Editing Reagan Democrat

{{short description|Democratic voters who supported Republican president Ronald Reagan}}
{{use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Democrats for Reagan & Bush.jpg|thumb|[[Bumper sticker]] from Reagan's successful 1980 presidential campaign reading "Democrats for Reagan & Bush"]]
A '''Reagan Democrat''' is a traditionally [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] voter in the United States, referring to [[working class]] residents who supported [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidates [[Ronald Reagan]] in the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]] and/or the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]] United States presidential elections, and/or [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election]]. The term remains part of the lexicon in American political jargon because of Reagan's continued widespread popularity among a large segment of the electorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx|title=Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President|publisher=Gallup|date=February 18, 2011|access-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Ronald Reagan 1980 bumper sticker 2014BSReagan1Click-1x4.jpg|thumb|left|1980 bumper sticker reading, "Democrats Independents for Reagan"]]
{{conservatism US|parties}}
During the 1980 election a dramatic number of voters in the United States, disillusioned with the [[Economic stagnation|economic malaise]] of the 1970s and the presidency of [[Jimmy Carter]] (even more than four years earlier under moderate Republican [[Gerald Ford]]), supported Reagan, a former Democrat and California governor. Reagan's optimistic tone managed to win over a broad set of voters to an almost unprecedented degree (for a Republican since moderate war hero [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s victories in 1952 and 1956) across the board but did not make particular demographic inroads with Democratic voters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1980/|title=How Groups Voted in 1980|work=Roper Center}}</ref> with the possible exception of national security voters (a focused yet relatively small group, difficult to find decisive empirical support for and identified in 1980 with Democrat [[Henry "Scoop" Jackson]], a Reagan ally for a brief period after 1980 until his death in 1983).

The term Reagan Democrat is sometimes used to describe moderate Democrats who are more conservative than liberal on certain issues like national security and immigration. The term Reagan Democrat also refers to the vast sway that Reagan held over the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] during his presidency, even though the house had a Democratic majority during both of his terms.<ref name="Greenberg 1996"/> The term also hearkens back to [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[silent majority]], a concept that Reagan himself used during his political campaigns in the 1970s.

[[File:Democrat for Reagan 1984 bumper sticker.jpg|thumb|left|"Democrat for Reagan" bumper sticker, {{Circa|1984}}]]
Democratic pollster [[Stan Greenberg]] issued a study of Reagan Democrats, analyzing white ethnic voters (largely unionized auto workers) in [[Macomb County, Michigan]], just north of [[Detroit]]. The county voted 63 percent for [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1960 but 66 percent for Reagan in 1984.<ref>michigan.gov/sos</ref> He concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw the Democratic Party as champions of their working-class aspirations but instead saw them as working primarily for the benefit of others: the very poor, feminists, the unemployed, African Americans, Latinos, and other groups. In addition, Reagan Democrats enjoyed gains during the period of economic prosperity that coincided with the Reagan administration following the malaise of the [[Carter administration]]. They also supported Reagan's strong stance on national security and opposed the 1980s Democratic Party on such issues as pornography, crime, and high taxes.<ref name="Greenberg 1996">Greenberg (1996)</ref>

Greenberg periodically revisited the voters of Macomb County as a barometer of public opinion until he conducted a 2008 exit poll that found "nearly 60 percent" of Macomb County voters were {{"'}}comfortable' with [[Mr. Obama]]", drawing the conclusion that Macomb County had "become normal and uninteresting" and "illustrates America's evolving relationship with race". As such, Greenberg stated in an op-ed for ''[[The New York Times]]'': "I'm finished with the Reagan Democrats of Macomb County in suburban Detroit after making a career of spotlighting their middle-class anger and frustrations about race and Democratic politicians."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/opinion/11greenberg.html?_r=2&ref=opinion&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=Goodbye, Reagan Democrats | first=Stanley B. | last=Greenberg | date=November 11, 2008}}</ref> Obama ultimately won Macomb County by a comfortable 53–45% margin that year, the same margin he won nationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=26&year=2008|title=2008 Presidential General Election Results – Michigan|author=David Leip}}</ref> In 2016, Macomb County voted for [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/13/us/politics/michigan-voters-donald-trump.html|title=Michigan Voters Say Trump Could See Their Problems 'Right Off the Bat'|author=Abby Goodnough|date=2016-11-12|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> and did so again in 2020 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macomb County Clerk/Register of Deeds |title=Electors of President and Vice President of the United States |url=https://electionresults.macombgov.org/m31/5.html |website=Macomb County Clerk/Register of Deeds |publisher=Macomb County, Michigan |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/michigan/?r=0 |title=2024 Michigan Election Results |publisher =The Associated Press}}</ref>

