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Ramesses V
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{{Short description|Pharaoh in the ancient Egypt}} {{Infobox pharaoh |name = Ramesses V |alt_name = Also written Ramses and Rameses |image = Ramesses V obelisk Bologna.JPG |caption = Obelisk of Ramesses V. [[The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna|Archaeological Museum of Bologna]], KS 1884 |reign = 4 regnal years<br>1149–1145 BC |dynasty = [[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20th Dynasty]] |predecessor = [[Ramesses IV]] |successor = [[Ramesses VI]] |prenomen = Usermaatre Sekheperenre<br>''Wsr-m3ˁt-Rˁ-s-ḫpr-n-Rˁ''<br>''Ra is rich in [[Maat]], he who Ra has raised'' |prenomen_hiero = <hiero>N5-wsr-C10-s-L1-N5-n</hiero> |nomen = Ramesisu Imen(her)khepeschef <br/>''Rˁ msj sw Jmn (ḥr) ḫpš.f''<br>''[[Ra]] is the one who created him; [[Amun]] is his force'' |nomen_hiero = <hiero>N5-C2-C12-N36:f-s-F31-M23</hiero> |horus = Kanekhetmenmaat<br>''K3-nḫt-mn-m3ˁt''<br>''Strong bull, whose Maat is permanent'' |horus_hiero = <hiero>E2:D40-C10-O25</hiero> |golden = User-renput-mer-Atum<br>''Wsr-rnpwt-mr-Jtm''<br>''Rich in years like [[Atum]]'' |golden_hiero = <hiero>wsr-s-M4-M4-M4-W19-i-t:U15:Aa13-A40</hiero> |spouse = [[Henutwati]] and [[Tawerettenru]] |father = [[Ramesses IV]] |mother = [[Duatentopet]] |death_date = 1145 BC |burial = [[KV9]]; Mummy found in the [[KV35|KV35 royal cache]] (Theban Necropolis) }} '''Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V''' (also written '''Ramses''' and '''Rameses''') was the fourth [[pharaoh]] of the [[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt]] and was the son of [[Ramesses IV]] and [[Duatentopet]]. His mummy is now on display at the [[National Museum of Egyptian Civilization]] in [[Cairo]]. ==Reign== Ramesses V's reign was characterized by the continued growth of the power of the priesthood of [[Amun]], which controlled much of the [[temple]] land in the country and the state finances, at the expense of the ruling pharaohs. The Turin 1887 [[papyrus]] records a financial scandal during Ramesses' reign that involved the priests of [[Elephantine]]. ===Year 1=== A period of domestic instability also afflicted his reign, as evidenced by the fact that, according to the Turin Papyrus Cat. 2044, the workmen of [[Deir el-Medina]] periodically stopped work on Ramesses V's [[KV9]] tomb in this king's first regnal year, out of fear of "''the enemy''", presumably Libyan raiding parties, who had reached the town of [[Per (hieroglyph)|Per]]-Nebyt and "''burnt its people''."<ref>Peden, A.J., The Reign of Ramesses IV, (Aris & Phillips Ltd: 1994), Peden's source on these recorded disturbances is KRI, VI, 340-343.</ref> Another incursion by these raiders into Thebes is recorded a few days later.<ref name="Peden, p.21">Peden, p. 21.</ref> This shows that the Egyptian state was having difficulties ensuring the security of its own elite tomb workers, let alone the general populace, during this troubled time. ===Year 4=== The [[Wilbour Papyrus]], believed to date to Year 4 of Ramesses V's reign, was a major land survey and tax assessment document which covered various lands "extending from near [[Crocodilopolis]] (Medinet el-Fayyum) southwards to a little short of the modern town of El-Minya, a distance of some 90 miles."<ref>[[Alan Gardiner|Gardiner, Alan]]; ''Egypt of the Pharaohs'', (1961).</ref> It reveals most of Egypt's land was controlled by the Amun temples, which also directed the country's finances. The document highlights the increasing power of the High Priest of Amun [[Ramessesnakht]] whose son, a certain Usimare'nakhte, held the office of chief tax master. ==Death== The circumstances of Ramesses V's death are unknown but it is known he had a reign of almost four full years.<ref>[[Peter A. Clayton|Clayton, Peter]]; Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994), p. 167.</ref> He died in his 4th Regnal Year around the time interval between the first and second month of [[Season of the Emergence|Peret]].<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, (1997), pp. 201-202.</ref> ===Burial=== An [[ostracon]] records that this king was only buried in Year 2 of [[Ramesses VI]], his successor, which was highly irregular since Egyptian tradition required a king to be mummified and buried precisely 70 days into the reign of his successor.<ref>Clayton, p. 167.</ref> [[File:Ramses V mummy head.png|thumb|right|200px|Ramesses V's mummified head.]] However, another reason for the much delayed burial of Ramesses V in Year 2, second month of [[Season of the Inundation|Akhet]] day 1 of Ramesses VI's reign (see KRI, VI, 343) may have been connected with Ramesses VI's need "to clear out any Libyans [invaders] from Thebes and to provide a temporary tomb for Ramesses V until plans for a double burial within tomb KV9 could be put into effect."<ref name="Peden, p.21"/> Moreover, a Theban work journal (''P. Turin'' 1923) dated to Year 2 of Ramesses VI's reign shows that a period of normality had returned to the Theban West Bank by this time.<ref name="Peden, p.21"/> ===Mummy=== The [[mummy]] of Ramesses V was recovered in 1898 by Victor Loret in KV35.<ref>CG61085; JE34566.</ref> It was unwrapped and examined by G.E. Smith in 1905, and showed a body full of disease. Smith described him as a young man, Ikram and Dodson suggest he died in his early thirties. ====Smallpox==== One theory is that he may have suffered and subsequently died from [[smallpox]] (VARV), due to lesions found on his face. If true, he is thought to be one of the earliest known victims of the disease.