Editing Raspberry

{{Short description|Edible fruit}}
{{other uses}}{{Distinguish|Rasberry (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg|thumb|Red-fruited raspberries]]
[[File:Fertődi kármin málna.JPG|thumb|European ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' raspberry fruits on the plant]]
The '''raspberry''' is the edible fruit of several plant [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Rubus]]'' of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]], most of which are in the [[subgenus]] ''[[Rubus#Modern classification|Idaeobatus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPi0enEj_PwC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 32: Raspberry Breeding and Genetics |author=Jules Janick |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=9780470593813 }}</ref> The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are [[perennial]] with [[woody plant|woody stems]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189 |page=189 |title=Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles |author=George Bentham |publisher=Lovell Reeve |year=1858 }}</ref> 

World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 [[tonne]]s, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and in [[Fruit preserves|preserves]], cakes, ice cream, and [[liqueur]]s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Raspberry {{!}} Description, Fruit, Cultivation, Types, & Facts |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/raspberry }}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Raspberry - halved (Rubus idaeus).jpg|thumb|125px|Halved raspberry; torus does not remain when the fruit is picked]]
[[File:Halved blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|135px|Halved blackberry; torus remains when the fruit is picked]]
A raspberry is an [[aggregate fruit]], developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angiosperm - Petals, Stamens, Sepals |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |access-date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/The-corolla#ref597008 |quote=consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel }}</ref> What distinguishes the raspberry from its [[blackberry]] relatives is whether or not the torus ([[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Gina Fernandez |author2=Elena Garcia |author3=David Lockwood |title=Fruit development |url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425030351/https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into [[IQF|individually quick frozen]] (IQF) fruit, [[purée]], juice, or [[dried fruit]] used in a variety of grocery products such as [[raspberry pie]]. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a [[pH]] between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.<ref name="Growing Raspberries">{{cite web |last=Strik |first=B.C. |year=2008 |title=Growing Raspberries in Your Home Garden |url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f |access-date=23 October 2021 |work=Growing Small Fruits |publisher=Oregon State University Extension Service |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060506/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f |url-status=live }}</ref> While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess [[irrigation]] can bring on ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems faced by the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

An individual raspberry weighs {{convert|3|–|5|g|oz|abbr=on}} and is made up of around 100 [[drupelet]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |last1=Iannetta |volume=110 |first1=P. P. M. |issue=4 |last2=Wyman |first2=M. |last3=Neelam |first3=A. |last4=Jones |first4=C. |last5=Taylor |first5=M. A. |last6=Davies |first6=H. V. |last7=Sexton |first7=R. |title=A causal role for ethylene and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') drupelets |pages=535–543 |date=December 2000 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x }}</ref> each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

== Etymology ==
Raspberry derives its name from ''raspise'', "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the [[Anglo-Latin]] ''vinum raspeys'', or from ''raspoie'', meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.<ref name="oed">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Raspberry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry |access-date=23 October 2021 |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194655/https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry |url-status=live }}</ref> The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English ''rasp'' or "rough berry".<ref name=oed />

== Species ==
[[File:Raspberries, fruit of four species.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The fruit of four species of raspberry. Clockwise from top left: [[Rubus deliciosus|boulder raspberry]], [[Rubus crataegifolius|Korean raspberry]], [[Rubus parvifolius|Australian native raspberry]], and [[Rubus rosifolius|Mauritius raspberry]].]]
[[File:Himbeere (Rubus idaeus) IMG 7756.JPG|thumb|Purple-fruited raspberry hybrid]]

Examples of raspberry species in ''Rubus'' subgenus ''[[Rubus#Modern classification|Idaeobatus]]'' include:
* ''[[Rubus crataegifolius]]'' (Asian raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus gunnianus]]'' (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' (red raspberry or European red raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus leucodermis]]'' (whitebark raspberry or western raspberry, blue raspberry, black raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus occidentalis]]'' (black raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus parvifolius]]'' (Australian native raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus phoenicolasius]]'' (wine raspberry or wineberry)
* ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]'' (Mauritius raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus strigosus]]'' (American red raspberry) (syn. ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'')
* ''[[Rubus ellipticus]]'' (yellow Himalayan raspberry)
* ''[[Rubus fraxinifolius]]'' (mountain raspberry, in southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean)

