}}==

*[[Compact Disc Digital Audio|CD-DA]] (''Digital Audio'') – originally published by Philips and Sony in 1981,<ref name="redbook">{{cite book |author=N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken and Sony Corporation |date= 1981|title= Compact Disc Digital Audio System Description|publisher= <!--Not stated-->}}</ref> it was later standardized as IEC 60908:1987<ref name="IEC1987">{{citation |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |author=International Electrotechnical Commission|year=1987|title=IEC 60908:1987 Compact disc digital audio system |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041217/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18347 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later IEC 60908:1999.<ref name="IEC1999">{{citation |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |author=International Organization for Standardization|year=1999|title=IEC 60908:1999 Audio recording – Compact disc digital audio system |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016064048/https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60908%7Bed2.0%7Db.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[CD-Text]] – a 1996 extension to CD-DA
**CD-MIDI – part of the original Red Book standard
**[[CD+G]] (''plus Graphics'') – an extension of the Red Book specifications used mainly for [[karaoke]]
***[[CD+G#Improvements|CD+EG]] (''plus Extended Graphics'') – an extension of CD+G

==''Yellow Book'' (1983) {{anchor|Yellow Book}}==

*[[CD-ROM]] (''Read-Only Memory'')<ref name="infoworld1994">{{cite web|date=June 6, 1994|title=InfoWorld Vol. 16, No. 23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88|access-date=March 25, 2020|publisher=[[InfoWorld]]|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 15–18, 1996|title=Proceedings of the 5th Annual Federal Depository Library Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6fd2zvM41YC&pg=PA11|access-date=February 10, 2022|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=11}}</ref> – originally developed by Philips and Sony,<ref name="cdrom">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |title=Compact Disc Read Only Memory System Description|publisher=<!--Not stated-->  |year=1983 |location=<!--Not stated--> }}</ref> it was standardized as ISO/IEC 10149<ref name="iso-cdrom">{{cite web|url=https://iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25869|title=ISO/IEC 10149:1995 – Information technology – Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)|year=1995|author=International Organization for Standardization|access-date=August 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115213634/https://www.iso.org/standard/25869.html|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1988 and ECMA-130<ref name="ecma130">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-130_2nd_edition_june_1996.pdf |title=Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM) |publisher=ECMA |date=June 1996 |access-date=December 31, 2023}}</ref> in 1989
**[[CD-ROM#CD-ROM XA extension|CD-ROM XA]] (''eXtended Architecture'') – a 1991 extension of CD-ROM, developed by Philips and Sony<ref name="cdxa">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |title=System Description CD-ROM XA |publisher=Philips Intellectual Property and Standards |year=1991 |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands}}</ref> 

==''Green Book'' (1986) {{anchor|Green Book}}==

*[[CD-i]] (''Interactive'') – standard developed and published by Phillips.<ref name="cdi">{{cite book |author=Philips Consumer Electronics B.V; and Sony Corporation |url=https://www.lscdweb.com/data/downloadables/2/8/cdi_may94_r2.pdf |title=Green Book Version May 1994, Release 2 |year=1994 |publisher=Royal Philips Electronics System Standards & Licensing |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands |access-date=October 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809203405/https://www.lscdweb.com/data/downloadables/2/8/cdi_may94_r2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==''Orange Book'' (1990) {{anchor|Orange Book}}==

Orange is a reference to the fact that red and yellow mix to orange. This correlates with the fact that CD-R and CD-RW are capable of audio ("Red") and data ("Yellow"); although other colors (other CD standards) that do not mix are capable of being burned onto the physical medium. ''Orange Book'' also introduced the standard for [[multisession]] writing.
*[[CD-RW#CD-MO|CD-MO]] (''Magneto-Optical'')<ref name="cdmo">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |title=Recordable Compact Disc Systems System Description, Part I: CD-MO |publisher=Philips Intellectual Property and Standards |year=1990 |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands|url=https://archive.org/details/sony-philips-compact-disc-recordable-compact-disc-systems-part-i-cd-mo-part-ii-c/|access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> 
*[[CD-R]] (''Recordable'') alias CD-WO (''Write Once'') alias CD-WORM (''Write Once, Read Many'') – originally developed by Sony and Philips,<ref name="cdwo">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |title=Recordable Compact Disc Systems System Description, Part II: CD-WO |publisher=Philips Intellectual Property and Standards |year=1990 |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands|url=https://archive.org/details/sony-philips-compact-disc-recordable-compact-disc-systems-part-i-cd-mo-part-ii-c/Sony%20-%20Philips%20-%20Compact%20Disc%20-%20Recordable%20Compact%20Disc%20Systems%20-%20Part%20I%20CD-MO%20-%20Part%20II%20CD-WO%20-%20System%20Descriptions%20-%20November%201990/|access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> it was partially standardized as ECMA-394.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ecma |url=https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-394_1st_edition_december_2010.pdf |title=ECMA-394. Recordable compact disc systems CD-R multi-speed. 1st edition, December 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |year=2010 |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227142743/https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-394_1st_edition_december_2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[CD-RW]] (''ReWritable'') alias CD-E (''Eraseable'') – originally developed by Philips, Sony and [[Ricoh]],<ref name="cdrw">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V.; Ricoh Company, Limited; and Sony Corporation |title=Compact Disc ReWriteable System Description|publisher=Philips Intellectual Property & Standards |year=1996 |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands|url=https://archive.org/details/orange-book-part-iii/}}</ref> it was partially standardized as ECMA-395.<ref name="cdrw2">{{cite book |author=Ecma |url=https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-395_1st_edition_december_2010.pdf |title=ECMA-394. Recordable compact disc systems CD-RW multi-speed. 1st edition, December 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2024 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715022313/https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-395_1st_edition_december_2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==''Beige Book'' (1992) {{anchor|Beige Book}}==

