Editing Raphael

{{Short description|Italian painter and architect (1483–1520)}}
{{About|the Italian Renaissance painter and architect}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Raphael
| image            = Raffaello Sanzio.jpg
| caption          = {{lower|0.15em|Presumed self-portrait of Raphael<ref>Jones and Penny, {{p.|171}}. The portrait of Raphael is probably "a later adaptation of the one likeness which all agree on": that in ''[[The School of Athens]]'', vouched for by [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]].</ref>}}
| birth_name       = Raffaello Santi (or Sanzio)
| birth_date       = March 28 or April 6, 1483
| birth_place      = [[Urbino]], [[Duchy of Urbino]]
| death_date       = April 6, 1520 (aged 37)
| death_place      = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| resting_place    = The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], [[Rome]]
| field            = {{flatlist|
*[[Painting]]
*[[architecture]]
}}
| movement         = [[High Renaissance]]
| parents          = {{plainlist|
* [[Giovanni Santi]]
* Màgia }}
| notable_works    = [[Raphael Rooms]]<br />''[[Sistine Madonna]]''<br />''[[The School of Athens]]''<br />''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]''
|module={{Infobox person|child=yes
| signature        = Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520 08 Signature.svg}}
}}

'''Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino'''{{efn|Other variants include ''Raffaello Santi'', ''Raffaello da Urbino'', ''Rafael Sanzio da Urbino'', or ''Raphael Sanzio''. The surname ''Sanzio'' derives from the [[Latinization (literature)|latinization]] of the Italian ''Santi'' into ''Santius''. He normally signed documents as ''Raphael Urbinas'' – a latinized form. Gould:207}} ({{IPA|it|raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno|lang}}; March 28 or April 6, 1483{{spaced ndash}}April 6, 1520),<ref>Jones and Penny, {{pp.|1}} and 246.</ref>{{efn|He is said to have been born on [[Good Friday]] (March 28, 1483), but  the inscription on his tomb states that he was born on the same ''date'' as his death  (he died three hours after the Ave Maria of Good Friday). It is not possible for both these birth dates to be true.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=585, 597}}}} now generally known in English as '''Raphael''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|æ|f|eɪ|.|ə|l}} {{respell|RAF|ay|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|r|æ|f|i|.|ə|l|,_|ˈ|r|eɪ|f|i|-|,_|ˌ|r|ɑː|f|aɪ|ˈ|ɛ|l}} {{respell|RAF|ee|əl|,_|RAY|fee|-|,_|RAH|fy|EL}}),<ref>From the Latin and ultimately from [[Raphael (archangel)|biblical Hebrew]]. {{cite Dictionary.com|Raphael}}</ref> was an Italian painter and [[architect]] of the [[High Renaissance]]. [[List of paintings by Raphael|His work]] is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the [[Platonism in the Renaissance|Neoplatonic]] ideal of human grandeur.<ref>On Neoplatonism, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=SC7Id_HAa7IC&pg=PA104 Chapter 4, "The Real and the Imaginary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074305/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC7Id_HAa7IC&pg=PA104 |date=December 16, 2018 }}, in Kleinbub, Christian K., ''Vision and the Visionary in Raphael'', 2011, Penn State Press, {{ISBN|978-0271037042}}</ref> Together with [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.<ref>See, for example, {{cite book |first1=Hugh |last1=Honour |first2=John |last2=Fleming |title=A World History of Art |year=1982 |publisher=Macmillan Reference Books |location=London |isbn=978-0333235836 |oclc=8828368 |page=357}}; [https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance/The-High-Renaissance"] Britannica online, "High Renaissance": "High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564), and Raphael (1483–1520)."</ref>

His father [[Giovanni Santi]] was [[court painter]] to the ruler of the small but highly cultured city of [[Urbino]]. He died when Raphael was eleven, and Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop from this point. He probably trained in the workshop of [[Pietro Perugino]], and was described as a fully trained "master" by 1500. He worked in or for several cities in north Italy until in 1508 he moved to Rome at the invitation of [[Pope Julius II]], to work on the [[Apostolic Palace]] at [[Vatican Hill|the Vatican]]. He was given a series of important commissions there and elsewhere in the city, and began to work as an architect. He was still at the height of his powers at his death in 1520.

Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by [[Giorgio Vasari]]: his early years in [[Umbria]], then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of [[Florence]], followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their close associates.<ref>Vasari, pp. 208, 230 and passim.</ref> Many of his works are found in the [[Vatican Palace]], where the frescoed [[Raphael Rooms]] were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is ''[[The School of Athens]]'' in the Vatican [[Stanza della Segnatura]]. After his early years in Rome, much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative [[printmaking]].

[[Image:Escola de atenas - vaticano.jpg|thumb|Raphael, ''[[The School of Athens]]''|300x300px]]
[[File:Raphael - Cardinal and Theological Virtues.jpg|thumb|300px|Raphael, ''Cardinal and Theological Virtues'', 1511]]
After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo exceeded his until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. Thanks to the influence of art historian [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]], his work became a formative influence on [[Neoclassicism#Painting and printmaking|Neoclassical painting]], but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]].

==Background==
[[File:Giovanni Santi - Christ supported by two angels.jpg|thumb|[[Giovanni Santi]], Raphael's father; ''Christ supported by two angels'', {{Circa|1490}}]]
Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of [[Urbino]] in [[the Marches]] region,<ref>{{cite book|title=Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City|first= June |last=Osborne|page=39 on the population, as a "few thousand" at most; even today it is only 15,000 without the students of the University}}</ref> where his father [[Giovanni Santi]] was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by [[Federico da Montefeltro]], a highly successful [[condottiere]] who had been created [[Duke of Urbino]] by [[Pope Sixtus IV]] – Urbino formed part of the [[Papal States]] – and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for [[masque]]-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to demonstrate awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and [[Early Netherlandish painting|Early Netherlandish artists]] as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters.<ref>Jones and Penny, pp. 1–2</ref>

Federico was succeeded by his son [[Guidobaldo da Montefeltro]], who married [[Elisabetta Gonzaga]], daughter of the ruler of [[Mantua]], the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]].<ref>Vasari:207 & passim</ref> Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through [[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s depiction of it in his classic work ''[[The Book of the Courtier]]'', published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. Raphael became close to other regular visitors to the court: [[Bernardo Dovizi|Pietro Bibbiena]] and [[Pietro Bembo]], both later [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]], were already becoming well known as writers, and would later be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full [[Renaissance humanism|humanistic education]] however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin.<ref>Jones & Penny:204</ref>

