Editing Ray Jackendoff

{{Short description|American linguist and philosophy professor}}
{{BLP one source|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Ray Jackendoff
| image             = Ray Jackendoff.jpg
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| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1945|01|23}}
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| death_date        = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|1945|01|23}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place       = 
| residence         = 
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| fields            = [[Generative grammar]], [[cognitive science]], [[music cognition]]
| workplaces        = [[Tufts University|Tufts]], [[Brandeis University|Brandeis]]
| alma_mater        = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Swarthmore College|Swarthmore]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Noam Chomsky]]
| academic_advisors = 
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| notable_students  = [[Neil Cohn]]
| known_for         = 
| influences        = 
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| awards            = [[Fellow of the AAAS]]<br>[[Jean Nicod Prize]] <small>(2003)</small><br>[[Rumelhart Prize]] {{small|(2014)}}
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}}

'''Ray Jackendoff''' (born January 23, 1945) is an American [[linguist]]. He is professor of philosophy, Seth Merrin Chair in the [[Humanities]] and, with [[Daniel Dennett]], co-director of the [[Center for Cognitive Studies]] at [[Tufts University]]. He has always straddled the boundary between [[generative linguistics]] and [[cognitive linguistics]], committed to both the existence of an innate [[universal grammar]] (an important thesis of generative linguistics) and to giving an account of language that is consistent with the current understanding of the human mind and [[cognitive processes|cognition]] (the main purpose of cognitive linguistics).

Jackendoff's research deals with the [[semantics]] of [[natural language]], its bearing on the formal structure of [[cognition]], and its [[lexical (semiotics)|lexical]] and syntactic expression. He has conducted extensive research on the relationship between conscious awareness and the [[computational theory of mind]], on syntactic theory, and, with [[Fred Lerdahl]], on [[music cognition|musical cognition]], culminating in their [[generative theory of tonal music]]. His theory of [[conceptual semantics]] developed into a comprehensive theory on the foundations of language, which indeed is the title of a monograph (2002): ''Foundations of Language. Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution''. In his 1983 ''Semantics and Cognition'', he was one of the first linguists to integrate the visual faculty into his account of meaning and human language.

Jackendoff studied under linguists [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he received his PhD in linguistics in 1969. Before moving to [[Tufts]] in 2005, Jackendoff was professor of linguistics and chair of the linguistics program at [[Brandeis University]] from 1971 to 2005. During the 2009 spring semester, he was an external professor at the [[Santa Fe Institute]]. Jackendoff was awarded the [[Jean Nicod Prize]] in 2003. He received the 2014 [[Rumelhart Prize|David E. Rumelhart Prize]].  He has also been granted honorary degrees by the Université du Québec à Montréal (2010), the National Music University of Bucharest (2011), the Music Academy of Cluj-Napoca (2011), the Ohio State University (2012), and Tel Aviv University (2013).

==Interfaces and generative grammar==
Jackendoff argues against a syntax-centered view of [[generative grammar]] (which he calls ''syntactocentrism''), at variance with earlier models such as the standard theory (1968), the extended standard theory (1972), the revised extended standard theory (1975), the [[government and binding theory]] (1981), and the [[minimalist program]] (1993), in which syntax is the sole generative component in the language. Jackendoff takes syntax, semantics, and phonology all to be generative, interconnected via interface components. The task of his theory is to formalize the proper interface rules.

While rejecting mainstream generative grammar due to its syntactocentrism, the [[cognitive semantics]] school has offered an insight that Jackendoff would sympathize with{{fact|date=August 2024}}<!--This is worded like speculation and if so, needs to be attributed. If, on the other hand, the source is actually Jackendoff, the use of 'would' is inappropriate.-->, namely, that meaning is a separate combinatorial system not entirely dependent upon syntax. Unlike many of the cognitive semantics approaches, he contends that neither syntax alone should determine semantics, nor vice versa. Syntax need only interface with semantics to the degree necessary to produce properly ordered phonological output (see Jackendoff 1996, 2002; Culicover & Jackendoff 2005).

