Editing Red Scare

{{Short description|Any of several events in which widespread fear of communism or leftism develops}}{{Distinguish|Red Terror}}
{{Other uses|Red Scare (disambiguation)}}
{{Broader|Anti-communism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

{{Anti-communism|expanded=See also}}

A '''Red Scare''' is a form of [[moral panic]] provoked by fear of the rise of [[left-wing]] ideologies in a society, especially [[communism]] and [[socialism]]. Historically, red scares have led to mass [[political persecution]], [[scapegoating]], and the ousting of those in government positions who have had connections with left-wing movements. The name is derived from the [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]], a common symbol of communism and socialism.

The term is most often used to refer to two periods in the history of the United States which are referred to by this name. The [[First Red Scare]], which occurred immediately after [[World War I]], revolved around a perceived threat from the [[American labor movement]], [[anarchist]] revolution, and [[political radicalism]] that followed [[revolutionary socialist]] movements in [[German revolution of 1918–1919|Germany]] and [[October Revolution|Russia]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The [[Second Red Scare]], which occurred immediately after [[World War II]], was preoccupied with the perception that national or foreign communists were [[Espionage|infiltrating]] or [[Subversion|subverting]] American society and the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. 

Following the end of the [[Cold War]], unearthed documents revealed substantial Soviet spy activity in the United States, although many of the agents were never properly identified by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haynes |first1=John Earl |last2=Klehr |first2=Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8p00bTFvRkC |title=Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-300-07771-1 |pages=8–22 |chapter=Venona and the Cold War |jstor=j.ctt1npk87 |chapter-url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/haynes-venona.html<!--https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npk87-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Isserman |first=Maurice |date=9 May 1999 |title=They Led Two Lives |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/reviews/990509.09issermt.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |magazine=The New York Times Book Review |issn=0028-7806}}</ref>

==First Red Scare (1917–1920){{Anchor|First Red Scare}}==
{{Main|First Red Scare}}
[[File:1919 Political Cartoon (14759129762) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|A political cartoon from 1919 depicting the October Revolution's impact on the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris peace talks]]]]

The first Red Scare in the United States accompanied the [[Russian Revolution]] (specifically the [[October Revolution]]) and the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]]. Citizens of the United States in the years of World War I (1914–1918) were intensely patriotic; anarchist and left-wing social agitation aggravated national, social, and political tensions.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Political scientist and former  [[Communist Party USA]] member [[Murray Levin]] wrote that the Red Scare was "a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent—a revolution that would change Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life".<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cnKFAAAAMAAJ |title=Political Hysteria in America: The Democratic Capacity for Repression |last= Levin |first= Murray B. |publisher= Basic Books |year= 1971 |isbn= 0-465-05898-1 |page= 29 |oclc= 257349}}</ref> News media exacerbated such fears, channeling them into [[xenophobia|anti-foreign sentiment]] due to the lively debate among recent immigrants from Europe regarding various forms of [[anarchism]] as possible solutions to widespread poverty. The [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), also known as the Wobblies, backed several [[Strike action|labor strike]]s in 1916 and 1917. These strikes covered a wide range of industries including steel working, shipbuilding, coal mining, copper mining, and others necessary for wartime activities.

After World War I ended (November 1918), the number of strikes increased to record levels in 1919, with more than 3,600 separate strikes by a wide range of workers, e.g. steel workers, railroad shop workers, and the Boston police department.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/labour_movements_trade_unions_and_strikes_usa |title= Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (USA) {{!}} ''International Encyclopedia of the First World War'' |website= encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net |access-date= 2022-12-06 |quote= The strike surge of 1919 featured unprecedented levels of industrial conflict. Acting as the capstone to the long strike wave of 1915–1922, it involved nearly one out of every four workers — over 4,160,000 in total, 20 percent of the labor force — walking out in more than 3,630 work stoppages, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |archive-date= 2022-11-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221106091304/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/labour_movements_trade_unions_and_strikes_usa |url-status= live }}</ref> The press portrayed these worker strikes as "radical threats to American society" inspired by "left-wing, foreign ''agents provocateurs''". The IWW and those sympathetic to workers claimed that the press "misrepresented legitimate labor strikes" as "crimes against society", "conspiracies against the government", and "plots to establish communism".<ref>''Political Hysteria in America: The Democratic Capacity for Repression'' (1971), p. 31</ref> Opponents of labor viewed strikes as an extension of the radical, anarchist foundations of the IWW, which contends that all workers should be united as a [[social class]] and that [[capitalism]] and the [[wage system]] should be abolished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Workers of the World: Constitution Preamble |url= https://www.iww.org/resources/constitution/ |website= www.iww.org |access-date= 28 October 2022 |language=en |date=2021}}</ref>

