Editing Real Book

{{Short description|Compilation of lead sheets}}
{{Italic title}}
{{about|the publication|the album by Steve Swallow|Real Book (album)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}

The '''''Real Book''''' is a musicians' [[fake book]] – a compilation of [[lead sheet]]s for [[jazz standard]]s. Fake books had been around at least since the late 1920s, but their organization was haphazard, and their content did not always keep pace with contemporary musical styles. The ''Real Book'' was initially produced by two students at the [[Berklee College of Music]] in the 1970s, as an updated fake book.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Metheny |first1=Pat |title=The Pat Metheny Real Book: C instruments |publisher=Hal Leonard |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |isbn=978-1480350595 |edition=Artist}}</ref> It became so popular that the book was eventually "legitimized" by publisher [[Hal Leonard]], and re-released in a series of editions and transpositions for various instruments.

== Background ==
For years, musicians had been producing "lead sheets", so called because they contained only rough outlines of music pieces rather than fully-notated scores. These lead sheets were collected together in volumes and sold to other musicians. These books gave the musician enough basic information—melody, chord symbols, structure, sometimes also lyrics—to "fake" their way through the tune; that is, to perform a credible version of a tune that they might not be familiar with, and for which they lacked a full score. Thus, these collections became known as "fake books".

Early fake books were mainly used by professional bands who performed mostly standards, often more geared to society and dance bands rather than [[jazz ensemble]]s, and devoted much space to [[show tune]]s, novelty tunes, traditional jazz, etc. The first three ''Real Book'' volumes, in contrast, contained many [[bebop]] and other jazz standards that were likely to be encountered on jazz gigs at the time. For this reason, the books were quickly adopted among jazz players in the 1970s, particularly on the [[East Coast of the United States]].

The original ''Real Book'' volumes, like earlier fake books, were printed without securing [[copyright]] releases or paying [[Royalty payment|royalties]], and they were thus illegal. These unlicensed books were all sold through informal connections, such as for cash in the backs of music stores, and between musicians. In 2004, the ''Real Book'' material was acquired by the [[publisher]] Hal Leonard and licensed for legal sale. Many new volumes were eventually added to the series, and some of the errors in the original volumes were corrected. These books also inspired a similar series, offered by the Sher Music Co., called ''The New Real Book''.

''The Real Book'' is published in editions to suit both [[transposing instrument|transposing]] (B{{music|b}}, E{{music|b}}, F) and non-transposing (C) instruments, as well as [[bass clef]] and voice editions ("low" and "high" voice, with lyrics). Each edition is identically paginated.

==History==
Compositions by [[Steve Swallow]], [[Paul Bley]], and [[Chick Corea]] are heavily represented in ''The Real Book'', along with [[jazz standard]]s and classic jazz compositions. Those were the songs that were played most in Boston in the early 1970s when the book was written.<ref name=":0" /> When Swallow was asked about the origin in February 2018, he said the book was written by students at Berklee who wanted to make money. They asked permission to use some of his songs, and he agreed. Swallow asked Bley and [[Steve Kuhn]] if they wanted some of their songs included, and they did; so they all contributed lead sheets. Swallow helped briefly with editing.<ref name="schroeder">{{cite AV media | people=Schroeder, David (Interviewer) | date=February 14, 2018 | title=Steve Swallow & John Scofield Interviewed by Dr. David Schroeder, NYU Steinhardt Jazz Studies Director | medium=Motion picture | location=New York City | publisher=NYU Steinhardt Jazz Studies}}</ref>

<blockquote>Then I watched these guys finally get the book together. One of them had a beautiful manuscript that subsequently became classic—it's called the Real Book font, and it imitates with uncanny accuracy his hand. He went on to be a big-time music copyist in Hollywood... The irony is that shortly after the book was put out, some other people realized they could photocopy it and sell it themselves, and the two guys who did all the work and put the book together made a lot less money than they had hoped to because there were imitation ''Real Books'' out there almost immediately... ''The Real Book'' was imperfect; there were wrong [[Chord progression|changes]] throughout it, but it was tremendously more accurate than what existed previously. And also, it was a lot more legible; it was easy to read."<ref name="schroeder" /></blockquote>