Several species of ''Rubus'', also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:
* ''[[Rubus deliciosus]]'' (boulder raspberry, subgenus ''Anoplobatus'')
* ''[[Rubus odoratus]]'' (flowering raspberry, subgenus ''Anoplobatus'')
* ''[[Rubus nivalis]]'' (snow raspberry, subgenus ''Chamaebatus'')
* ''[[Rubus arcticus]]'' (Arctic raspberry, subgenus ''Cyclactis'')
* ''[[Rubus sieboldii]]'' (Molucca raspberry, subgenus ''Malachobatus'')

== Cultivation ==
[[File:2010-05-24 Himbeerblüte 01.jpg|right|thumb|Flower]]
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from [[hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.<ref name=rhs /> Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or [[Oregon]] or [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per meter in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are [[biennial plant|biennial]] (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brambles (Fruit Production for the Home Gardener) |url=https://extension.psu.edu/brambles-in-the-home-fruit-planting |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=Fruit Production for the Home Gardener (Penn State Extension) |language=en-us |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825040021/http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/brambles |url-status=live }}</ref> The flowers can be a major [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s and other pollinators.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using [[basal shoot]]s (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.<ref>"High Tunnel Raspberries and Blackberries", Department of Horticulture publication, Cathy Heidenreich, Marvin Pritts, Mary Jo Kelly., and Kathy Demchak</ref>

=== Cultivars ===
==== Major cultivars ====
[[File:Golden Raspberries.jpg|thumb|Yellow cultivar]]
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry [[cultivar]]s derive from [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] between ''[[Rubus idaeus|R.&nbsp;idaeus]]'' and ''[[Rubus strigosus|R.&nbsp;strigosus]]''.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, ''Rubus idaeus'', with the European plants then classified as either ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[subspecies|subsp.]] ''idaeus'' or ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''idaeus'', and the native North American red raspberries classified as either ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' subsp. ''strigosus'', or ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''strigosus''. Recent breeding has resulted in [[cultivar]]s that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The black raspberry, ''[[Rubus occidentalis]]'', is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in [[Vermont]]) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.                   

''Blue raspberry'' is a local name used in [[Prince Edward County, Ontario]], Canada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Woolfrey |first=Sandra Marshall |url=http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |title=A Country Mouse with one paw in the Village:Growing up in Prince Edward County |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055635/http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of ''R.&nbsp;strigosus'' and ''R.&nbsp;occidentalis''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=U.P. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |title=The small fruits of New York |last2=Howe |first2=G.H. |last3=Taylor |first3=O.M. |last4=Berger |first4=A. |last5=Slate |first5=G.L. |last6=Einset |first6=O. |publisher=J. B. Lyon |year=1925 |location=Albany, New York |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318115240/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |url-status=live}} page 96</ref> ''Blue raspberry'' can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, ''[[Rubus leucodermis|R.&nbsp;leucodermis]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Both the red and the black raspberry species have albino-like pale-yellow natural or horticultural variants, resulting from presence of recessive [[gene]]s that impede production of [[anthocyanin]] pigments.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=7 |last1=Rafique |first1=Muhammad Z. |last2=Carvalho |first2=Elisabete |last3=Stracke |first3=Ralf |last4=Palmieri |first4=Luisa |last5=Herrera |first5=Lorena |last6=Feller |first6=Antje |last7=Malnoy |first7=Mickael |last8=Martens |first8=Stefan |title=Nonsense Mutation Inside Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene Controls Pigmentation in Yellow Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'' L.) |date=19 December 2016 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.01892 |doi-access=free |pmid=28066458 |hdl=10449/36981 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus ''Rubus'', resulting in a number of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s, the first of which was the [[loganberry]]. Later notable hybrids include the [[olallieberry]], [[boysenberry]], [[marionberry]], and [[tayberry]]; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of ''Rubus'' has also been achieved.

