Editing Recitative

{{Short description|Ordinary speech-like singing in opera, cantata, mass or oratorio}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2008}}
[[File:Handel, Lascia ch’io pianga autograph score, 1711.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This score for [[Handel]]'s ''[[Lascia ch'io pianga]]'' shows the simple accompaniment for a recitative; much of the time, the basso continuo (the lower staff in bass clef) play half notes and whole notes underneath the vocalist's recitative part.]]
[[File:Bach - cantata 140. 2. recitative.ogg|thumb|right|200px|A recitative from [[J.S. Bach]]'s [[BWV 140|Cantata 140, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"]]]]
'''Recitative''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɛ|s|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|t|iː|v}}, also known by its Italian name '''recitativo''' ({{IPA|it|retʃitaˈtiːvo|}}) is a style of delivery (much used in [[opera]]s, [[oratorio]]s, and [[cantata]]s) in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms and delivery of ordinary speech. Recitative does not repeat lines as formally composed songs do. It resembles sung ordinary speech more than a formal musical composition.

Recitative can be distinguished on a continuum from more speech-like to more musically sung, with more sustained melodic lines. The mostly syllabic '''''recitativo secco'''''{{efn-ua|plural: ''recitativi secchi''}}  ("dry", accompanied only by [[Basso continuo|continuo]], typically cello and harpsichord) is at one end of the spectrum, through '''''recitativo accompagnato''''' (using orchestra), the more [[melisma]]tic [[arioso]], and finally the full-blown [[aria]] or ensemble, where the pulse is entirely governed by the music. Secco recitatives can be more improvisatory and free for the singer, since the accompaniment is so sparse; in contrast, when recitative is accompanied by orchestra, the singer must perform in a more structured way.

The term ''recitative'' (or occasionally liturgical recitative) is also applied to the simpler formulas of [[Gregorian chant]], such as the tones used for the [[epistle]], [[gospel]], [[preface (liturgy)|preface]] and [[collect]]s; see [[accentus]].

==Origins==
The first use of recitative in [[opera]] was preceded by the [[monody|monodies]] of the [[Florentine Camerata]] in which [[Vincenzo Galilei]], father of the astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]], played an important role. The elder Galilei, influenced by his correspondence with [[Girolamo Mei]] on the writings of the ancient Greeks and with [[Erycius Puteanus]] on the writings of [[Hucbald]]<ref>Hope 1894, p. ??</ref> and wishing to recreate the old manner of storytelling and drama, pioneered the use of a single melodic line to tell the story, accompanied by simple chords from a harpsichord or lute.

In the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] era, recitatives were commonly rehearsed on their own by the stage director, the singers frequently supplying their own favourite [[insertion aria|baggage aria]]s which might be by a different composer (some of [[Mozart]]'s so-called concert arias fall into this category). This division of labour persisted into the 19th century: <!-- some famous works are [[Mozart]]'s ''[[La clemenza di Tito]]'' (1791, recitatives believed to be by [[Franz Xavier Süssmayr]], but check Freeman, Daniel (2013). Mozart in Prague), --> [[Rossini]]'s ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' (1817, recitatives by Luca Agolini<ref>Gossett 2006, p. 249</ref>) is a famous example. Later it remained a custom to replace originally spoken dialogue with new recitatives: [[Carl Maria von Weber]]'s ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' (1821, adapted 1841 with recitatives by [[Hector Berlioz]] for the Paris Opera), [[Georges Bizet]]'s ''[[Carmen]]'' (1875, recitatives by Ernest Guiraud for the posthumous run in Vienna the same year), [[Charles Gounod]]'s ''[[Mireille (opera)|Mireille]]'' and ''[[La colombe]]'' (staged by [[Sergei Diaghilev]] with recitatives respectively by [[Eric Satie]] and [[Francis Poulenc]]<ref>J. S. Lessner: '"Gounod: Ear for Melody" in ''Opera News'', May 2021</ref>).

== ''Secco'' ==
''Secco'' recitatives, popularized in Florence though the proto-opera music dramas of [[Jacopo Peri]] and [[Giulio Caccini]] during the late 16th century, formed the substance of [[Claudio Monteverdi]]'s operas during the 17th century, and continued to be used into the 19th century [[Romanticism (music)|Romantic era]] by such composers as [[Gaetano Donizetti]], reappearing in [[Stravinsky]]'s ''[[The Rake's Progress]]''. They also influenced areas of music outside opera.