In June 1917, as a response to World War I, Congress passed the [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]] to prevent any information relating to national defense from being used to harm the United States or to aid her enemies. The [[Wilson administration]] used this act to make anything "urging treason" a "nonmailable matter". Due to the Espionage Act and the then Postmaster General [[Albert S. Burleson]], 74 separate newspapers were not being mailed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1045/espionage-act-of-1917 |title= Espionage Act of 1917 |last= May 2019) |first= Deborah Fisher in |website= www.mtsu.edu |language= en |access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>
[[File:Come unto me, ye opprest.jpg|thumb|left|205px|A "European [[Anarchist]]" attempts to destroy the [[Statue of Liberty]] in this 1919 political cartoon.]]
[[File:Palmer Bombing.jpg|thumb|right|A bomb blast badly damaged the residence of Attorney General [[Alexander Mitchell Palmer|Mitchell Palmer]] in the spring of 1919.]]
In April 1919, authorities discovered a plot for mailing 36 bombs to prominent members of the U.S. political and economic [[The Establishment|establishment]]: [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]], [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[Alexander Mitchell Palmer]], and immigration officials. On June 2, 1919, in eight cities, [[1919 United States anarchist bombings|eight bombs exploded simultaneously]]. One target was the [[Washington, D.C.]], house of U.S. Attorney General Palmer, where the explosion killed the bomber, who (evidence indicated) was an [[Italian-American]] radical from [[Philadelphia| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. Afterwards, Palmer ordered the U.S. Justice Department to launch the [[Palmer Raids]] (1919–21).<ref name="Cole" /> He deported 249 Russian immigrants on the "[[Soviet Ark]]", formed the General Intelligence Unit – a precursor to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – within the Department of Justice, and used federal agents to jail more than  5,000 citizens and to search homes without respecting their constitutional rights.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/47a.asp |title=The Red Scare [ushistory.org] |website=www.ushistory.org |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2019-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101100209/http://www.ushistory.org/us/47a.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1918, before the bombings, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] had pressured Congress to legislate the anti-anarchist [[Sedition Act of 1918]] to protect wartime morale by deporting putatively undesirable political people. Law professor [[David D. Cole]] reports that President Wilson's "federal government consistently targeted alien radicals, deporting them... for their speech or associations, making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological [[dissident]]s".<ref name="Cole">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first= David D. |author-link=David D. Cole |year=2003 |title=Enemy Aliens |url= https://elsamun2006.com.sapo.pt/enemy%20aliens.pdf |url-status= dead |journal= Stanford Law Review |volume= 54 |issue= 5 |pages= 953–1004 |doi= 10.2307/1229690 |issn=0038-9765 |jstor=1229690 |oclc=95029839 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110815151549/http://elsamun2006.com.sapo.pt/enemy%20aliens.pdf |archive-date= August 15, 2011}}</ref> President Wilson used the Sedition Act of 1918 to limit the exercise of free speech by criminalizing language deemed disloyal to the United States government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1063/red-scare |title= Red Scare |last= Cowley |first= Marcie K. |website= www.mtsu.edu |language= en |access-date= 2019-10-31 |archive-date= 2019-10-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191016105350/https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1063/red-scare |url-status= live }}</ref>