==== Selected cultivars ====
Numerous raspberry [[cultivar]]s have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].

===== Red, early summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Boyne
* Cascade Dawn
* Fertödi Venus
* Glen Clova
* Glen Moy (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Moy' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211225/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Killarney
* Latham
* Malahat
* Malling Exploit
* Malling Jewel (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Jewel' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220722/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prelude <ref>{{cite web |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |title=''Raspberry Plant Care'' |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023021331/https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rubin Bulgarski
* Titan
* Willamette
{{div col end}}

===== Red, mid-summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Cuthbert
* Glen Ample (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/rubus-idaeus-glen-ample-pbr-(f)/details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Ample' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304042140/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lloyd George
* Meeker
* Newburgh
* Ripley
* Skeena
* Cowichan
* Chemainus
* Saanich
{{div col end}}

===== Red, late summer fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Cascade Delight
* Coho
* Fertödi Rubina
* Glen Magna (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Magna' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035950/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Leo (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Leo' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227222611/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Malling Admiral (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Admiral' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306114713/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Octavia
* Schoenemann
* Tulameen (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Tulameen' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212047/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===== Red primocane, autumn fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Amity
* Augusta
* Autumn Bliss (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Autumn Bliss' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205602/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Joan J. (Thornless)
* Caroline
* Fertödi Kétszertermö
* Heritage
* Imara
* Joan J<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Joan J' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034647/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Josephine
* Kwanza
* Kweli
* Mapema
* Polka (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Polka' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220912/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rafiki
* Ripley
* Summit
* Zeva Herbsternte
{{div col end}}

===== Yellow primocane, autumn fruiting =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Anne
* Fallgold
* Fertödi Aranyfürt
* Goldenwest
* Golden Queen
* Honey Queen
* Jambo
* Kiwi Gold
{{div col end}}

===== Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries) =====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Brandywine
* Glencoe
* Royalty
{{div col end}}

===== Black =====
{{main|Rubus occidentalis}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Black Hawk
* Bristol
* Cumberland
* Jewel
* Logan
* Morrison
* Munger
* Ohio Everbearer
* Scepter
{{div col end}}

===== Dwarf cultivars =====
* {{tdes|Ruby Beauty}} = 'Nr7'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' {{tdes|''Ruby Beauty''}} = 'Nr7' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607190303/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Diseases and pests ===
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the [[raspberry beetle]] (in Europe)<ref name="EPPO-GD-rasp-beetle">{{cite web |title=''Byturus tomentosus'' (BYTUTO){{bracket|World distribution}} |website=Global Database |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) |date=1 July 2011 |url=http://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105433/https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Byturus unicolor|raspberry fruitworm]] (in North America),<ref name="iNaturalist-rasp-worm">{{cite web |title=Raspberry Fruitworm Beetle (''Byturus unicolor'') |website=[[iNaturalist]] |url=http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |language=en |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724220041/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |url-status=live }}</ref> whose larvae can damage raspberries.

''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease [[Verticillium wilt|''Verticillium'' wilt]], a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

==== Animals ====
Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the [[Japanese beetle]], which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) |last=Klein |first=M |date=7 January 2022 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.43599 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Production ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;"
|+ Raspberry production <br> <small> 2022, in thousands of [[tonne]]s<ref name="faostat"> [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of raspberries in 2022; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year|date=2024|publisher=United Nations, [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]]|access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref></small>
|-
|{{RUS}} ||212
|-
|{{MEX}} ||174
|-
|{{SRB}} ||116
|-
|{{POL}} ||105
|-
|{{USA}} ||76
|-
|'''World''' ||'''948'''
|}

In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 [[tonnes]], led by [[Russia]] with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were [[Mexico]], [[Serbia]], [[Poland]], and the [[United States]].