In the early operas and cantatas of the Florentine school, ''secco'' recitatives were accompanied by a variety of instruments, mostly plucked fretted strings including the [[chitarrone]], often with a [[pipe organ]] to provide sustained tone. Later, in the operas of [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]] and [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]], the accompaniment was standardised as a [[harpsichord]] and a bass [[viol]] or [[violoncello]]. When the harpsichord was gradually phased out over the late 18th century, and mostly disappeared in the early 19th century, many opera-houses did not replace it with the [[fortepiano]], a hammered-string keyboard invented in 1700.

Instead the violoncello was left to carry on alone, or with reinforcement from a [[double bass]]. A 1919 recording of [[Rossini]]'s ''[[Barber of Seville]]'', issued by [[La voce del padrone]], gives a unique glimpse of this technique in action, as do [[cello]] methods of the period and some scores of [[Meyerbeer]]. There are examples of the revival of the harpsichord for this purpose as early as the 1890s (e.g. by [[Hans Richter (conductor)|Hans Richter]] for a production of [[Mozart]]'s ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' at the London [[Royal Opera House]], the instrument being supplied by [[Arnold Dolmetsch]]), but it was not until the 1950s that the 18th-century method was consistently observed once more. In the 2010s, the early music revival movement has led to the re-introduction of harpsichord in some [[Baroque music|Baroque]] performances.

{{anchor|Accompagnato}}

==''Accompagnato'' (or ''obbligato'')==
Accompanied recitative, known as ''accompagnato'' or ''stromentato'', employs the [[orchestra]] as an accompanying body. The composer writes an arrangement for the orchestra musicians. As a result, it is less improvisational and declamatory than ''recitativo secco'', and more [[song]]-like. This form is often employed where the orchestra can underscore a particularly dramatic text, as in "[[Messiah Part I#5|Thus saith the Lord]]" from Händel's ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''; [[Joseph Haydn]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] were also fond of it. A more inward intensification calls for an [[arioso]]; the opening of "[[Messiah Part I#2|Comfort ye]]" from the same work is a famous example, while the ending of it ("The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness") is ''secco''.

Sometimes a distinction is made between the more dramatic, expressive, or interjecting 'orchestral recitative' (''recitativo obbligato'' or ''stromentato'') and a more passive and sustained 'accompanied recitative' (''recitativo accompagnato'').<ref>{{Cite Grove |author= |title=Orchestral recitative}} {{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>

==Post-Wagner uses==
Later operas, under the influence of [[Richard Wagner]], favored [[through-composition]], where recitatives, arias, choruses and other elements were seamlessly interwoven into a whole. Many of Wagner's operas employ sections which are analogous to accompanied recitative.

Recitative is also occasionally used in [[Musical theatre|musicals]], being put to ironic use in the finale of [[Kurt Weill]]'s ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]''. It also appears in ''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'' and ''[[Of Thee I Sing]]''.

[[George Gershwin]] used it in his opera ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'', though sometimes the recitative in that work is changed to spoken dialogue. ''Porgy and Bess'' has also been staged as a musical rather than as an opera.

==Instrumental recitative==
Recitative has also sometimes been used to refer to parts of purely instrumental works which resemble vocal recitatives, in terms of their musical style. In an instrumental recitative, one instrument (or group of instruments) are given the melody line (akin to the role of the singer) and another instrument (or group of instruments) are given the accompaniment role. One of the earliest examples is found in the slow movement of [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]]'s [[Grosso mogul|violin concerto in D, RV 208]], which is marked "Recitative". [[C. P. E. Bach]] included instrumental recitative in his "Prussian" piano sonatas of 1742, composed at [[Frederick the Great]]'s court in Berlin. In 1761, [[Joseph Haydn]] took his post at [[Esterhazy Palace]] and soon after composed his [[Symphony No. 7 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 7 ("Le Midi")]] in concertante style (i.e. with soloists). In the second movement of that work, the violinist is the soloist in an instrumental recitative.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] used the instrumental recitative in at least three works, including [[Piano Sonata No. 17 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 17]] (''The Tempest''), [[Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 31]], and in the opening section of the Finale of his [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]]. Here, Beethoven inscribed on the score (in French) "In the manner of a recitative, but ''in tempo''." Leon Plantinga argues that the second movement of Beethoven's [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)|Fourth Piano Concerto]] is also an instrumental recitative,<ref>Plantinga 1996, p. 186</ref> although Owen Jander interprets it as a dialogue.<ref>Jander 1985, pp. 195–212</ref>