<ref>[[Erik Hornung|Hornung, Erik]]; "The Pharaoh" [https://books.google.com/books?id=c2xMevXgotsC&dq=death+%22Ramesses+V%22+smallpox&pg=PA292 p. 292]. in ''The Egyptians'' (ed.) [[Sergio Donadoni]] and Robert Bianchi, University of Chicago Press, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hopkins|first=Donald R.|author-link=Donald Hopkins|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/202495/WH_1980_May_p22-26_eng.pdf|title=Ramses V: earliest know victim?|journal=World Health|pages=22–26|date=May 1980}}</ref> {{Overly detailed|section|date=May 2020}} While a 2016 discovery has found that the shared ancestral form of modern smallpox dates back to 1580 AD, this study merely indicates that the strains of smallpox circulating at the time of smallpox eradication had a common ancestor in the late 16th century, specifically that "the VARV lineages eradicated during the 20th century had only been in existence for ~200 years, at a time of rapidly expanding human movement and population size in the face of increasingly widespread inoculation and vaccination." Indeed, they say merely about ancient cases of smallpox that "if they were indeed due to smallpox, these early cases were caused by virus lineages that were no longer circulating at the point of eradication in the 1970s."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duggan|first1=Ana T.|last2=Perdomo|first2=Maria F.|last3=Piombino-Mascali|first3=Dario|last4=Marciniak|first4=Stephanie|last5=Poinar|first5=Debi|last6=Emery|first6=Matthew V.|last7=Buchmann|first7=Jan P.|last8=Duchêne|first8=Sebastian|last9=Jankauskas|first9=Rimantas|last10=Humphreys|first10=Margaret|last11=Golding|first11=G. Brian|last12=Southon|first12=John|last13=Devault|first13=Alison|last14=Rouillard|first14=Jean-Marie|last15=Sahl|first15=Jason W.|last16=Dutour|first16=Olivier|last17=Hedman|first17=Klaus|last18=Sajantila|first18=Antti|last19=Smith|first19=Geoffrey L.|last20=Holmes|first20=Edward C.|last21=Poinar|first21=Hendrik N.|title=17th Century Variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox|journal=Current Biology|date=19 December 2016|volume=26|issue=24|pages=3407–3412|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.061|pmid=27939314|pmc=5196022}}</ref> The advent of vaccination, or variolation in China and Japan during the middle ages, could have altered the relative presence of smallpox strains and diminished the presence of ancient strains.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/Chp%2006.pdf|title=Early Efforts at Control: Variolation, Vaccination, and Isolation and Quarantine|orig-year=2004|year=2006|chapter=6|page=245-275}}</ref> A 2015 review summarizing recent research into the question of smallpox evolution and divergence from its common ancestors suggests it is most likely that smallpox evolved 3000–4000 years ago in East Africa or India, which is not inherently contradicted by the study described<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Babkin|first1=Igor|last2=Babkina|first2=Irina|title=The Origin of the Variola Virus|journal=Viruses|date=10 March 2015|volume=7|issue=3|pages=1100–1112|doi=10.3390/v7031100|pmid=25763864|pmc=4379562|doi-access=free}}</ref> the latter of which contains descriptions of smallpox from before the first century AD at least. Finally, another genomic analysis places the evolution of smallpox at 16,000 years before present, and mentions Ramses V: "if the pustular eruption of Ramses V was from smallpox, it could represent a smallpox outbreak from imported cases... rather than regional endemic disease. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that only three mummies in that period had similar lesions."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Y.|last2=Carroll|first2=D. S.|last3=Gardner|first3=S. N.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. C.|last5=Vitalis|first5=E. A.|last6=Damon|first6=I. K.|title=On the origin of smallpox: Correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=27 September 2007|volume=104|issue=40|pages=15787–15792|doi=10.1073/pnas.0609268104|pmid=17901212|pmc=2000395|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Forni et al., Microbial Genomics 2023;9:000932 {{doi|10.1099/mgen.0.000932}}.</ref> ====Bubonic Plague==== Another theory is bubons in his groin, usually associated with the [[bubonic plague]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://melissaindenile.com/2021/07/26/mummy-monday-ramesses-v/|title=Mummy Monday: Ramesses V|date=26 July 2021|access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919225036/https://melissaindenile.com/2021/07/26/mummy-monday-ramesses-v/|archive-date=19 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://anubis4_2000.tripod.com/mummypages2/20A.htm XX'th Dynasty Gallery I] Retrieved 28 October 2024.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *Peden, A.J., Where did Ramesses VI bury his nephew?, GM 181 (2001), 83-88. ==External links== *[https://egypt-museum.com/mummy-of-ramesses-v/ Mummy of Ramesses V] at Egypt Museum {{Commons category|Ramses V}} {{Pharaohs}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesses 05}} [[Category:Ramesses V| ]] [[Category:12th-century BC pharaohs]] [[Category:Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Egyptian mummies]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:12th-century BC deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from smallpox]] [[Category:Ramesses IV]]
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