Initially, the press praised the raids; ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated: "There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over [the] infringement of liberty", and ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that the injuries inflicted upon the arrested were "souvenirs of the new attitude of aggressiveness which had been assumed by the Federal agents against Reds and suspected-Reds".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/treasureofgreata0000unse |url-access= registration |title= A Treasury of Great American Scandals |last= Farquhar |first= Michael |publisher= Penguin Books |year=2003 |isbn=0-14-200192-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/treasureofgreata0000unse/page/199 199] |oclc=51810711}}</ref> In the event, twelve publicly prominent lawyers characterized the Palmer Raids as unconstitutional. The critics included future Supreme Court Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], who published ''Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice'', documenting systematic violations of the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth]], [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth]], [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth]], and [[Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighth Amendments]] to the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] via Palmer-authorized "illegal acts" and "wanton violence".<ref>{{cite book |title=To the American People: Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice |publisher=The League |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qmIAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Defensively, Palmer then warned that a government-deposing left-wing [[revolution]] would begin on 1 May 1920—[[International Workers' Day|May Day]], the International Workers' Day. When it failed to happen, he was ridiculed and lost much credibility. Strengthening the legal criticism of Palmer was that fewer than 600 deportations were substantiated with evidence, out of the thousands of resident aliens arrested and deported. In July 1920, Palmer's once-promising Democratic Party [[1920 United States presidential election|bid]] for the U.S. presidency failed.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lC0aOAAACAAJ&q=War,+Peace,+and+all+that+Jazz |title= War, Peace, and All That Jazz |last= Hakim |first= Joy |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1995 |isbn= 0-19-509514-6 |location= New York, New York |pages= 34–36}}</ref> [[Wall Street]] was [[Wall Street bombing|bombed]] on September 16, 1920, near [[Federal Hall National Memorial]] and the [[23 Wall Street|JP Morgan Bank]]. Although both anarchists and communists were suspected as being responsible for the bombing, ultimately no individuals were indicted for the bombing, in which 38 died and 141 were injured.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage |url-access= registration |quote= The Day Wall Street Exploded. |title= The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror |last= Gage |first= Beverly |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-19-514824-4 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage/page/160 160]–161 |oclc=149137353}}</ref>

In 1919–20, several states enacted "[[criminal syndicalism]]" laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing [[social change]]. The restrictions included limitations on [[free speech]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/americanpageant00bail |url-access= registration |quote= The American Pageant. |title= The American Pageant |last1= Kennedy |first1= David M. |last2= Lizabeth Cohen |last3= Thomas A. Bailey |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-669-39728-4 |oclc=48675667}}</ref>  <!---moved the following from "second red scare where it seemed out of place. If verified, it can go back there. See talk page.--->Passage of these laws, in turn, provoked aggressive police investigation of the accused persons, their jailing, and deportation for being ''suspected'' of being either communist or left-wing. Regardless of ideological gradation, the Red Scare did not distinguish between [[communism]], [[anarchism]], [[socialism]], or [[social democracy]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000dick_h4r6 |title= An Introduction to Government and Politics, Seventh Edition |last= O. Dickerson |first= Mark |publisher= Nelson |year= 2006 |isbn= 0-17-641676-5 |location= Toronto}}</ref> This aggressive crackdown on certain ideologies resulted in many Supreme Court cases over free speech. In the 1919 case of ''[[Schenk v. United States]]'', the Supreme Court, introducing the [[Clear and present danger|clear-and-present-danger]] test, effectively deemed the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 constitutional.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1063/red-scare
|title= Red Scare
|last= Cowley
|first= Marcie K.
|website= www.mtsu.edu
|access-date= 2022-12-06
|quote= Convictions under the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were upheld in several Supreme Court cases in 1919, including ''Schenck v. United States'', in which Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. first outlined his clear and present danger test [...].
|archive-date= 2022-12-03
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221203200905/https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1063/red-scare
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{{Anchor|Second Red Scare}}