== Nutrition ==
{{nutritional value
| name=Raspberries, raw
| kJ=220
| protein=1.2 g
| fat=0.65 g
| carbs=11.94 g
| fiber=6.5 g
| sugars=4.42 g
| calcium_mg=25
| iron_mg=0.69
| magnesium_mg=22
| phosphorus_mg=29
| potassium_mg=151
| zinc_mg=0.42
| manganese_mg=0.67
| vitC_mg=26.2
| thiamin_mg=0.032
| riboflavin_mg=0.038
| niacin_mg=0.598
| pantothenic_mg=0.329
| vitB6_mg=0.055
| folate_ug=21
| choline_mg=12.3
| vitE_mg=0.87
| vitK_ug=7.8
| water=85.8 g
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167755/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, and have about 1% each of [[protein]] and fat (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raspberries supply 53 [[kilocalorie]]s and 6.5 grams of [[dietary fiber]]. Raspberries are a rich source of [[vitamin C]] (29% of the [[Daily Value]], DV), [[manganese in biology|manganese]] (29% DV), and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of [[micronutrient]]s (table). Raspberries are a low-[[glycemic index]] food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no [[starch]].<ref name=Nutrition />

The [[aggregate fruit]] structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in [[whole food]]s {{ndash}} up to 6% fiber per total weight.<ref name="Nutrition">{{cite web |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2 |title=Nutrient data for raw raspberries, USDA Nutrient Database, SR-21 |publisher=Conde Nast |date=2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180227/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2 |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

=== Phytochemicals ===
Raspberries contain [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[anthocyanin]] [[pigment]]s, [[ellagic acid]], [[ellagitannin]]s, [[quercetin]], [[gallic acid]], [[cyanidin]]s, [[pelargonidin]]s, [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]], [[kaempferol]] and [[salicylic acid]].<ref name="ppb">{{cite journal |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |year=2013 |volume=72 |pages=79–86 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.001 |pmid=23622736 |title=A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries |vauthors=Carvalho E, Franceschi P, Feller A, Palmieri L, Wehrens R, Martens S |bibcode=2013PlPB...72...79C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2014 |volume=160 |pages=233–40 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.174 |pmid=24799233 |title=Quality and chemical composition of ten red raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'' L.) genotypes during three harvest seasons |vauthors=Mazur SP, Nes A, Wold AB, Remberg SF, Aaby K }}</ref> Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.<ref name="ppb" /> Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.<ref name=scidi1>{{cite journal |last2=Fraser |first2=P.D. |last3=Martens |first3=S. |last1=Carvalho |first1=Elisabete |title=Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2013 |volume=139 |issue=1–4 |pages=744–752 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.047 |pmid=23561169 }}</ref>

Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=26773014 |pmc=4717884 |year=2016 |last1=Burton-Freeman |first1=B. M. |title=Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=44–65 |last2=Sandhu |first2=A. K. |last3=Edirisinghe |first3=I |doi=10.3945/an.115.009639 }}</ref>

=== Leaves ===
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in [[herbal tea]]s, providing an astringent flavor. In [[herbal medicine|herbal]] and [[traditional medicine]], raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.<ref name=Holst2009>{{cite journal |last1=Holst |first1=Lone |last2=Haavik |first2=Svein |last3=Nordeng |first3=Hedvig |pmid=19880082 |title=Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women? |date=13 June 2009 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=204–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.003 |journal=Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice |hdl=1956/3702 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Portal inline|Food}}
* [[Blue raspberry flavor]]
* [[Chambord (liqueur)]]
* [[Framboise]]
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[Raspberry ketone]]
* [[Raspberry juice]]
* [[Red raspberry leaf]] (herb)
* [[Thimbleberry]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Funt, R.C.; Hall, H.K. (2012). ''Raspberries'' (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-791-1}}.

== External links ==
<!-- Please don't insert interwiki references that are only about Rubus idaeus. See [[Rubus idaeus]] instead. -->
{{Cookbook|Raspberry}}
{{Wiktionary|raspberry}}
{{Commons|Raspberry}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Raspberry |volume=22 |short=x}}
* [https://web.extension.illinois.edu/raspberries/ Raspberries & More] (University of Illinois Extension)

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[[Category:Raspberry| ]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Plant common names]]
[[Category:Rubus]]