Reagan biographer [[Craig Shirley]] wrote extensively about Reagan Democrats. His 1980 election account "Rendezvous with Destiny" clearly distinguishes the appearance of [[blue-collar]] crossovers for Reagan during the 1980 Wisconsin primaries at a Reagan event in Milwaukee's "ethnic Mecca" Serb Hall. He writes: "A young Democrat, Robert Ponasik, stood on a chair furiously waving a handmade sign that proclaimed, 'Cross Over for Reagan'. Of the reaction to Reagan in Serb Hall, [[Lynn Sherr]] of [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] reported, 'In judging from the way they showed up at a long-time Democratic meeting hall&nbsp;... a large number of blue-collar voters could go for Reagan.{{' "}}<ref name="Reagan Democrats 233">{{cite book |title= Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America|last= Shirley|first= Craig|author-link= Craig Shirley|year= 2009|publisher= ISI Books|location= Wilmington, Delaware|isbn= 978-1-933859-55-2|page= 233}}</ref>

==Reagan Democrats in the 1990s==
The demographic shift that Reagan tapped into continued into the 1990s after he left office. The Democrats responded with new themes. This is evidenced by the rise of [[Bill Clinton]] to the presidency during the 1992 presidential election. In that campaign, candidate Clinton billed himself as "a different kind of Democrat",<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Making of the New Democrats |first=Jon F. |last=Hale |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=110 |issue=2 |year=1995 |pages=207–232 |doi=10.2307/2152360 |jstor=2152360}}</ref> and forswore many older Democratic Party policies in favor of centrist [[Third Way]] policies that were championed by the [[Democratic Leadership Council]] in hopes of reconnecting with many working-class voters who had voted Republican in presidential campaigns since 1968—the silent majority of Nixon and the Reagan Democrats.

Many self-styled Reagan Democrats claim to be [[fiscal conservatives]] but still support many aspects of the core programs of the [[New Deal]] and the [[Great Society]] while also supporting Reagan's strong defense policies and his optimism in American culture. They still voted for Democratic politicians in the legislative and state elections until mid-1990s. Some elements of the [[Tea Party movement]] fit this sketch but many other independents and Democrats could fall into the same category as well. One of the most prominent self-styled Reagan Democrats includes the one-time Virginia Senator [[Jim Webb]] (who was in office from 2007 to 2013),<ref>{{cite news |last=Dionne |first=E. J. |date=February 11, 2011 |title=Jim Webb: The Last Jacksonian Democrat |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/2011/02/11/jim_webb_the_last_jacksonian_democrat_250335.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |work=The Washington Post |via=RealClearPolitics}}</ref> whom columnist [[David Paul Kuhn]] asserts is the quintessential Reagan Democrat and one of the last of an "endangered species" within the Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kuhn |first=David Paul |date=November 8, 2010 |title=Jim Webb: Why Reagan Dems Still Matter |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/11/08/jim_webb_why_reagan_dems_still_matter_107875.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |website=RealClearPolitics}}</ref>

In 2012, conservative commentator [[George Will]], observing the long-term movements of partisanship, said: "White voters without college education—economically anxious and culturally conservative—were called 'Reagan Democrats' when they were considered only seasonal Republicans because of Ronald Reagan. Today they are called the Republican base."<ref>{{cite news |first=George F. |last=Will |title=Suddenly, a fun candidate |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=January 4, 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/suddenly-a-fun-candidate/2012/01/04/gIQAnn0jaP_story.html}}</ref>

==Donald Trump and Joe Biden==
[[File:Blue Wall fall.svg|thumb|[[Donald Trump]] flipped the three Rust Belt states, which were cracked from part of the [[Blue wall (United States)|blue wall]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], resulting in him winning the electoral college and thus the presidency twice.]]
[[File:Blue Wall states 1992-2012 map.svg|thumb|[[Joe Biden]] flipped the three Rust Belt states, which were rebuilt back to being part of the [[Blue wall (United States)|blue wall]] in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]], resulting in him winning the electoral college and thus the presidency.]]