{{Clear|left}}

==Second Red Scare (1947–1957)==
{{Main|McCarthyism}}
[[File:Joseph McCarthy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[US Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]], namesake of [[McCarthyism]]]]

The second Red Scare occurred after [[World War II]] (1939–1945), and is known as "[[McCarthyism]]" after its best-known advocate, [[US Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]]. McCarthyism coincided with an increased and widespread fear of communist [[espionage]] that was consequent of the increasing tension in the [[Cold War]] through the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Military occupations by the Soviet Union|occupation of Eastern Europe]], the [[Berlin Blockade]] (1948–49), the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union that were made by several high-ranking U.S. government officials, and the outbreak of the [[Korean War]].

===Internal causes of the anti-communist fear===
The events of the late 1940s, the early 1950s—the trial of [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]] (1953), the [[Whittaker Chambers#Hiss case|trial]] of [[Alger Hiss]], the [[Iron Curtain]] (1945–1991) around [[Eastern Europe]], and the Soviet Union's first [[Nuclear testing|nuclear weapon test]] in 1949 ([[RDS-1]])—surprised the American public, influencing popular opinion about U.S. [[national security]], which, in turn, was connected to the fear that the Soviet Union would drop nuclear bombs on the United States, and fear of the [[CPUSA|Communist Party of the United States of America]] (CPUSA).

In Canada, the 1946 [[Kellock–Taschereau Commission]] investigated espionage after top-secret documents concerning [[RDX]], [[radar]] and other weapons were handed over to the Soviets by a domestic spy-ring.<ref>Canada. The report of the Royal Commission appointed under Order in Council P. C. 411 of February 5, 1946 to investigate the facts relating to and the circumstances surrounding the communication, by public officials and other persons in positions of trust, of secret and confidential information to agents of a foreign power, June 27, 1946. Ottawa: E. Cloutier, Printer to the King.{{verify source|date=May 2011}}</ref>

At the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], former [[Communist Party USA|CPUSA]] members and [[NKVD]] spies, [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and [[Whittaker Chambers]], testified that Soviet [[espionage|spies]] and communist sympathizers had penetrated the U.S. government before, during and after World War II. Other U.S. citizen spies confessed to their acts of espionage in situations where the statute of limitations on prosecuting them had run out. In 1949, anti-communist fear, and fear of American traitors, was aggravated by the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communists]] winning the [[Chinese Civil War]] against the Western-sponsored [[Kuomintang]], their founding of the [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Communist China]], and later [[Korean War#China intervenes (October–December 1950)|Chinese intervention (October–December 1950)]] in the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) against U.S. ally [[First Republic of South Korea|South Korea]].

A few of the events during the Red Scare were also due to a power struggle between director of [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Hoover had instigated and aided some of the investigations of members of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] with "leftist" history, like [[Cord Meyer]].<ref>[https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmockingbird.htm Mocking Bird] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619050903/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmockingbird.htm |date=2006-06-19 }}, John Simkin, Spartacus Schoolnet</ref> This conflict could also be traced back to the conflict between [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]] and [[William J. Donovan]], going back to the first Red Scare, but especially during World War II. Donovan ran the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] (CIA's predecessor). They had differing opinions on the nature of the alliance with the Soviet Union, conflicts over jurisdiction, conflicts of personality, the OSS hiring of communists and criminals as agents, etc.<ref>See for example ''[[Wedge: The Secret War between the FBI and CIA]]'', by Mark Riebling</ref>

Historian Richard Powers distinguishes two main forms of anti-communism during the period, [[Cold War liberal|liberal anti-communism]] and countersubversive anti-communism. The countersubversives, he argues, derived from a pre-WWII isolationist tradition on the right. Liberal anti-communists believed that political debate was enough to show Communists as disloyal and irrelevant, while countersubversive anticommunists believed that Communists had to be exposed and punished.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Powers|first=Richard Gid|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39245533|title=Not without honor : the history of American anticommunism|date=1998|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-07470-0|location=New Haven|pages=214, 225|oclc=39245533}}</ref> At times, countersubversive anticommunists accused liberals of being "equally destructive" as Communists due to an alleged lack of religious values or supposed "red web" infiltration into the [[New Deal]].<ref name=":02" />