Only the first volume is the original. The two following volumes of ''The Real Book'' were produced. Volume 2 is printed in characteristically "rough" handwriting and transcription, while the third volume is [[Typesetting|typeset]] on a computer. The transcriptions in ''The Real Book'' are unlicensed; no [[royalties]] are paid to the musicians whose songs appear in the book. Consequently, the book violates copyright and is therefore illegal. In the past, it was usually sold surreptitiously in local music stores, often hidden behind the counter for customers who asked. [[PDF]] editions of the book are often available illegally on [[P2P file sharing|P2P]] networks.

The name is a play on words from the common name for these types of song folios: "[[fake book]]", though it might have been influenced by the Boston alternative weekly newspaper, ''[[The Real Paper]]'', started by writers of ''[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]]'' newspaper in Boston after a labor dispute.

A variety of dates have been attributed to the book. The April 1990 issue of ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' featured ''The Real Book'' in the "Man at His Best" column by Mark Roman in an article called "Clef Notes". He stated, "I don't know a jazzman who hasn't owned, borrowed, or Xeroxed pages from a ''Real Book'' at least once in his career," and he quoted John F. Voigt, music librarian at Berklee. "''The Real Book'' came out around 1971.<ref name="Esquire 1990" /> The only material available in print then was crap."

Another feature surfaced on April 10, 1994, in ''[[The New York Times]]'' article "Flying Below the Radar of Copyrights". Guitarist Bill Wurtzel was quoted as saying, "Everyone has one, but no one knows where they come from." The writer of the article, Michael Lydon, said, "I got mine in 1987 from a bassist who lives in Queens and who attended the Berklee School of Music in Boston; many in jazz circles suspect that students there reproduced the first copies of it in the mid-70s."<ref name="NYTs article 1994" />

[[Pat Metheny]] claims that while teaching at [[Berklee College of Music]] from 1973 to 1974, one of his guitar students and one of [[Gary Burton]]'s vibraphone students (both of whom wish to remain anonymous) invented the idea of assembling the anthology that would form ''The Real Book''. Early editions included several compositions by Metheny as "Untitled Tune" as they had not yet been recorded and released.<ref name=":0" />

=== Hal Leonard ===
In 2004, the music publisher [[Hal Leonard]] obtained the rights to most of the tunes contained in the original ''Real Book'' and published the first legal edition, calling it the ''Real Book Sixth Edition'' in tacit acknowledgment of the five previous illegal versions. The cover and binding are identical to the "old" ''Real Book,'' and the books employ a font similar to the handwritten style of the originals. One hundred and thirty-seven tunes were omitted from the 6th edition that were in the 5th, and 90 new tunes were added.<ref name="guide">{{cite web |title=The Real Book Listening Guide · Differences Between the 5th and 6th Editions |url=http://www.realbooklisten.com/realbook6-diffs.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509190718/http://www.realbooklisten.com/realbook6-diffs.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=2 December 2018 |date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

Hal Leonard released ''The Real Book, Volume II, Second Edition'' in answer to the ''Real Book, Volume II''. This was followed by ''The Real Book, Volume III, Second Edition'' (July 2006), ''The Real Book, Volume IV'' (December 2010), ''The Real Book, Volume V'' (June 2013), and ''The Real Book, Volume VI'' (June 2016). These books contain much of the same material as their counterparts, and in most cases charts from Hal Leonard books are compatible with the ''Real Book'' charts. In some cases, compatibility issues occur where corrections have been made to some of the mistakes in the 5th edition charts; in other cases, 6th edition charts reference changes on different recordings from those cited in the previous edition.