==Early life and work==
[[File:Raffaello Sanzio - Guidobaldo da Montefeltro - WGA18653.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Guidobaldo da Montefeltro]], Duke of Urbino from 1482 to 1508, {{Circa|1507}}. ([[Uffizi Gallery]])]]
Raphael's mother Màgia died in 1491 when he was eight, followed on August 1, 1494, by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle, Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. The boy probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father".<ref>Vasari, at the start of the ''Life''. Jones & Penny:5</ref> A [[self-portrait]] drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity.<ref>[[Ashmolean Museum]] {{cite web |url=http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/W/O/raphael_colonna_01.jpg |title=Image |publisher=z.about.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202121830/http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/W/O/raphael_colonna_01.jpg |archive-date=December 2, 2007 }}</ref> His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of [[Paolo Uccello]], previously the court painter (d. 1475), and [[Luca Signorelli]], who until 1498 was based in nearby [[Città di Castello]].<ref>Jones and Penny: 4–5, 8 and 20</ref>

According to Vasari, Raphael's father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master [[Pietro Perugino]] as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother".{{efn|After a visit to [[Verrocchio]]'s workshop, Santi recorded that both Perugino and [[Leonardo da Vinci]] were present, and seems to have viewed them as being at an equivalent level in artistic skill. After Leonardo left for Milan, Santi chose Perugino from one of two available artists to teach his son.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=11–12}}}} The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source,<ref>Simone Fornari in 1549–50, see Gould:207</ref> and has been disputed; eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that the boy received at least some training from [[Timoteo Viti]], who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.<ref>Jones & Penny:8</ref> Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to [[Heinrich Wölfflin|Wölfflin]].<ref>contrasting him with Leonardo and Michelangelo in this respect. Wölfflin:73</ref> Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern [[art historian]]s claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes [[Craquelure|cracking]] of areas of paint in the works of both masters.<ref>Jones and Penny:17</ref> The Perugino workshop was active in both [[Perugia]] and [[Florence]], perhaps maintaining two permanent branches.<ref>Jones & Penny:2–5</ref> Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger:19</ref>

His first documented work was the ''[[Baronci Altarpiece]]'' for the church of Saint [[Nicholas of Tolentino]] in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino.<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger:20</ref> [[Evangelista da Pian di Meleto]], who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain.<ref>It was later seriously damaged during an earthquake in 1789.</ref> In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the ''[[Mond Crucifixion]]'' (about 1503) and the [[Pinacoteca di Brera|Brera]] ''[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|Wedding of the Virgin]]'' (1504), and for Perugia, such as the ''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|Oddi Altarpiece]]''. He very probably also visited Florence in this period.<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger:39, 41</ref> These are large works, some in [[fresco]], where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite [[cabinet painting]]s in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the ''[[Three Graces (Raphael)|Three Graces]]'' and ''[[St. Michael (Raphael)|St. Michael]]'', and he began to paint [[Madonna (art)|Madonnas]] and portraits.<ref>Jones and Penny:5–8</ref> In 1502 he went to [[Siena]] at the invitation of another pupil of [[Perugino]], [[Pinturicchio]], "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the [[cartoon]]s, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the [[Piccolomini Library]] in [[Siena Cathedral]].<ref>One surviving preparatory drawing appears to be mostly by Raphael; quotation from Vasari by – Jones and Penny:20</ref> He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger:25–27</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Rafael - ressureicaocristo01.jpg|The ''[[Resurrection of Christ (Raphael)|Resurrection of Christ]],'' 1499–1502 ([[São Paulo Museum of Art]])
File:CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg|The ''[[Mond Crucifixion]]'', 1502–03, very much in the style of [[Perugino]] ([[National Gallery]])
File:PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg|The ''[[Coronation of the Virgin]]'' 1502–03 ([[Pinacoteca Vaticana]])
File:Raffaello - Spozalizio - Web Gallery of Art.jpg|The ''[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|Wedding of the Virgin]]'', Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period ([[Pinacoteca di Brera]])
File:Lvr-george.jpg|''Saint George and the Dragon'', a small work (29 x 21&nbsp;cm) for the court of Urbino ([[Louvre]]) 
</gallery>

==Influence of Florence==
[[File:Raphael Madonna of the Pinks.jpg|thumb|''[[Madonna of the Pinks]]'', {{circa|1506}}–07, [[National Gallery, London]]]]
Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period" of about 1504–1508, he was possibly never a continuous resident there.<ref>Gould:207–08</ref> He may have needed to visit the city to secure materials in any case. There is a letter of recommendation of Raphael, dated October 1504, from the mother of the next Duke of Urbino to the [[Gonfaloniere of Florence]]: "The bearer of this will be found to be Raphael, painter of Urbino, who, being greatly gifted in his profession has determined to spend some time in Florence to study. And because his father was most worthy and I was very attached to him, and the son is a sensible and well-mannered young man, on both accounts, I bear him great love..."<ref>Jones and Penny:5</ref>

As earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art, whilst keeping his own developing style. Frescos in Perugia of about 1505 show a new monumental quality in the figures which may represent the influence of [[Fra Bartolomeo]], who Vasari says was a friend of Raphael. But the most striking influence in the work of these years is [[Leonardo da Vinci]], who returned to the city from 1500 to 1506. Raphael's figures begin to take more dynamic and complex positions, and though as yet his painted subjects are still mostly tranquil, he made drawn studies of fighting nude men, one of the obsessions of the period in Florence. Another drawing is a portrait of a young woman that uses the three-quarter length pyramidal composition of the just-completed ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', but still looks completely Raphaelesque. Another of Leonardo's compositional inventions, the pyramidal ''Holy Family'', was repeated in a series of works that remain among his most famous easel paintings. There is a drawing by Raphael in the [[Royal Collection]] of [[Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)|Leonardo's lost ''Leda and the Swan'']], from which he adapted the [[contrapposto]] pose of his own ''Saint Catherine of Alexandria''.<ref>[[National Gallery, London]] Jones & Penny:44</ref> He also perfects his own version of Leonardo's [[sfumato]] modelling, to give subtlety to his painting of flesh, and develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which are much less enigmatic than those of Leonardo. But he keeps the soft clear light of Perugino in his paintings.<ref>Jones & Penny:21–45</ref>