The term still carries relevance, since part of this group defected to Trump in the [[2016 United States presidential election]], who won every swing state in the [[Rust Belt]] and became the first Republican candidate to win [[2016 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] and [[2016 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]] since 1988 and the first to win [[2016 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] since 1984. All of these states voted for Republican U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 and Donald Trump in 2016 and 2024 but voted for Democratic U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, and Joe Biden in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/09/the-reagan-democrats-have-returned-to-the-republicans---handing/|title=The Reagan Democrats have returned to the Republicans – handing the party unprecedented power |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=March 4, 2017|last1=Bolton |first1=John }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/442091/michigan-donald-trump-reagan-democrats-turn-mitten-state-red-2016|title=How Blue-Collar Democrats Turned Michigan Red for Trump |website=[[National Review]] |date=10 November 2016 |access-date=March 4, 2017}}</ref>

Following the 2016 election, which saw many Rust Belt counties turn to Trump, a Republican strategist said that the working-class Reagan Democrats who favored Trump in 2016 should now be called "Trump Republicans".<ref name="livengood20161110">{{Cite news |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/11/09/trump-won-michigan/93551192/ |title=Trump flipped 12 counties to win Michigan |last=Livengood |first=Chad |date=2016-11-10 |newspaper=The Detroit News}}</ref> Conversely, it has been suggested that Reagan Democrats did not necessarily swing the Rust Belt states in 2016 but rather that Democratic voters in those regions stayed home on election day.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/omribenshahar/2016/11/17/the-non-voters-who-decided-the-election-trump-won-because-of-lower-democratic-turnout/#61031e5653ab|title=The Non-Voters Who Decided The Election: Trump Won Because Of Lower Democratic Turnout|author=Omri Ben-Shahar|date=2016-11-17|magazine=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/12/the_myth_of_the_rust_belt_revolt.html|title=The Myth of the Rust Belt Revolt|author=Konstantin Kilibarda and Daria Roithmayr|date=2016-12-01|magazine=Slate}}</ref> Trump became the first Republican presidential candidate to win all three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin since Reagan in 1984.{{efn|name="Reagan"|[[Ronald Reagan]] was the last Republican presidential candidate to win the Rust Belt state of [[1984 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] in [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]].}}{{efn|name="H.W. Bush"|[[George H. W. Bush]] was the last Republican presidential candidate to win the Rust Belt states of [[1988 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]] and [[1988 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] in [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]].}}

In a 2021 profile with ''[[Politico]]'', [[Stan Greenberg]] used the term "Biden Republican" to identify a large bloc of suburban white collar voters who chose [[Joe Biden]] over Trump in the [[2020 United States presidential election]]. Greenberg highlighted that these voters have been reliably Republican for decades but were inclined to vote for the Democratic nominee because of the [[Nativism in United States politics|nativism]] of [[Trumpism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/03/04/reagan-democrats-biden-republicans-politics-stan-greenberg-473330|title=The Rise of the Biden Republicans|first=Zack|last=Stanton|website=Politico|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=January 16, 2025 }}</ref> Following the [[2024 United States presidential election]], Trump flipped all three Rust Belt states of [[2024 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]], [[2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], and [[2024 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] again. With Trump's [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] victories in 2016 and 2024, he became the first Republican presidential candidate to win all three Rust Belt states twice since Reagan in 1980 and 1984.{{efn|name="W. Bush"|[[George W. Bush]] was the only Republican presidential candidate who was able to narrowly win the electoral college and thus the presidency twice in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] and [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] without carrying any of the three Rust Belt states.}}

==Similar concepts internationally==

* In the United Kingdom, the term "[[Essex man]]" can be used to describe a similar group of traditionally [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]-voting working-class voters who switched to voting for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] led by [[Margaret Thatcher]] in the 1980s thanks to her [[Right to Buy]] policy in particular. While no name in particular has been given to this group, the [[2017 UK general election]] saw some [[Brexit]]-supporting middle or northern working-class areas swing disproportionally to the Conservative Party. For example, this was manifested in the Conservative candidates gaining part-urban Labour seats in [[Stoke-on-Trent South (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]], and [[Walsall North (UK Parliament constituency)|Walsall]] in spite of the general Labour gain nationwide and in pro-[[European Union]] areas and the general losses for the Conservatives. On the other hand, Essex was dominated by the Conservatives in that election, with the party winning all 18 seats. After a larger number of northern working class areas swung to the Conservatives in the 2019 election, polling companies dubbed this group of people [[Workington man]]. The trend intensified in the [[2019 UK general election]], where the [[Red wall (British politics)|red wall]] largely voted for the Conservatives in greater numbers. This resulted in some constituencies that had been Labour for a century electing a Conservative MP, while others turned Conservative for the first time. 
* In Australia, the term "Howard battler" was used to refer to suburban working-class and traditionally [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] voters who switched to the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] led by [[John Howard]] in the mid-1990s and carried the Liberals to victory for the first time since [[Malcolm Fraser]] in [[1980 Australian federal election|1980]].
* In New Zealand, political columnist [[Chris Trotter]] has theorised about the emergence of "[[Waitakere City|Waitakere]] Man", a traditionally blue-collar constituency who he believes switched their votes to [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] leader [[John Key]] in [[2008 New Zealand general election|2008]] on the premises of "ambition" and "aspiration", and supposedly also represent a backlash against "[[political correctness gone mad]]".

