Editing Rebec

{{Short description|String instrument}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name= Rebec
|names=
|image=Rebac.jpg
|image_capt=The rebec in "Virgin among Virgins" (1509), by [[Gerard David]].
|background=string
|classification=
*[[Bowed string instrument]]s
|hornbostel_sachs=321.21-71
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Bowl lyre sounded by a [[bow (music)|bow]]
|developed=[[Middle Ages]]
|range=
|related=
* [[vielle]]
* [[viol]]
* [[rebab]]
* [[Rabel (instrument)|rabel]]
* [[rabeca]]
* [[Byzantine lyra]]
}}
The '''rebec''' (sometimes '''rebecha, rebeckha''', and other spellings, pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɛ|k|}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|b|ɛ|k|}}) is a bowed [[string instrument|stringed instrument]] of the [[Medieval era]] and the early [[Renaissance]]. In its most common form, it has a narrow boat-shaped body and one to five strings.

==Origins==
Popular from the 13th to 16th centuries, the introduction of the rebec into Western Europe coincided with the Arabic conquest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. There is, however, evidence of the existence of bowed instruments in the 9th century in Eastern Europe. The Persian geographer of the 9th century [[Ibn Khordadbeh|Ibn Khurradadhbih]] cited the  bowed [[Byzantine lira]] (or ''lūrā'') as a typical bowed instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the pear-shaped Arab ''[[rebab]]''.<ref>Margaret J. Kartomi, 1990</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= Farmer |first= Henry George |author-link= Henry George Farmer |year=1988 |title= Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=0-405-08496-X |page=137}}</ref><ref>For a possible etymological link between Arabic ''rebab'' and French ''rebec'' see [http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=rebec&submit.x=46&submit.y=17 American Heritage Dictionary]</ref><ref>{{Citation|last= Panum |first= Hortense |author-link=Hortense Panum |year=1939 |title=The stringed instruments of the Middle Ages, their evolution and development |location=London |publisher=William Reeves |page=434}}</ref>

The rebec was adopted as a key instrument in [[Arab classical music]] and in [[Morocco]] it was used in the tradition of [[Arabo-Andalusian music]], which had been kept alive by descendants of [[Moriscos|Muslims who left Spain]] as refugees following the [[Reconquista]]. The rebec also became a favorite instrument in the tea houses of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

The rebec was first referred to by that name around the beginning of the 14th century, though a similar instrument, usually called a ''lira da braccio'' (arm lyre), had been played since around the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book |last= Bachmann |first= Werner |author-link= Werner Bachmann |year=1969 |title= The origins of bowing and the development of bowed instruments up to the thirteenth century |publisher= Oxford University Press |page=35}}</ref> The name derives from the 15th century [[Middle French]] ''rebec'', altered in an unexplained manner from the 13th century [[Old French]] ''ribabe'', which in turn comes from the Arabic ''rebab''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=rebec (n.) |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=rebec |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> An early form of the rebec is also referred to as the ''rubeba'' in a 13th century Moravian treatise on music.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stainer |first1=J.F.R. |title=Rebec and Viol |journal=The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular |date=1900 |volume=41 |issue=691 |pages=596–597}}</ref> Medieval sources refer to the instrument by several other names, including [[Pochette (musical instrument)|kit]] and the generic term [[fiddle]].<ref name="Stowell"/>

A distinguishing feature of the rebec is that the bowl (or body) of the instrument is carved from a solid piece of wood. This distinguishes it from the later period [[vielle]]s and [[Viol|gambas]] known in the Renaissance.

== Tuning ==
The number of strings on the rebec varies from 1 to 5, although three is the most common number. Early forms of the instrument commonly had 2. The strings are often tuned in [[interval (music)|fifths]], although this tuning is not universal. Many depictions of the rebec show its bridge as flat, which would mean that several strings were bowed at the same time. This suggests that the strings would likely be tuned in fifths and fourths similar to the fiddle and mandora.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Remnant |first1=Mary |title=Rebec, Fiddle, and Crowd in England |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association |date=1968 |volume=95 |pages=15–28|doi=10.1093/jrma/95.1.15 }}</ref> The instrument was originally in the treble range, like the violin, but later larger versions were developed, so that by the 16th century [[composer]]s were able to write pieces for [[Consort of instruments|consorts]] of rebecs, just as they did for consorts of [[viol]]s.