Leonardo was more than thirty years older than Raphael, but Michelangelo, who was in Rome for this period, was just eight years his senior. Michelangelo already disliked Leonardo, and in Rome came to dislike Raphael even more, attributing conspiracies against him to the younger man.<ref>Vasari, Michelangelo:251</ref> Raphael would have been aware of his works in Florence, but in his most original work of these years, he strikes out in a different direction. His ''[[Deposition (Raphael)|Deposition of Christ]]'' draws on classical [[sarcophagi]] to spread the figures across the front of the picture space in a complex and not wholly successful arrangement. Wöllflin detects in the kneeling figure on the right the influence of the Madonna in Michelangelo's ''[[Doni Tondo]]'', but the rest of the composition is far removed from his style, or that of Leonardo. Though highly regarded at the time, and much later forcibly removed from Perugia by the [[Borghese]], it stands rather alone in Raphael's work. His classicism would later take a less literal direction.<ref>Jones & Penny:44–47, and Wöllflin:79–82</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:PalaAnsidei.jpg|The ''[[Ansidei Madonna]]'', {{circa|1505}}, beginning to move on from Perugino
File:Raphael - Madonna in the Meadow - Google Art Project.jpg|The ''[[Madonna of the meadow (Raphael)|Madonna of the Meadow]]'', {{circa|1506}}, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.szepmuveszeti.hu/image/journal/article?img_id=SZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep&version=1.0 |title=Image |publisher=szepmuveszeti.hu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314135125/http://www.szepmuveszeti.hu/image/journal/article?img_id=SZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep&version=1.0 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 }}</ref>
File:Raffael 020.jpg|''[[Saint Catherine of Alexandria (Raphael)|Saint Catherine of Alexandria]]'', 1507, possibly echoes the pose of ''[[Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)|Leonardo's Leda]]''
File:Raffaello, pala baglioni, deposizione.jpg|''[[The Deposition (Raphael)|Deposition of Christ]]'', 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi

</gallery>

==Roman period==
===Vatican "Stanze"===
In 1508, Raphael moved to Rome, where he resided for the rest of his life. He was invited by the new pope, [[Julius&nbsp;II]], perhaps at the suggestion of his architect [[Donato Bramante]], then engaged on [[St. Peter's Basilica]], who came from just outside Urbino and was distantly related to Raphael.<ref>Jones & Penny:49, differing somewhat from Gould:208 on the timing of his arrival</ref> Unlike Michelangelo, who had been kept lingering in Rome for several months after his first summons,<ref>Vasari:247</ref> Raphael was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the [[Vatican Palace]].<ref>Julius was no great reader—an inventory compiled after his death has a total of 220 books, large for the time, but hardly requiring such a receptacle. There was no room for bookcases on the walls, which were in cases in the middle of the floor, destroyed in the 1527 Sack of Rome. Jones & Penny:4952</ref> This was a much larger and more important commission than any he had received before; he had only painted one altarpiece in Florence itself. Several other artists and their teams of assistants were already at work on different rooms, many painting over recently completed paintings commissioned by Julius's loathed predecessor, [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]], whose contributions, and [[coat of arms|arms]], Julius was determined to efface from the palace.<ref>Jones & Penny:49</ref> Michelangelo, meanwhile, had been commissioned to paint the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham-Dixon |first1=Andrew |author1-link=Andrew Graham-Dixon |title=Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel |date=2008 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=9781602393684 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1Rh-q0jsN0C |access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:4 Estancia del Sello (El Parnaso).jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Parnassus]]'', 1511, [[Stanza della Segnatura]]]]
This first of the famous "Stanze" or "[[Raphael Rooms]]" to be painted, now known as the ''[[Stanza della Segnatura]]'' after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing ''[[The School of Athens]]'', ''[[The Parnassus]]'' and the ''[[Disputation of the Holy Sacrament|Disputa]]''. Raphael was then given further rooms to paint, displacing other artists including Perugino and Signorelli. He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael, after his early death in 1520. The death of Julius in 1513 did not interrupt the work at all, as he was succeeded by Raphael's last pope, the [[Medici]] [[Pope Leo X]], with whom Raphael formed an even closer relationship, and who continued to commission him.<ref>Jones & Penny:49–128</ref> Raphael's friend Cardinal Bibbiena was also one of Leo's old tutors, and a close friend and advisor.

In the course of painting the room, Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling. Vasari said Bramante let him into the chapel secretly. Raphael completed the first section of his work in 1511 and the reaction of other artists to the daunting force of Michelangelo was the dominating question in Italian art for the following few decades. Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge perhaps better than any other artist. One of the first and clearest instances was the portrait in ''The School of Athens'' of Michelangelo himself, as [[Heraclitus]], which seems to draw clearly from the Sybils and ''ignudi'' of the Sistine ceiling. Other figures in that and later paintings in the room show the same influences, but as still cohesive with a development of Raphael's own style.<ref>Jones & Penny:101–05</ref> Michelangelo accused Raphael of plagiarism and years after Raphael's death, complained in a letter that "everything he knew about art he got from me", although other quotations show more generous reactions.<ref>Blunt:76, Jones & Penny:103–05</ref>

These very large and complex compositions have been regarded ever since as among the supreme works of the [[grand manner]] of the High [[The Renaissance|Renaissance]], and the "classic art" of the post-antique West. They give a highly [[idealism|idealised]] depiction of the forms represented, and the compositions, though very carefully conceived in [[drawing]]s, achieve "sprezzatura", a term invented by his friend Castiglione, who defined it as "a certain nonchalance which conceals all artistry and makes whatever one says or does seem uncontrived and effortless ...".<ref>Book of the Courtier 1:26 [http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/sprezzatura-castiglione.htm The whole passage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224192937/http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/sprezzatura-castiglione.htm |date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref> According to [[Michael Levey]], "Raphael gives his [figures] a superhuman clarity and grace in a universe of Euclidian certainties".<ref>[[Michael Levey|Levey, Michael]]; ''Early Renaissance'', p. 197 ,1967, Penguin</ref> The painting is nearly all of the highest quality in the first two rooms, but the later compositions in the Stanze, especially those involving dramatic action, are not entirely as successful either in conception or their execution by the workshop.<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger: 177–180</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Raffael Stanza della Segnatura.jpg|[[Stanza della Segnatura]]
File:Raphael - The Mass at Bolsena.jpg|''[[The Mass at Bolsena]]'', 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
File:Raphael - Deliverance of Saint Peter.jpg|''[[Liberation of Saint Peter (Raphael)|Liberation of Saint Peter]]'', 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
File:Raphael - Fire in the Borgo.jpg|''[[The Fire in the Borgo]]'', 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design
</gallery>