*[[Photo CD]] (''Photo'') — proprietary standard jointly developed by Philips and [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]];<ref name="photocd1">{{cite book |author=Eastman Kodak Corporation and Philips Electronics N.V. |date= 1994|title= System Description Photo CD|publisher= <!--Not stated-->}}</ref> never released to the public<ref name="photocd2">{{Cite web |title=Archive File Formats |url=https://www.dpbestflow.org/file-format/archive-file-formats#format|author=Richard Anderson|publisher=[[American Society of Media Photographers]]|access-date=October 31, 2024|date= September 22, 2015 }}</ref>

==''White Book'' (1993) {{anchor|White Book}}==

The ''[[White Book (CD standard)|White Book]]'' refers to a standard of compact disc that stores pictures and video.
*[[CD-i Bridge]]<ref name="cdib">{{Cite book |author=Philips Electronics N.V. and Sony Corporation |title=CD-I Bridge Specification |year=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/cd-i-bridge-specification/|access-date=October 31, 2024}}</ref> - a bridge format between [[CD-ROM XA]] and the [[Green Book (CD standard)|Green Book CD-i]], which is the base format for [[Video CD]]s, [[Super Video CD]]s and [[Photo CD]]s.
*[[Video CD|VCD]] (''Video'') – a standard jointly developed and published by JVC, Matsushita, Philips and Sony.<ref name="vcd">{{cite book |author=Victor Company of Japan, Ltd.; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.; Philips Electronics N.V; and Sony Corporation|date= 1994|title= Video CD Specifications|publisher=<!--Not stated--> }}</ref>
**[[Super Video CD|SVCD]] (''Super Video'', 1998) – a 1998 extension of VCD, standardized as [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 62107 in 2000.<ref name="iec-svcd">{{cite web|url=https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6468|title=IEC 62107:2000 – Super video compact disc - Disc-interchange system-specification|year=2000|author=International Electrotechnical Commission|access-date=October 30, 2024}}</ref>

==''Blue Book'' (1995)  {{anchor|Blue Book}}==

The ''[[Blue Book (CD standard)|Blue Book]]'' is a compact disc standard that defines the Enhanced Music CD format, which combines audio tracks and data tracks on the same disc.
*[[Blue Book (CD standard)|E-CD/CD+/CD Extra]] (''Enhanced'')<ref name="ecd">{{cite book |author=Microsoft Corporation, Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |date= 1995|title= Enhanced Music CD Specification|publisher=Philips Consumer Electronics B.V. Coordination Office Optical & Magnetic Media Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sony-philips-compact-disc-digital-audio-enhanced-music-cd-specificiation-version/}}</ref> – a standard jointly developed and published by [[Microsoft]], Philips and Sony

==''Scarlet Book'' (1999) {{anchor|Scarlet Book}}==
Scarlet color of this book is a reference to the Red Book, which defines original CDDA.

*[[Super Audio CD|SACD]] (''Super Audio'')<ref name="sacd">{{Cite book |author= Philips Electronics N.V., and Sony Corporation |title=Super Audio CD System Description |publisher=Philips Intellectual Property and Standards |year=2002 |location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands|url=https://archive.org/details/super-audio-cd-system-description/}}</ref> – a standard jointly developed and published by Philips and Sony

==''Purple Book'' (2000) {{anchor|Purple Book}}==
A standard developed by Philips and Sony in the late 1990s, with over 1 GB in capacity and recordable/re-recordable capabilities.<ref name=oscd>{{Cite book |last1=Peek |first1=Hans |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4020-9553-5.pdf |title=Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc: Contributions of Philips to Optical Storage |last2=Bergmans |first2=Jan |last3=van Haaren |first3=Jos |last4=Toolenaar |first4=Frank |last5=Stan |first5=Sorin |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9552-8 |pages=164|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9553-5 }}</ref>

*[[Double-density compact disc|DDCD]] (''Double Density'') – divided in three separate specifications:
**DD-ROM (''Double Density Read-Only'')<ref name="ddcd1">{{cite book |author=Royal Philips Electronics and Sony Corporation |date= 2001|title=1.3GB Read-Only Compact Disc Systems. Double Density CD Read-Only |publisher= <!--Not stated-->}}</ref>
**DD-R (''Double Density Recordable'')<ref name="ddcd2">{{cite book |author=Royal Philips Electronics and Sony Corporation |date= 2001|title=1.3GB Recordable Compact Disc Systems. Double Density CD Recordable |publisher=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>
**DD-RW (''Double Density ReWritable'')<ref name="ddcd3">{{cite book |author=Royal Philips Electronics and Sony Corporation |date= 2001|title=1.3GB ReWritable Compact Disc Systems. Double Density CD ReWritable |publisher=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[ISO 9660]], a 1986 filesystem standard used in conjunction with CD-ROM formats.
* ''[[Orange-Book-Standard]]'', a decision named after the Compact Disc standard, issued in 2009 by the German Federal Court of Justice on the interaction between patent law and standards

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.lscdweb.com/ordering/cd_products.html Philips CD Specifications]
*{{cite encyclopedia
 |chapter      = The Great Books
 |chapter-url  = http://library.thinkquest.org/C0112823/greatbooks_cd.htm
 |title        = The World of CDs and DVDs
 |url          = http://library.thinkquest.org/C0112823/main.htm
 |publisher        = [[ThinkQuest]]
 |archive-date = 2012-12-09
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20121209124333/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0112823/greatbooks_cd.htm
 |access-date  = 2010-04-07
 |url-status      = dead
}}

{{Rainbow Books}}

[[Category:Rainbow Books| ]]
[[Category:Japanese inventions]]