Much evidence for [[Soviet espionage in the United States|Soviet espionage]] existed, according to Democratic Senator and historian [[Daniel Moynihan]], with the [[Venona project]] consisting of "overwhelming proof of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America, complete with names, dates, places, and deeds." However, Moynihan argued that because sources like the Venona project were kept secret for so long, "ignorant armies clashed by night".  With McCarthy advocating an extremist view, the discussion of communist subversion was made into a civil rights issue instead of a counterintelligence one.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Moynihan|first=Daniel Patrick|url=https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn|title=Secrecy: The American Experience|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-08079-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/16 15-16]|url-access=registration}}</ref> This [[Historiography|historiographical]] perspective is shared by historians [[John Earl Haynes]]<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Haynes|first=John Earl|date=February 2000|title=Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk|url=http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page58.html|website=JohnEarlHaynes.org|accessdate=11 July 2007|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224175005/http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page58.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Robert Louis Benson.<ref name="benson">{{Cite book|last1=Benson|first1=Robert Louis|last2=Warner|first2=Michael|title=Venona Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8NIAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2021-09-17|year=1996|page=xxxiii|publisher=National Security Agency|archive-date=2022-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026164505/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8NIAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] formulated the [[Truman Doctrine]] against Soviet expansion, it is possible he was not fully informed of the Venona intercepts, leaving him unaware of the domestic extent of espionage, according to Moynihan and Benson.<ref name="trumanfas">{{Cite web|title=Did Truman Know about Venona?|url=https://fas.org/irp/eprint/truman-venona.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=fas.org|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730034019/https://fas.org/irp/eprint/truman-venona.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== History ===
{{See also|Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders}}

==== Early years ====
By the 1930s, communism had become an attractive [[economic ideology]], particularly among labor leaders and intellectuals. By 1939, the CPUSA had about 50,000 members.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99389227 |title=A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States: Volume III Unite and Fight, 1934–1935 |last=Johnpoll |first=Bernard K. |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-313-28506-6 |location=Westport, Connecticut |pages=xv |oclc=27976811 |access-date=2017-09-10 |archive-date=2009-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010023023/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99389227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1940, soon after World War II began in Europe, the U.S. Congress legislated the [[Alien Registration Act]] (also known as the [[Smith Act]], 18 USC §&nbsp;2385) making it a crime to "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association"—and required Federal registration of all [[alien (law)|foreign nationals]]. Although principally deployed against communists, the Smith Act was also used against [[right-wing]] political threats such as the [[German-American Bund]], and the perceived racial disloyalty of the [[Japanese-American]] population (''cf.'' [[hyphenated-Americans]]).

==== World War II ====
[[File:People Demand Peace.jpeg|thumb|300px|The Washington Commonwealth Federation newspaper after the signing of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]] (original scan)]]
After the Soviet Union signed the non-aggression [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany]] on August 23, 1939, negative attitudes towards communists in the United States were on the rise. While the [[Communist Party USA|American communist party]] at first attacked Germany for its September 1, 1939 [[Invasion of Poland|invasion of western Poland]], on September 11 it received a blunt directive from [[Moscow]] denouncing the Polish government.<ref name="ryan162">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |page =162}}</ref> On September 17, the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it]] by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.<ref name="stalinswars43">{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-11204-7 |page=44}}</ref><ref name="sanford">{{cite book|authorlink=George Sanford (scholar)|last=Sanford|first=George|year=2005|title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory|location=London, New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-33873-5}}</ref> The CPUSA turned the focus of its public activities from [[anti-fascism]] to advocating peace, not only opposing military preparations, but also condemning those opposed to [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. The party did not at first attack President Roosevelt, reasoning that this could devastate American Communism, blaming instead Roosevelt's advisors.<ref name="ryan164">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |pages = 164–165}}</ref>