===Architecture===
[[File:PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila]], now destroyed]]
After Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new [[St. Peter's Basilica|St Peter's]]. Most of his work there was altered or demolished after his death and the acceptance of Michelangelo's design, but a few drawings have survived. It appears his designs would have made the church a good deal gloomier than the final design, with massive piers all the way down the nave, "like an alley" according to a critical posthumous analysis by [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]]. It would perhaps have resembled the temple in the background of ''[[The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple]]''.<ref>Jones & Penny:215–18</ref>

He designed several other buildings, and for a short time was the most important architect in Rome, working for a small circle around the Papacy. Julius had made changes to the street plan of Rome, creating several new thoroughfares, and he wanted them filled with splendid palaces.<ref>Jones & Penny:210–11</ref>

An important building, the [[Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila]] for Leo's Papal [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]] [[Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila|Giovanni Battista Branconio]], was completely destroyed to make way for [[Bernini]]'s ''piazza'' for St. Peter's, but drawings of the façade and courtyard remain. The façade was an unusually richly decorated one for the period, including both painted panels on the top story (of three), and much sculpture on the middle one.<ref>Jones & Penny:221–22</ref>

The main designs for the Villa Farnesina were not by Raphael, but he did design, and decorate with mosaics, the [[Chigi Chapel]] for the same patron, [[Agostino Chigi]], the Papal Treasurer. Another building, for Pope Leo's doctor, the [[Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia]], was moved in the 1930s but survives; this was designed to complement a palace on the same street by Bramante, where Raphael himself lived for a time.<ref>Jones & Penny:219–20</ref>

[[File:ChigiLorenzetto.jpg|left|thumb|View of the [[Chigi Chapel]]]]

The [[Villa Madama]], a lavish hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later [[Pope Clement VII]], was never finished, and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively. He produced a design from which the final construction plans were completed by [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]]. Even incomplete, it was the most sophisticated villa design yet seen in Italy, and greatly influenced the later development of the genre; it appears to be the only modern building in Rome of which [[Palladio]] made a measured drawing.<ref>Jones and Penny:226–34; Raphael left a long letter describing his intentions to the Cardinal, reprinted in full on pp. 247–48</ref>

Only some floor-plans remain for a large palace planned for himself on the new [[via Giulia]] in the [[Regola (rione of Rome)|rione of Regola]], for which he was accumulating the land in his last years. It was on an irregular island block near the river Tiber. It seems all façades were to have a [[giant order]] of [[pilaster]]s rising at least two storeys to the full height of the [[piano nobile]], "a grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design".<ref>Jones & Penny:224–26 (quotation)</ref>

Raphael asked [[Marco Fabio Calvo]] to translate [[Vitruvius]]'s ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura|Four Books of Architecture]]'' into Italian; this he received around the end of August 1514. It is preserved at the Library in Munich with handwritten margin notes by Raphael.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=572–73, 588}}

===Antiquity===
In about 1510, Raphael was asked by Bramante to judge contemporary copies of ''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]''.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=110}} In 1515, he was given powers as Prefect over all antiquities unearthed within, or a mile outside the city.<ref name=JonesPenny205/> Anyone excavating antiquities was required to inform Raphael within three days, and stonemasons were not allowed to destroy inscriptions without permission.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=582}} Raphael wrote a letter to Pope Leo suggesting ways of halting the destruction of ancient monuments, and proposed a visual survey of the city to record all antiquities in an organised fashion. The pope intended to continue to re-use ancient masonry in the building of St Peter's, also wanting to ensure that all ancient inscriptions were recorded, and sculpture preserved, before allowing the stones to be reused.<ref name=JonesPenny205>Jones & Penny:205 The letter may date from 1519, or before his appointment</ref>

According to [[Marino Sanuto the Younger]]'s diary, in 1519 Raphael offered to transport an obelisk from the Mausoleum of August to St. Peter's Square for 90,000 ducats.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=569, 582}} According to [[Marcantonio Michiel]], Raphael's "youthful death saddened men of letters because he was not able to furnish the description and the painting of ancient Rome that he was making, which was very beautiful".{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=570}} Raphael intended to make an archaeological map of ancient Rome but this was never executed.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=574}} Four archaeological drawings by the artist are preserved.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=579}}

===Other painting projects===
[[File:Raphael - The Miraculous Draft of Fishes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Miraculous Draught of Fishes'', 1515, one of the seven remaining ''[[Raphael Cartoons]]'' for tapestries for the [[Sistine Chapel]] ([[Victoria and Albert Museum]])]]
The Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits, including those of his two main patrons, the popes [[Portrait of Pope Julius II|Julius II]] and his successor [[Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)|Leo X]], the former considered one of his finest. Other portraits were of his own friends, like Castiglione, or the immediate Papal circle. Other rulers pressed for work, and King [[Francis I of France]] was sent two paintings as [[diplomatic gift]]s from the Pope.<ref>One, a portrait of [[Joanna of Aragon, Queen consort of Naples]], for which Raphael sent an assistant to Naples to make a drawing, and probably left most of the painting to the workshop. Jones & Penny:163</ref> For Agostino Chigi, the hugely rich banker and papal treasurer, he painted the ''[[Galatea (Raphael)|Triumph of Galatea]]'' and designed further decorative frescoes for his [[Villa Farnesina]], a chapel in the church of [[Santa Maria della Pace]] and mosaics in the funerary chapel in [[Santa Maria del Popolo]]. He also designed some of the decoration for the Villa Madama, the work in both villas being executed by his workshop.