Other [[Romantic music|Romantic music era]] composers to employ instrumental recitative include [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] (who composed a lyrical, virtuosic recitative for solo violin with [[harp]] accompaniment to represent the [[Scheherazade|title character]] in his orchestral ''[[Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)|Scheherazade]]'') and [[Hector Berlioz]] (whose [[choral symphony]] ''[[Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)|Roméo et Juliette]]'' contains a [[trombone]] recitative as part of its Introduction).{{fact|date=January 2023}}

[[Arnold Schoenberg]] labeled the last of his ''[[Five Pieces for Orchestra]]'', Op. 16, as "''Das obligate Rezitativ''", and also composed a piece for [[Organ (music)|organ]], ''Variations on a Recitative'', Op. 40. Other examples of instrumental recitative in twentieth century music include the third movement of [[Douglas Moore]]'s ''[[Quintet for clarinet and strings (Moore)|Quintet for Clarinet and Strings]]'' (1946), the first of [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]'s ''Five [[Impromptu]]s'' for [[guitar]] (1968), the opening section of the last movement of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[String Quartet No. 3 (Britten)|String Quartet No. 3]]'' (1975), and the second of [[William Bolcom]]'s ''[[12 New Etudes for Piano]]'' (1977–86).{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== The tropes of recitative ==
There are certain conventions, or ''tropes,'' which standardize recitative; so that, in practice, recitative is a rigid musical form. The following are standard tropes of recitative:

* Recitative is a dialogue between a (usually) solo voice and an instrument or instruments. Usually the voice and instrument(s) alternate, or share a chord while one continues. In this way the speech-like rhythm of the singer does not need to be coordinated and synchronized with the instrument(s).
* Recitative cadences: The dialog ends with the instruments. Invariably the instrument(s) complete the final dominant-tonic cadence. Also, typically the voice stops on or before the dominant chord and then the instrument(s) execute a return to the tonic. Occasionally the subdominant-tonic ([[Plagal Cadence|plagal]]) cadence is used instead.
* Recitative chord progressions: The chord progressions in recitative avoid resolutions and rely heavily on dominant sevenths and diminished chords to postpone the resolution. In the extreme, the instrument(s) start the dialog with a diminished chord, moving from non-resolution to non-resolution, building up to a temporary or final cadence, as described above.
* Trope violations: the transition between recitative and aria, and subtle violations on the above 'tropes' are what make some recitatives more creative than others. For example, Bach's use of a plagal cadence; sometimes more than one voice is used [<nowiki/>[[The Creation (Haydn)|Haydn's Creation, 31]]]; and sometimes a deceptive cadence replaces the dominant-tonic cadence, as a way of appending a new section.

== See also ==
* [[Melodrama]] or accompanied speech
* [[Sprechgesang]] 'speech-song', with rhythms and approximate pitches musically notated
* "[[Recitatif]]", Toni Morrison's short story formatted after a recitative
* [[Spoken word]]

== References ==
;Notes
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;Citations
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;Bibliography
*Gossett, Philip (2006), ''Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|9780226304885}}
*Hope, Robert C. (1894), ''Mediaeval Music: An Historical Sketch'', Elliott Stock, 1894; Pranava Books, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-40868-650-8}} 
*Jander, Owen (1985), "Beethoven's 'Orpheus in Hades': The ''Andante con moto'' of the Fourth Piano Concerto", in ''19th-Century Music'' Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1985) 
*Plantinga, Leon (1999), ''Beethoven's Concertos: History, Style, Performance'', New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|0-393-04691-5}}

==External links==
*Hirt, Aindrias (Andy),[https://www.academia.edu/715967/The_Connection_Between_Fenian_Lays_Liturgical_Chant_Recitative_and_D%C3%A1n_D%C3%ADreach_a_Pre-Medieval_Narrative_Song_Tradition "The Connection Between Fenian Lays, Liturgical Chant, Recitative, and Dán Díreach: a Pre-Medieval Narrative Song Tradition"] on otago.academia.edu

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[[Category:Vocal music]]
[[Category:Formal sections in music analysis]]