On November 30, when [[Winter War|Soviet Union attacked]] Finland and after [[Occupation of the Baltic states|forced mutual assistance pacts from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania]], the Communist Party considered Russian security sufficient justification to support the actions.<ref name="ryan166">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |page = 166}}</ref> Secret short wave radio broadcasts in October from Comintern leader [[Georgi Dimitrov]] ordered CPUSA leader [[Earl Browder]] to change the party's support for Roosevelt.<ref name="ryan166"/> On October 23, the party began attacking Roosevelt.<ref name="ryan168">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |page = 168}}</ref> The party was active in the [[United States non-interventionism|isolationist]] [[America First Committee]].<ref>Selig Adler (1957). ''The isolationist impulse: its twentieth-century reaction''. pp. 269–270, 274.{{ISBN|9780837178226}}</ref> The CPUSA also dropped its boycott of [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] goods, spread the slogans "[[The Yanks Are Not Coming]]" and "Hands Off", set up a "perpetual peace vigil" across the street from the [[White House]] and announced that Roosevelt was the head of the "war party of the American bourgeoisie".<ref name="ryan168"/> By April 1940, the party ''[[Daily Worker]]'''s line seemed not so much antiwar as simply pro-German.<ref name="ryan186">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |page = 186}}</ref> A pamphlet stated the [[Jews]] had just as much to fear from Britain and France as they did Germany.<ref name="ryan186"/> In August 1940, after NKVD agent [[Ramón Mercader]] killed [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] with an [[ice axe]], Browder perpetuated Moscow's fiction that the killer, who had been dating one of Trotsky's secretaries, was a disillusioned follower.<ref name="ryan189">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ryan, J. G.)) | date= 1997 | title=Earl Browder: the failure of American communism | publisher=University of Alabama Press | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933 | isbn=978-0-585-28017-2 |page = 189}}</ref>

In allegiance to the Soviet Union, the party changed this policy again after Hitler broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by [[Operation Barbarossa|attacking the Soviet Union]] on June 22, 1941. The CPUSA opposed [[labor strike]]s in the weapons industry and supporting the U.S. war effort against the [[Axis Powers]]. With the slogan "Communism is Twentieth-Century Americanism", the chairman, Earl Browder, advertised the CPUSA's integration to the political mainstream.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hqpJEJp7cUC&q=%22Communism+is+Twentieth-Century+Americanism%22+1941&pg=PA175 |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History |last=Countryman |first=Edward |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-691-12971-6 |editor-last=Kazin |editor-first=Michael |location=Princeton, NJ |page=175 |chapter=Communism |oclc=320801248 |access-date=May 3, 2011 |editor-last2=Edwards |editor-first2=Rebecca |editor-last3=Rothman |editor-first3=Adam}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] opposed U.S. participation in the war and supported labor strikes, even in the war-effort industry. For this reason, [[James P. Cannon]] and other [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|SWP]] leaders were convicted per the Smith Act.