One of his most important papal commissions was the [[Raphael Cartoons]] (now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]), a series of 10 [[cartoon]]s, of which seven survive, for tapestries with scenes of the lives of [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] and [[Saint Peter]], for the [[Sistine Chapel]]. The cartoons were sent to [[Brussels]] to be woven in the workshop of [[Pier van Aelst]]. It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death—they were probably completed in 1520.<ref>Jones & Penny:133–47</ref> He also designed and painted the ''[[Vatican loggias|Loggie]]'' at the Vatican, a long thin gallery then open to a courtyard on one side, decorated with Roman-style [[grottesche]].<ref>Jones & Penny:192–97</ref> He produced a number of significant altarpieces, including [[The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia (Raphael)|''The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia'']] and the ''[[Sistine Madonna]]''. His last work, on which he was working up to his death, was a large ''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]'', which together with ''[[Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)|Il Spasimo]]'' shows the direction his art was taking in his final years—more proto-[[Baroque]] than [[Mannerist]].<ref>Jones & Penny:235–46, though the relationship of Raphael to Mannerism, like the definition of Mannerism itself, is much debated. See Craig Hugh Smyth, ''Mannerism & Maniera'', 1992, IRSA Vienna, {{ISBN|3-900731-33-0}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Raphael's Triumph of Galatea 01.jpg|''[[Galatea (Raphael)|Triumph of Galatea]]'', 1512, his only major classical mythological subject, for Chigi's villa ([[Villa Farnesina]])
File:Raphael Spasimo.jpg|''[[Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)|Il Spasimo]]'', 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art ([[Museo del Prado]])
File:The Holy Family - Rafael.jpg|''[[The Holy Family of Francis I (Raphael)|The Holy Family]]'', 1518 ([[Louvre]])
File:Transfiguration Raphael.jpg|''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]'', 1520, unfinished at his death ([[Pinacoteca Vaticana]])
</gallery>

==Painting materials==
Raphael painted several of his works on wood support (''[[Madonna of the Pinks]]'') but he also used canvas (''[[Sistine Madonna]]'') and he was known to employ drying oils such as [[linseed oil|linseed]] or [[walnut oil]]s. His palette was rich and he used almost all of the then available pigments such as [[ultramarine]], [[lead-tin-yellow]], [[carmine]], [[vermilion]], [[madder lake]], [[verdigris]] and [[ochres]]. In several of his paintings ([[Ansidei Madonna]]) he even employed the rare [[brazilwood]] lake, metallic powdered [[gold]] and even less known metallic powdered [[bismuth]].<ref>Roy, A., Spring, M., Plazzotta, C. 'Raphael's Early Work in the National Gallery: Paintings before Rome'. ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'' Vol. 25, pp. 4–35</ref><ref>[http://colourlex.com/paintings/paintings-painter/italian-painters/ Italian painters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315131925/http://colourlex.com/paintings/paintings-painter/italian-painters/ |date=March 15, 2016 }} at ColourLex</ref>

==Workshop==
Vasari says that Raphael eventually had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right. This was arguably the largest workshop team assembled under any single [[old master]] painter, and much higher than the norm. They included established masters from other parts of Italy, probably working with their own teams as sub-contractors, as well as pupils and journeymen. We have very little evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are often very difficult to assign to a particular hand.<ref>Jones and Penny:146–47, 196–97; and Pon:82–85</ref>

The most important figures were [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]], a young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and [[Gianfrancesco Penni]], already a Florentine master. They were left many of Raphael's drawings and other possessions, and to some extent continued the workshop after Raphael's death. Penni did not achieve a personal reputation equal to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for much of his subsequent career. [[Perino del Vaga]], already a master, and [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]], who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, also became notable painters in their own right. Polidoro's partner, [[Maturino da Firenze]], has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by his partner. [[Giovanni da Udine]] had a more independent status, and was responsible for the decorative [[stucco]] work and grotesques surrounding the main frescoes.<ref>Jones and Penny:147, 196</ref> Most of the artists were later scattered, and some killed, by the violent [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome in 1527]].<ref>Vasari, Life of Polidoro [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm online in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417025022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm |date=April 17, 2008 }} Maturino for one is never heard of again</ref> This did however contribute to the diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond.

Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran a very harmonious and efficient workshop, and had extraordinary skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants—a contrast with the stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both.<ref>Vasari:207 & 231</ref> However though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands and that of Raphael himself is still sometimes difficult,<ref>See for example, the [[Raphael Cartoons]]</ref> there is no doubt that many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution. Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in the detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life.<ref>Jones & Penny:163–67 and passim</ref>

Other pupils or assistants include [[Raffaellino del Colle]], [[Andrea Sabbatini]], [[Bartolommeo Ramenghi]], [[Pellegrino Aretusi]], [[Vincenzo Tamagni]], [[Battista Dossi]], [[Tommaso Vincidor]], [[Timoteo Viti]] (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor and architect [[Lorenzetto]] (Giulio's brother-in-law).<ref>The direct transmission of training can be traced to some surprising figures, including [[Brian Eno]], [[Tom Phillips (artist)|Tom Phillips]] and [[Frank Auerbach]]</ref> The printmakers and architects in Raphael's circle are discussed below. It has been claimed the Flemish [[Bernard van Orley]] worked for Raphael for a time, and [[Luca Penni]], brother of Gianfrancesco and later a member of the [[First School of Fontainebleau]], may have been a member of the team.<ref>Vasari (full text in Italian) [http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197 pp. 197–98 & passim] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224204356/http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197 |date=December 24, 2007 }}; see also [http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ Getty Union Artist Name List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211001545/http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ |date=December 11, 2007 }} entries</ref>

===Portraits===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Raffaello - ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg|''[[Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga]]'', c. 1504
File:Rafael - Alessandro Farnese.jpg|''[[Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese]]'', {{circa|1509-1511}}
File:Pope Julius II.jpg|''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'', c. 1512
File:Raffaello Sanzio - Ritratto di Bindo Altoviti.jpg|''[[Portrait of Bindo Altoviti]]'', c. 1514
File:Baldassare Castiglione, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|''[[Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione]]'', c. 1515
</gallery>