== In use ==
The rebec was often played by professional [[minstrels]] and musicians at feasts. In northern Europe, musicians typically held it at the shoulder, while musicians in southern Europe and northern Africa held it down in the lap and gripped the bow from below.<ref name="Stowell">{{cite book|title=The Early Violin and Viola: A Practical Guide|page=174|last=Stowell|first=Robin|year=2001|isbn=9780521625555|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

The use of frets on the rebec is somewhat ambiguous. Many scholars who have written about the instrument have described it as fretless. However, some illustrations from the 13th century onward depict frets on the rebec. It is possible to attribute this discrepancy to the fact that frets on bowed instruments appeared in Europe in the early renaissance, but not in England until the 15th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Remnant |first1=Mary |title=The Use of Frets on Rebecs and Mediaeval Fiddles |journal=The Galpin Society Journal |date=1968 |volume=95 |pages=15–28}}</ref>

In time, the viol came to replace the rebec, and the instrument was little used beyond the [[renaissance music|renaissance]] period. The instrument was used by [[dance]] masters until the 18th century, however, often being used for the same purpose as the [[Kit violin|kit]], a small pocket-sized violin. The rebec also remained in use in [[folk music]], especially in [[eastern Europe]] and [[Spain]]. [[Andalusi nubah]], a genre of music from [[North Africa]], often includes the rebec. Chilote Waltz (a variation of traditional [[waltz]], played in [[Chiloé Island|Chiloe Island]], [[Chile]]) also uses the rebec.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Millacura |first=Matías |date=2019-01-24 |title=Rabel Chilote |url=https://archivospatrimoniales.uc.cl///handle/123456789/24821 |language=en}}</ref>

== Artists ==
* The original [[Michael Nyman Band]] included a rebec before the band switched to a fully amplified lineup.
* [[Les Cousins Branchaud]], a [[folk music]] group from [[Quebec]], Canada, includes a rebec player.
* [[Ensemble Micrologus]], an [[Italy|Italian]] [[medieval music]] group, has a member who performs on rebec.
* [[Tina Chancey]] is a multi-instrumentalist specializing in early bowed strings like the rebec. She also plays in [[Hesperus]], an early music and folk music group.
* [[Dominique Regef]] is a French musician, composer and improvisor who performs on, among other instruments, the rebec.
* [[Giles Lewin]], while being more famous for his work on violin and bagpipes, also plays the rebec in the [[Dufay Collective]].
* Sisters [[Shirley Collins|Shirley]] and [[Dolly Collins]] have released a number of albums that include the rebec.
* [[Oni Wytars]], a European music group, often includes the rebec in their performances.
* [[Sérgio Roberto Veloso de Oliveira]] (from Mestre Ambrósio and [[Siba (singer)|Siba]] e a Fuloresta), and Antônio Nóbrega plays the rebec in a very Brazilian folkloric way, which has a large number of players in its north-east part.
* A rebec, played by [[Shira Kammen]], is used in the song "Kingfisher" on the 2010 album [[Have One On Me]] by American multi-instrumentalist [[Joanna Newsom]].<ref>Have One On Me album booklet</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Characters in Romeo and Juliet#Musicians|Hugh Rebeck]] is a minor character in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', one of the musicians called by Peter in an oft-cut scene.  Presumably, he is named for the instrument that he plays.

In a scene in ''[[Don Quixote]]'', a goatherd entertains Don Quixote and [[Sancho Panza]] by playing a rebec and singing a love song.

A rebec featured prominently in one of [[Ellis Peters]]' (12th century) [[Brother Cadfael]] stories:  Liliwin, the title character of ''The Sanctuary Sparrow'', earned his living by playing that instrument.  His rebec was damaged by a mob that accused him of murder, but one of the monks repaired it and returned to him at the end of the story.

== See also ==
* [[Byzantine lyra]]: the pear-shaped bowed stringed instrument of the Byzantine Empire.
* [[Calabrian lira]]
* [[Cretan lyra]]: The pear-shaped bowed instrument of [[Crete]], [[Greece]].
* [[Dramyin]]: a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] folk music instrument.
* [[Gadulka]]: a [[Bulgarian music|Bulgarian]] stringed instrument.
* [[Gusle]]: a Western Balkan folk instrument
* [[Kamencheh]]: a four-stringed instrument similar to the kemenche.
* [[Kemenche]]: a three-stringed instrument from the [[Black Sea]] region of [[Asia Minor]].
* [[Lijerica]] Croatian or Dalmatian instrument
* [[Rabeca]]
* [[Rabel (instrument)|Rabel]]: a Spanish folk instrument
* [[Rebecca (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220430164230/https://www.dictionary.com/e/word-of-the-day/rebec-1-2022-04-30/ "rebec"] definition at Dictionary.com ("Word of the Day" on April 30, 2022)
*[https://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/instrument/rebec The Rebec] &ndash; Short history of the rebec, and sound sample.
* [http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fr/results.html?query=rebec Musiconis Database of Medieval Musical Iconography: Rebec.]
*[http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/the-rebirth-of-the-rabeca-fiddle-of-brazil/ The Rebirth of the Rabeca Fiddle of Brazil]
*[https://crab.rutgers.edu/users/pbutler/rebec.html The Rebec Page] &ndash; Origins, morphology, construction, and sound sample.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205344/http://roncookstudio.com/roncookstudios/Descriptions/Old-World-bowed-new/images/Quasimodo-Rebec_jpg.jpg Tenor rebec photo]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rebec}}

{{Medieval music}}
{{Renaissance music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bowed string instruments]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Italian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Swiss musical instruments]]
[[Category:Medieval musical instruments]]