Editing Recalcitrant seed

{{Short description|Plant seeds intolerant of drying or cold}}
[[Image:Apple mango and cross section edit1.jpg|thumb|Photo of one whole and one split mango displaying its seed, which is approximately 1/3 the size of the entire fruit]]
'''Recalcitrant seeds''' are [[seed]]s that do not survive drying and freezing during [[Ex situ conservation|''ex situ'' conservation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, USDA |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/ncgrp/center_faq.htm#Q20 |access-date=2008-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819225241/http://www.ars-grin.gov/ncgrp/center_faq.htm |archive-date=August 19, 2007 }}</ref> By and large, these seeds cannot resist the effects of drying or temperatures less than 10 °C (50 °F); thus, they cannot be stored for long periods like [[orthodox seeds]] because they can lose their viability. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds include [[avocado]], [[mango]], [[mangosteen]], [[lychee]], [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]], [[rubber tree]], some horticultural trees,<ref name="osu">{{cite web|title=Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds|url=http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf|format=PDF|last=Marcos-Filho|first=Julio|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=December 3, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf|archive-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> aquatic plants such as ''[[Nymphaea caerulea]]''<ref name="freezing-nymph" />'','' and several plants used in traditional medicine, such as species of ''[[Virola]]'' and ''[[Pentaclethra]]''. Generally speaking, most tropical [[pioneer species]] have orthodox seeds but many [[climax species]] have recalcitrant or intermediate seeds.<ref>{{cite web| last = Flores| first = E.M.| author2 = J. A. Vozzo Editor| title = Ch 1. Seed Biology| work = Tropical Tree Seed Manual| publisher = USDA Forest Service| url = http://www.rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology/| format = PDF| access-date = 2011-12-24| archive-date = 2017-07-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170712081940/https://rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Mechanisms of damage ==
[[Image:Litchi root.jpg|thumb|Germinating [[lychee]] seed with its [[radicle]]]]
The two main mechanisms causing damage to recalcitrant seeds are [[desiccation]] effects on the [[Organelle|intracellular structures]] and metabolic damage from the formation of toxic chemicals such as [[free radical]]s.<ref>{{cite web| last = Berjak| first = Patricia| author-link = Patricia Berjak| author2 = N.W. Pammenter| author3 = J. A. Vozzo Editor| title = Ch 4. Orthodox and Recalcitrant Seeds| work = Tropical Tree Seed Manual| publisher = USDA Forest Service| url = http://www.rngr.net/publications/ttsm/ch4/| format = PDF| access-date = 2010-09-27| archive-date = 2017-07-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170712080912/https://rngr.net/publications/ttsm/ch4| url-status = live}}</ref> An example of the first type of damage would be found in some recalcitrant nontropical [[hardwood]] seeds, specifically the [[acorn]]s of recalcitrant [[oak]]s, which can be stored in a non-frozen state for up to two years provided that precautions are taken against drying. These seeds show deterioration of cell membrane lipids and proteins after as few as 3–4 days of drying.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Connor| first = Kristina F| title = Update on oak seed quality research: Hardwood recalcitrant seeds| journal = Proc. RMRS| volume = P| issue = 33| pages = 111–116| publisher = USDA, [[Rocky Mountain Research Station]]| year = 2004| url = http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/9489| access-date = 2008-01-09| archive-date = 2017-07-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702224836/https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/9489| url-status = live}}</ref> Other recalcitrant seeds, such as those of the sweet chestnut (''[[Castanea sativa]]''), show oxidative damage resulting from uncontrolled metabolism occurring during the drying process.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Leprince| first = Olivier|author2=J Buitink |author3=F Hoekstra | title = Axes and cotyledons of recalcitrant seeds of Castanea sativa Mill. exhibit contrasting responses of respiration to drying in relation to desiccation sensitivity| journal = J. Exp. Bot.| volume = 50| pages = 1515–1524| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1999| doi = 10.1093/jexbot/50.338.1515| issue = 338 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

== Storage ==
Preservation of recalcitrant seeds remains experimental. Some approaches include:
* Removal of the embryo inside for [[cryopreservation]] (liquid nitrogen).<ref name="CPC"/>
* Cryopreservation of the whole seed in an anti-freezing solution.<ref name="freezing-nymph">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Chung-Hao |url=https://lch99310.github.io/files/Cryopreservation%20of%20seeds%20of%20blue%20waterlily%20-Nymphaea%20caerulea-%20using%20glutathione%20adding%20plant%20vitrification%20solution%2C%20PVS%2B.pdf |title=Cryopreservation of seeds of blue waterlily (Nymphaea caerulea) using glutathione adding plant vitrification solution, PVS+ / 埃及藍睡蓮種子的冷凍保存 — 使用添加穀胱甘肽的植物抗凍配方 |publisher=National Tsing Hua University |year=2016 |language=English}}</ref>

'''Intermediate seeds''' are between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds in their survivability. They are initially identified by their inability to survive conventional dry-freezing storage while being able to survive cryopreservation as a whole. The storage guideline is to put them in refrigeration at 45&ndash;65% RH, for a maximum of five years.<ref name="CPC">{{cite web |title=Orthodox, Intermediate, and Recalcitrant Seed |url=https://saveplants.org/best-practices/difference-between-orthodox-intermediate-and-recalcitrant-seed/ |website=Center for Plant Conservation}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Micropropagation]]
* [[Orthodox seed]]
* [[Plant propagation]]
* [[Seedbank]]

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

[[Category:Plant reproduction]]
[[Category:Seeds]]