==Drawings==
[[File:Raimondi Lucretia's suicide.jpg|thumb|''Lucretia'', engraved by Raimondi after a drawing by Raphael<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/Lucretia_Raphael_Raffaello_Sanzio/ViewObject.aspx?depNm=drawings_and_prints&pID=-1&kWd=Raphael&OID=90004100&vW=-1&Pg=1&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1 |title=Lucretia |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429142305/http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/Lucretia_Raphael_Raffaello_Sanzio/ViewObject.aspx?depNm=drawings_and_prints&pID=-1&kWd=Raphael&OID=90004100&vW=-1&Pg=1&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1 |archive-date=April 29, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Raphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Western art, and used drawings extensively to plan his compositions. According to a near-contemporary, when beginning to plan a composition, he would lay out a large number of stock drawings of his on the floor, and begin to draw "rapidly", borrowing figures from here and there.<ref>[[Giovanni Battista Armenini]] (1533–1609) ''De vera precetti della pittura''(1587), quoted Pon:115</ref> Over forty sketches survive for the ''Disputa'' in the Stanze, and there may well have been many more originally; over four hundred sheets survive altogether.<ref>Jones & Penny:58 & ff; 400 from Pon:114</ref> He used different drawings to refine his poses and compositions, apparently to a greater extent than most other painters, to judge by the number of variants that survive: "... This is how Raphael himself, who was so rich in inventiveness, used to work, always coming up with four or six ways to show a narrative, each one different from the rest, and all of them full of grace and well done." wrote another writer after his death.<ref>Ludovico Dolce (1508–1568), from his ''L'Aretino'' of 1557, quoted Pon:114</ref> For [[John Shearman]], Raphael's art marks "a shift of resources away from production to research and development".<ref>quoted Pon:114, from lecture on ''The Organization of Raphael's Workshop'', pub. Chicago, 1983</ref>

When a final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then pricked with a pin and "pounced" with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide. He also made unusually extensive use, on both paper and plaster, of a "blind stylus", scratching lines which leave only an indentation, but no mark. These can be seen on the wall in ''The School of Athens'', and in the originals of many drawings.<ref>Photographs do not show these well, if at all. Leonardo sometimes used a blind stylus to outline his final choice from a tangle of different outlines in the same drawing. Pon:106–110.</ref> The "Raphael Cartoons", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a glue [[Distemper (paint)|distemper]] medium, as they were sent to Brussels to be followed by the weavers.

In later works painted by the workshop, the drawings are often painfully more attractive than the paintings.<ref>Lucy Whitaker, Martin Clayton, ''The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection; Renaissance and Baroque'', p. 84, Royal Collection Publications, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-902163-29-1}}</ref> Most Raphael drawings are rather precise—even initial sketches with naked outline figures are carefully drawn, and later working drawings often have a high degree of finish, with shading and sometimes highlights in white. They lack the freedom and energy of some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but are nearly always aesthetically very satisfying. He was one of the last artists to use [[metalpoint]] (literally a sharp pointed piece of silver or another metal) extensively, although he also made superb use of the freer medium of red or black chalk.<ref>Pon:104</ref> In his final years he was one of the first artists to use female models for preparatory drawings—male pupils ("garzoni") were normally used for studies of both sexes.<ref>[http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/14803/ National Galleries of Scotland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531104853/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/14803/ |date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Raphael - Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514 - Google Art Project.jpg|Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514 
File:Raphael - Study for La Belle Jardinière.jpg|Study for La Belle Jardinière
File:Raphael - Nude Studies, 1515 - Google Art Project.jpg|Nude Studies, 1515
File:Raphael. Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina. 1510s. Albertina, Vienna.jpg|Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina
File:Raffaello, studio per le tre grazie della farnesina.jpg|[[Sanguine|Red chalk]] study for the [[Villa Farnesina]] ''Three Graces''
File:Raphaël - Étude Madone d'Albe 1.jpg|Sheet with study for the ''[[Alba Madonna]]'' and other sketches
File:Raffaello, studi per madonne col bambino.jpg|Developing the composition for a ''Madonna and Child''
File:Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg|Study for soldiers in [[commons:File:Rafael - ressureicaocristo01.jpg|this ''Resurrection of Christ'']], c. 1500

</gallery>

==Printmaking==
Raphael made no [[old master print|prints]] himself, but entered into a collaboration with [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] to produce [[engraving]]s to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the [[Old master print#The rise of the reproductive print|rise of the reproductive print]]. His interest was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries it was only shared by [[Titian]], who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi.<ref>Pon:102. See also a lengthy analysis in: Landau:118 ff</ref> A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving.<ref>The enigmatic relationship is discussed at length by both Landau and Pon in her Chapters 3 and 4.</ref>

The most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were ''Lucretia'', the ''Judgement of Paris'' and ''The Massacre of the Innocents'' (of which two virtually identical versions were engraved). Among prints of the paintings ''[[The Parnassus]]'' (with considerable differences)<ref>Pon:86–87 lists them</ref> and ''Galatea'' were also especially well known. Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century. [[Baviero Carocci]], called "Il Baviera" by Vasari, an assistant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money,<ref>"Il Baviera" may mean "the Bavarian"; if he was German, as many artists in Rome were, this would have been helpful during the 1527 Sack; Marcantonio had many printing-plates looted from him. Jones and Penny:82, see also Vasari</ref> ended up in control of most of the copper plates after Raphael's death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints.<ref>Pon:95–136 & passim; Landau:118–60, and passim</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg|''The Massacre of the Innocents'', engraving by [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] from a design by Raphael.{{efn|The bridge in the background is the [[Pons Fabricius]].{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=579}}}} First state, "without fir tree"
File:Urteil des Paris.jpg|''Judgement of Paris'', still influencing [[Manet]], who used the seated group in his [[The Luncheon on the Grass|most famous work]].
File:Galatea (engraving).jpg|Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the [[Villa Farnesina]]
</gallery>

==Private life and death==
[[File:La Fornarina by Raffaello.jpg|thumb|''[[La Fornarina]]'', Raphael's mistress]]

From 1517 until his death, Raphael lived in the [[Palazzo Caprini]], lying at the corner between [[piazza Scossacavalli]] and [[borgo Nuovo (Rome)|via Alessandrina]] in the [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]], in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante.<ref name=gi9246>{{cite book | author=Gigli, Laura | title=Guide rionali di Roma | volume=Borgo (II) | publisher=Fratelli Palombi Editori | location = Roma | issn=0393-2710 | year=1992 | language=it| page= 46}}</ref> He never married, but in 1514 became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died in 1520.<ref name="autogenerated1">Vasari:230–31</ref> He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome was "La Fornarina", [[Margherita Luti]], the daughter of a baker (''fornaro'') named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio.<ref>Art historians and doctors debate whether the right hand on the left breast in ''[[La Fornarina]]'' reveal a cancerous breast tumour detailed and disguised in a classic pose of love. "The Portrait of Breast Cancer and Raphael's La Fornarina", ''[[The Lancet]]'', December 21–28, 2002.</ref>