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|40em|group=n}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Conservative Democrat]]
*[[Crossing the floor]]
*[[Crossover voting]]
*[[Democratic and liberal support for John McCain in 2008]]
*[[Democrats for Nixon]]
*[[Democrats for Trump]]
*[[The Lincoln Project]]
*[[No Labels]]
*[[Obama–Trump voters]]
*[[Party switching in the United States]]
*[[Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008]]
*[[Swing voter]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Borquez, Julio. "Partisan Appraisals of Party Defectors: Looking Back at the Reagan Democrats." ''American Review of Politics'' 26 (2005): 323-346. [https://journals.shareok.org/arp/article/view/368/345 online]

* Burden and Kimball (2002). ''Why Americans Split Their Tickets: Campaign, Competition, and Divided Government''. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

* Coste, Françoise. "Ronald Reagan’s Northern Strategy and a new American Partisan Identity: The Case of the Reagan Democrats." ''Caliban. French Journal of English Studies'' 31 (2012): 221-238 [https://journals.openedition.org/caliban/476 online]

* Douthat and Salam (2008). ''Grand New Party: How Republicans Can Win the Working Class and Save the American Dream''. New York City, NY: Doubleday.

*{{cite book |title=The Democratic Trend Phenomena: The Predictability of the Democratic Vote for President |last=Fairfax |first=Anthony Edward |year=2005 |publisher=MediaChannel |location=Hampton, VA |isbn=0-9752546-1-8}}
*{{cite book |title=Fenced Off: The Suburbanization of American Politics |last=Gainsborough |first=Juliet F. |year=2001 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-87840-830-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/fencedoffsuburba0000gain }}
*{{cite book |title=Middle Class Dreams: Politics and Power of the New American Majority |last=Greenberg |first=Stanley B. |year=1996 |publisher=Times Books |location=New York |isbn=0-8129-2345-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/middleclassdream00gree }}
*{{cite book |title=The Two Americas: Our Current Political Deadlock and how to Break it |last=Greenberg |first=Stanley B. |year=2004 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York |isbn=0-312-31838-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/twoamericasourcu00gree }}
*{{cite book |title=The Emerging Democratic Majority |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743226912 |url-access=registration |last=Judis |first=John B. |year=2004 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=0-7432-2691-7}}
*{{cite book |title=America's Forgotten Majority: Why the White Working Class Still Matters |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy A. |author2=Rogers, Joel |year=2001 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-08398-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/americasforgotte00teix }}
*[http://www.greenbergresearch.com/index.php?ID=1952 Return to Macomb County – Democratic Defection Revisited, by Stan Greenberg, April 01, 1987]
*[http://www.greenbergresearch.com/index.php?ID=1596 From Crisis to Working Majority, by Stan Greenberg, September 21, 1991]
*[http://www.greenbergresearch.com/index.php?ID=2234 Back To Macomb: Reagan Democrats and Barack Obama, by Stan Greenberg, James Carville, Andrew Baumann, Karl Agne, and Jesse Contario, August 25, 2008]
* Greenberg, Stanley B. (November 11, 2008). "Goodbye, Reagan Democrats". The New York Times.
* Moore, Jonathan (1986). Campaign For President: The Managers Look at ’84. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing.
* Schoen, Douglas (2008). Declaring Independence. New York City, NY: Random House.
* Steed, Moreland, and Baker (1986). The 1984 Presidential Election in the South: Patterns of the Southern Party Politics. New York City, NY: Praeger Publishers.
* Texieria, Ruy (2008). Red, Blue, & Purple America: The Future of Election Demographics. Washington, DC: Brooking Institution Press.

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[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)]]
[[Category:Political history of the United States]]
[[Category:Political terminology of the United States]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in the United States]]
[[Category:Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:Socioeconomic stereotypes]]
[[Category:White American culture]]
[[Category:Working class in the United States]]
[[Category:Crossover voting]]
[[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]]