== Selected editions ==
{{ref begin|100em}}
{{Ordered list
| list-style-type = lower-roman|''The Real Book'' 2nd edition, [[Hal Leonard]] (publisher) (2004)
: Volume II {{OCLC|605194191|60841601}}
: Volume II, C {{OCLC|213853072}}
: Volume III {{OCLC|795309725|787732883|317729978}}
: Volume III, E{{music|flat}} {{OCLC|605194255}}|''The Real Book'', 2nd edition, O. Angabe (publisher) (1980) {{OCLC|314155091}}|''The Real Book'', Pacific edition, Real Book Press (1980) {{OCLC|9593108}}|''The Real Book'', 6th edition (2007) {{OCLC|56846058|189624769|750243800}} (Confusingly, there are also "European Edition" versions of the 6th edition ({{ISBN|9781844498413}}) that contain slightly differing contents.)
}}
{{ref end}}

{{ref begin|100em}}
{{Ordered list
| list-style-type = lower-roman|''The New Real Book,'' compiled & edited by Chuck Sher (Charles D. Sher; born 1947) & Sky Evergreen ''(aka'' Bob Bauer; ''né'' Robert E. Bauer; 1956–1997),<ref name="Bob Bauer obit" /> Sher Music (publisher) (1988)
:1st Edition, C & vocal version {{OCLC|311905162}}
:Volume I
:Volume II
:Volume III {{ISBN|978-1-883217-03-7}}
}}
{{ref end}}

== Similar books ==

Some other music publishers also apply the term ''Real Book'' to their own publications.
* The [[Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music]] publishes ''The AB Real Book''.<ref name="TheABRealBook">{{cite web |url=https://shop.abrsm.org/shop/ucat/The-AB-Real-Book/1086 |title=The AB Real Book |publisher=Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music }}</ref>
* [[Alfred Publishing|Alfred Publishing Co.]] has several Real Books.<ref name="AlfredFakeBooks">{{cite web |url=https://images.alfred.com/pdf/MIPiano-10CATALOG/PVC/Fakebooks.pdf |title=Fake Books |publisher=Alfred Music }}</ref>
* Sher Music Co. publishes ''The New Real Book'', in 3 volumes.<ref name="Sher Music website" /> The collection of tunes differs from that of the original Real Book. This edition offers some of the same songs, with different transcriptions and [[Music notation|notation]].

==See also==
* [[Ralph Patt]], author of ''The Vanilla Book'' of 400 chord progressions for jazz standards
* [[Chas. H. Hansen Music Corp.]], pioneer publisher of legitimate [[fake books]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Esquire 1990">''Man At His Best: Clef Notes,'' by Mark B. Roman (born 1962), ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', April 1990, Vol. 113 {{ISSN|0194-9535}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTs article 1994">''[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/10/arts/pop-music-flying-below-the-radar-of-copyrights.html Pop Music; Flying Below The Radar Of Copyrights],'' Michael C. Lydon (born 1942), ''[[The New York Times]],'' April 10, 1994</ref>
<ref name="Bob Bauer obit">
* Obituary: ''Evergreen, Sky "Bob Bauer," 41, San Francisco, CA,'' [[San Francisco Chronicle]], June 19, 1997
* "Sky Evergreen 1956-1997: Sky Evergreen (formerly Bob Bauer) made music throughout the Bay Area for most of his 41 years...Sky Evergreen died peacefully of AIDS at Maitri Hospice on June 18. He is survived by his parents, Bill and Carolyn; siblings, Jim and Spirit Dove, both of Maine; John of San Rafael; and his family of loving friends, caregivers and musical colleagues." [https://archive.org/details/BAR_19970626 Bay Area Reporter, Volume 27, Number 26, 26 June 1997]
</ref>
<ref name="Sher Music website">[http://www.shermusic.com Sher Music official website], Chuck Sher (Charles D. Sher; born 1947) (proprietor)</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-real-book/ 99% Invisible podcast episode] on the Berklee book from the 1970s

[[Category:Song books]]

[[sv:Fakebook#The Real Book]]