He was made a "[[Valet de chambre|Groom of the Chamber]]" of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income, and also a knight of the Papal [[Order of the Golden Spur]]. Vasari claims that he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Raphael died on [[Good Friday]], April 6, 1520, which was possibly his 37th birthday.{{efn|Raphael's age at death is debated by some, with Michiel asserting that Raphael died at 34, while Pandolfo Pico and Girolamo Lippomano argue that he died at 33.<ref name=Sherman573/>}} Vasari says that Raphael had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28,{{efn|Whereas Michiel said he died on his birthday. Art historian John Shearman addressed this apparent discrepancy: "The time of death can be calculated from the convention of counting from sundown, which Michaelis puts at 6.36 on Friday 6 April, plus half-an-hour to Ave Maria, plus three hours, that is, soon after 10.00 pm. The coincidence noted between the birth-date and death-date is usually thought in this case (since it refers to the Friday and Saturday in Holy Week, the movable feast rather than the day of the month) to fortify the argument that Raphael was also born on Good Friday, i.e., 28 March 1483. But there is a notable ambiguity in Michiel's note, not often noticed: ''Morse ... Venerdi Santo venendo il Sabato, giorno della sua Nativita'', may also be taken to mean that his birthday was on Saturday, and in that case the awareness could as well be the date, thus producing a birth-date of 7 April 1483."<ref name=Sherman573/>}} and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|p=598}} Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by later historians and scientists,{{efn|Bufarale (1915) "diagnosed pneumonia or a military fever" while Portigliotti suggested pulmonary disease. Joannides stated that "Raphael died of over-work."<ref name=Sherman573>Shearman: 573.</ref>}} such as a combination of an infectious disease and [[bloodletting]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Riva|first1=Michele Augusto|last2=Paladino|first2=Maria Emilia|last3=Motta|first3=Marco|last4=Belingheri|first4=Michael|date=January 1, 2021|title=The death of Raphael: a reflection on bloodletting in the Renaissance|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02435-8|journal=Internal and Emergency Medicine|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=243–244|doi=10.1007/s11739-020-02435-8|pmid=32666175|s2cid=220528453|issn=1970-9366}}</ref> In his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the [[last rites]], and put his affairs in order. He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni. At his request, Raphael was buried in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]].<ref>Vasari:231</ref>

Raphael's funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. According to a journal by [[Paris de Grassis]],{{efn|Cited by [[Jean-M.-Vincent Audin]], although there is some uncertainty as to the journal's existence.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=598–99}}}} four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope.{{sfn|Salmi et al.|1969|pp=598–99}} The inscription on Raphael's marble sarcophagus, an [[elegiac poetry|elegiac]] [[distich]] written by [[Pietro Bembo]], reads: "Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die."{{efn|The original (in Latin): "Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori".}}

<gallery perrow="4" widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="Self-portraits">
File:Raphael colonna 01.jpg|Probable self-portrait drawing by Raphael in his teens
File:Sanzio 01 Raphael.jpg|Self-portrait, Raphael in the background, from ''[[The School of Athens]]''
File:Raphael missing.jpg|''[[Portrait of a Young Man (Raphael)|Portrait of a Young Man]]'', 1514, lost during the Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael.
File:Portrait de l'artiste avec un ami, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|Possible ''[[Self-portrait with a friend]]'', c. 1518
</gallery>

==Critical reception==
[[File:RAFAEL - Madonna Sixtina (Gemäldegalerie Alter Meister, Dresde, 1513-14. Óleo sobre lienzo, 265 x 196 cm).jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sistine Madonna]]'' (1512)]]
Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo. [[Mannerism]], beginning at the time of his death, and later the [[Baroque]], took art "in a direction totally opposed" to Raphael's qualities;<ref>[[André Chastel|Chastel André]], ''Italian Art'', p. 230, 1963, Faber</ref> "with Raphael's death, classic art—the High Renaissance—subsided", as [[Walter Friedländer]] put it.<ref>Walter Friedländer, ''Mannerism and Anti-Mannerism in Italian Painting'', p. 42 (Schocken 1970 edn.), 1957, Columbia UP</ref> He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism:<blockquote>the opinion ...was generally held in the middle of the sixteenth century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to the great artist. Those, like [[Lodovico Dolce|Dolce]] and [[Pietro Aretino|Aretino]], who held this view were usually the survivors of [[Renaissance Humanism]], unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism.<ref>Blunt:76</ref></blockquote> Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the ''[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|Lives]]'' expressing similar views.<ref>See Jones & Penny:102–04</ref>
[[File:Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Raphael and Maria Bibbiena's tomb in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]. The Madonna is by [[Lorenzetto]].]]
[[File:Raphael's grave, Pantheon 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Raphael's sarcophagus]]

Raphael's compositions were always admired and studied, and became the cornerstone of the [[Academic art|training of the Academies of art]]. His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired. He was seen as the best model for the [[history painting]], regarded as the highest in the [[hierarchy of genres]]. Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]] in his ''Discourses'' praised his "simple, grave, and majestic dignity" and said he "stands in general foremost of the first [i.e., best] painters", especially for his frescoes (in which he included the "Raphael Cartoons"), whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention. He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind..." Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes on to say of Raphael:

<blockquote>The excellency of this extraordinary man lay in the propriety, beauty, and majesty of his characters, his judicious contrivance of his composition, correctness of drawing, purity of taste, and the skilful accommodation of other men's conceptions to his own purpose. Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique. To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first. But if, according to [[Longinus (literature)|Longinus]], the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference.<ref>The 1772 Discourse [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2176/2176-h/2176-h.htm Online text of Reynold's Discourses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227211527/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2176/2176-h/2176-h.htm |date=2007-02-27 }} The whole passage is worth reading.</ref></blockquote> Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings, but the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century: "We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had..." wrote [[Heinrich Wölfflin|Wölfflin]], who was born in 1862, of Raphael's Madonnas.<ref>Wölfflin:82,</ref>