==Contribution to musical cognition==
Jackendoff, together with [[Fred Lerdahl]], has been interested in the human capacity for music and its relationship to the human capacity for language. In particular, music has structure as well as a "grammar" (a means by which sounds are combined into structures). When a listener hears music in an [[idiom]] he or she is familiar with, the music is not merely heard as a stream of sounds; rather, the listener constructs an unconscious understanding of the music and is able to understand pieces of music never heard previously. Jackendoff is interested in what cognitive structures or "[[mental representation]]s" this understanding consists of in the listener's mind, how a listener comes to acquire the musical grammar necessary to understand a particular musical idiom, what innate resources in the human mind make this acquisition possible and, finally, what parts of the human music capacity are governed by general cognitive functions and what parts result from specialized functions geared specifically for music (Jackendoff & Lerdahl, 1983; Lerdahl, 2001). Similar questions have also been raised regarding human language, although there are differences. For instance, it is more likely that humans evolved a specialized language [[mental module|module]] than having evolved one for music, since even the specialized aspects of music comprehension are tied to more general cognitive functions.<ref>[http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/incbios/RayJackendoff/MusicCapacity.pdf Jackendoff, R.& Lerdahl, F. The capacity for music: what is it and what's special about it?, ''Cognition'',100, 33–72 (2006).]</ref>

==Selected works==
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1972 | title = Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar | url = https://archive.org/details/semanticinterpre0000jack | url-access = registration | pages= [https://archive.org/details/semanticinterpre0000jack/page/400 400] | publisher = [[MIT Press]] | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10013-4}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1977 | title = X-Bar Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure | pages = [https://archive.org/details/xsyntaxstudyofph0000jack/page/248 248] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10018-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/xsyntaxstudyofph0000jack/page/248 }}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1983 | title = Semantics and Cognition | pages = [https://archive.org/details/semanticscogniti00jack/page/283 283] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10027-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/semanticscogniti00jack/page/283 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Lerdahl, Fred |author2=Ray Jackendoff | year = 1983 | title = A Generative Theory of Tonal Music |url=https://archive.org/details/generativetheory0000lerd |url-access=registration | pages= [https://archive.org/details/generativetheory0000lerd/page/369 369] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-12094-1}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1987 | title = Consciousness and the Computational Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/consciousnesscom0000jack | url-access = registration | pages = [https://archive.org/details/consciousnesscom0000jack/page/356 356] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10037-1}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1990 | title = Semantic Structures | url = https://archive.org/details/semanticstructur0000jack | url-access = registration | pages= [https://archive.org/details/semanticstructur0000jack/page/322 322] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10043-6 }}
*  {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1992 | title = Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation | pages = 200 | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10047-9}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1993 | title = Patterns in the Mind: Language and Human Nature | pages= 243 | publisher = Harvester Wheatsheaf | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-7450-0962-X}}
*  {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 1997 | title = The Architecture of the Language Faculty | url = https://archive.org/details/architecturelang00jack | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/architecturelang00jack/page/n277 262] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-10059-2}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 2002 | title = Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution | pages = 477 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-827012-7}}
* {{cite book |author1=Culicover, Peter W. |author2=Ray Jackendoff | year = 2005 | title = [[Simpler syntax]] | pages = 589 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-927108-9}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 2007 | title = Language, Consciousness, Culture: Essays on Mental Structure (Jean Nicod Lectures) | url = https://archive.org/details/languageconsciou00jack | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/languageconsciou00jack/page/n429 403] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-10119-6}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 2010 | title = Meaning and the Lexicon: The Parallel Architecture 1975–2010 | pages = 504 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-956888-8}}
* {{cite book | author = Jackendoff, Ray | year = 2012 | title = A User's Guide to Thought and Meaning | pages = 274 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-969320-7}}

==See also==
*[[Conceptual semantics]]
*[[Mentalist postulate]]
*[[Jean Nicod Prize|List of Jean Nicod Prize laureates]]
*[[X-bar theory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/jackendoff/index.html Website at Tufts University]
*[http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/ Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080928152118/http://blip.tv/file/509192 Ray Jackendoff, Conceptual Semantics, Harvard University, 13 November 2007 (video)]
*[http://internalism.googlegroups.com/web/Jackendoff%20-%20Semantics%20and%20cognition.pdf?gda=NnGiQVkAAADy552aSClb4ITRvY_uh1wg1HlZwQx1sWdg19XYVi-vtGG1qiJ7UbTIup-M2XPURDQygvGqyvkEdDeFrqZpbhAaiiQlHDGiKbzxcInHK4Ga8wkBfGCcUDOOFolhD-ndPQM ''Semantics and Cognition'']{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in Shalom Lappin (1996), "The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory", 539–559. Oxford: Blackwell.
*[http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/localcopy/pdf/jackendoff99possibleStages.pdf ''Possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306053800/http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/localcopy/pdf/jackendoff99possibleStages.pdf |date=March 6, 2009 }}, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 7 (July 1999).

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackendoff, Ray}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United States]]
[[Category:Semanticists]]
[[Category:Syntacticians]]
[[Category:Brandeis University faculty]]
[[Category:Tufts University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Jean Nicod Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Rumelhart Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Santa Fe Institute people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society]]
[[Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linguistic Society of America]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]