In Germany, Raphael had an immense influence on religious art of the [[Nazarene movement]] and [[Düsseldorf school of painting]] in the 19th century. In contrast, in England the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]] explicitly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers such as [[Joshua Reynolds]]), seeking to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence. According to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them, [[John Ruskin]]:
<blockquote><p>The doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought about in great part by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the commencement of decline. The perfection of execution and the beauty of feature which were attained in his works, and in those of his great contemporaries, rendered finish of execution and beauty of form the chief objects of all artists; and thenceforward execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity.</p>
<p>And as I told you, these are the two secondary causes of the decline of art; the first being the loss of moral purpose. Pray note them clearly. In mediæval art, thought is the first thing, execution the second; in modern art execution is the first thing, and thought the second. And again, in mediæval art, truth is first, beauty second; in modern art, beauty is first, truth second. The mediæval principles led up to Raphael, and the modern principles lead down from him.<ref>John Ruskin (1853), ''Pre-Raphaelitism'', p. 127 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV online at Project Gutenburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226105825/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV |date=2008-12-26 }}</ref></p></blockquote>

By 1900, Raphael's popularity was surpassed by Michelangelo and Leonardo, perhaps as a reaction against the etiolated Raphaelism of 19th-century academic artists such as [[Bouguereau]].<ref name="Ettlinger & Ettlinger:11">Ettlinger & Ettlinger:11</ref> Although art historian [[Bernard Berenson]] in 1952 termed Raphael the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance,<ref>[[Bernard Berenson|Berenson, Bernard]], ''Italian Painters of the renaissance, Vol 2 Florentine and Central Italian Schools'', Phaidon 1952 (refs to 1968 ed), p. 94</ref> art historians Leopold and Helen Ettlinger say that Raphael's lesser popularity in the 20th century is made obvious by "the contents of art library shelves ... In contrast to volume upon volume that reproduce yet again detailed photographs of the Sistine Ceiling or Leonardo's drawings, the literature on Raphael, particularly in English, is limited to only a few books".<ref name="Ettlinger & Ettlinger:11"/> They conclude, nonetheless, that "of all the great Renaissance masters, Raphael's influence is the most continuous."<ref>Ettlinger & Ettlinger:230</ref>

==See also==
* [[Domenico Alfani]], a close friend of Raphael whose paintings have often been mistaken for those of the better-known artist
* [[List of paintings by Raphael]]
* [[Renaissance in Urbino]]

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{notelist|30em}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|22em}}

==References==
* [[Anthony Blunt|Blunt, Anthony]], ''Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660'', 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), [[OUP]], {{ISBN|0-19-881050-4}}
* [[Cecil Gould|Gould, Cecil]], ''The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools'', National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, {{ISBN|0-947645-22-5}}
* Ettlinger, Leopold D., and Helen S. Ettlinger, ''Raphael'', Oxford: Phaidon, 1987, {{ISBN|0714823031}}
* Roger Jones and [[Nicholas Penny]], ''Raphael'', Yale, 1983, {{ISBN|0-300-03061-4}}
* Landau, David in:David Landau & Peter Parshall, ''The Renaissance Print'', Yale, 1996, {{ISBN|0-300-06883-2}}
* Pon, Lisa, ''Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print'', 2004, Yale UP, {{ISBN|978-0-300-09680-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Salmi |first1=Mario |author1-link=Mario Salmi|last2=Becherucci |first2=Luisa |last3=Marabottini |first3=Alessandro |last4=Tempesti |first4=Anna Forlani |last5=Marchini |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Becatti |author6-link=Giovanni Becatti |first6=Giovanni |last7=Castagnoli |first7=Ferdinando |author7-link=Ferdinando Castagnoli |last8=Golzio |first8=Vincenzo |title=The Complete Work of Raphael |date=1969 |publisher=Reynal and Co., [[William Morrow and Company]] |location=New York |ref={{sfnRef|Salmi et al.|1969}}}}
* [[John Shearman|Shearman, John]]; ''Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483–1602'', 2003, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-09918-5}}
* [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]], ''Life of Raphael'' from the ''[[Lives of the Artists]]'', edition used: ''Artists of the Renaissance'' selected & ed Malcolm Bull, Penguin 1965 (page nos from BCA edn, 1979)
* [[Heinrich Wölfflin|Wölfflin, Heinrich]]; ''Classic Art; An Introduction to the Renaissance'', 1952 in English (1968 edition), Phaidon, New York.

==Further reading==
* The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, ''Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo'', Vatican City and Westmead, 1971
* ''The Cambridge Companion to Raphael'', [[Marcia B. Hall]], Cambridge University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-521-80809-X}},
* New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001–2008
* ''Raphael''. James H. Beck, Harry N. Abrams, 1976. {{LCCN |7312198}}, {{ISBN|0-8109-0432-2}}
* ''Raphael'', Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0789207702}}
* ''Raphael'', Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007. {{ISBN|9780714847863}}
* ''Raphael'', [[John Pope-Hennessy]], New York University Press, 1970, {{ISBN|0-8147-0476-X}}
* ''Raphael: From Urbino to Rome''; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, [[Nicholas Penny]], National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004, {{ISBN|1-85709-999-0}} (exhibition catalogue)
* ''The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art''; Joanna Pitman, 2006. {{ISBN|0091901715}}
* ''Raphael: A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries'', catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971, {{ISBN|0-7148-1469-5}} (out of print, but an online version is here [http://posl.eu/dussler])
* ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101232 Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece]'', Wolk-Simon, Linda. (2006). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|978-1588391889}}.
* ''Raphael and the Antique'', Claudia La Malfa, Reaktion Books, 2020. {{ISBN|9781789141504}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Raffaello Sanzio}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Art UK bio}}
* [http://cima.ng-london.org.uk/documentation/ Raphael Research Resource] from the National Gallery, London
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612055706/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/paintings/features/raphael/index.html V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225002900/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/searchResults.asp?searchText=&title=&makerName=Raphael&category=&collector=&theme=&startYear=&endYear=&rccode= Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection]
* [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/ Web Gallery of Art]
* [http://artiststudiomuseum.org/studio-museums/casa-natale-di-raffaello/ Birthplace Museum of Raphael, Urbino, on the Artist's Studio Museum Network website]
* [http://colourlex.com/project/raphael/ Raphael Santi] at ColourLex.
* [https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1818.html Raphael at the National Gallery of Art]
*[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.SPURIOUSRAPH Guide to the Raphael Spurious Letters undated] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center]

{{Raphael}}
{{High Renaissance}}
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