==== Increasing tension ====
{{See also|US Strike wave of 1945–1946}}
In March 1947, President [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Harry S. Truman]] signed [[Executive Order 9835]], creating the "[[Executive Order 9835|Federal Employees Loyalty Program]]" establishing political-loyalty review boards who determined the "Americanism" of Federal Government employees, and requiring that all federal employees to take an oath of loyalty to the United States government. It then recommended termination of those who had confessed to spying for the Soviet Union, as well as some suspected of being "Un-American". This led to more than 2,700 dismissals and 12,000 resignations from the years 1947 to 1956.<ref name=":2" /> It also was the template for several state legislatures' loyalty acts, such as California's [[Levering Act]]. The House Committee on Un-American Activities was created during the Truman administration as a response to allegations by Republicans of disloyalty in Truman's administration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Storrs |first=Landon R. Y. |date=2015-07-02 |title=McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare |url=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6 |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6 |isbn=978-0199329175 |access-date=2019-11-01 |archive-date=2018-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703191049/http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[House Un-American Activities Committee|House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)]] and the committees of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] ([[U.S. Republican Party|R.]], [[Wisconsin|Wisc.]]) conducted character investigations of "American communists" (actual and alleged), and their roles in (real and imaginary) espionage, propaganda, and subversion favoring the Soviet Union—in the process revealing the extraordinary breadth of the Soviet spy network in infiltrating the federal government. The process also launched the successful political careers of [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Robert F. Kennedy]],<ref name="NYUhistory">{{Cite web |url=http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/history.html |title=The Hiss Case in History |year=2009 |website=The Hiss Case in Story |publisher=[[Harvard]], [[NYU]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514090830/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/history.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=2010-07-28}}</ref> as well as that of Joseph McCarthy. The HUAC held a large interest in investigating those in the entertainment industry in Hollywood. They interrogated actors, writers, and producers. The people who cooperated in the investigations got to continue working as they had been, but people who refused to cooperate were [[blacklist]]ed. Critics of the HUAC claim their tactics were an abuse of government power and resulted in a witch hunt that disregarded citizens’ rights and ruined their careers and reputations. Critics claim the internal witch hunt was a use for personal gain to spread influence for government officials by intensifying the fear of Communists infiltrating the country. Supporters, however, believe the actions of the HUAC were justified given the level of threat Communism posed to democracy in the United States.

Senator McCarthy stirred up further fear in the United States of communists infiltrating the country by saying that communist spies were omnipresent, and he was America's only salvation, using this fear to increase his own influence. In 1950 Joseph McCarthy addressed the senate, citing 81 separate cases, and made accusations against suspected communists. Although he provided little or no evidence, this prompted the Senate to call for a full investigation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/53a.asp |title=McCarthyism [ushistory.org] |website=www.ushistory.org |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031232152/http://www.ushistory.org/us/53a.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Senator [[Pat McCarran]] ([[Democratic_Party_(United_States)|D.]], [[Nevada|Nev.]]) introduced the [[McCarran Internal Security Act]] of 1950 that was passed by the U.S. Congress and which modified a great deal of law to restrict civil liberties in the name of security. President Truman declared the act a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism" because it represented a government restriction on the freedom of opinion. He vetoed the act but his veto was overridden by Congress.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanprivacy40000lane |url-access=registration |quote=long step toward totalitarianism. |title=American Privacy: The 400-year History of Our Most Contested Right |last=Lane |first=Frederick S. |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8070-4441-4 |location=Boston |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanprivacy40000lane/page/130 130] |access-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Much of the bill eventually was repealed.

The [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|formal establishment]] of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the beginning of the Korean War in 1950 meant that [[Asian Americans]], especially those of [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]] or [[Korean Americans|Korean]] descent, came under increasing suspicion by both American civilians and government officials of being Communist sympathizers. Simultaneously, some American politicians saw the prospect of American-educated Chinese students bringing their knowledge back to "Red China" as an unacceptable threat to American national security, and laws such as the China Aid Act of 1950 and the [[Refugee Relief Act]] of 1953 gave significant assistance to Chinese students who wished to settle in the United States. Despite being naturalized, however, Chinese immigrants continued to face suspicion of their allegiance. The general effect, according to [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] scholar Qing Liu, was to simultaneously demand that Chinese (and other Asian) students politically support the American government yet avoid engaging directly in politics.<ref name="heqliu">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Qing |title=To Be an Apolitical Political Scientist: A Chinese Immigrant Scholar and (Geo)politicized American Higher Education |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=May 2020 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=138–141, 144 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.10|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Second Red Scare profoundly altered the temper of American society. Its later characterizations may be seen as contributory to works of feared communist espionage, such as the film ''[[My Son John]]'' (1952), about parents' suspicions their son is a spy. Abundant accounts in narrative forms contained themes of the infiltration, subversion, invasion, and destruction of American society by un–American ''thought''. Even a baseball team, the [[Cincinnati Reds]], temporarily renamed themselves the "Cincinnati Redlegs" to avoid the money-losing and career-ruining connotations inherent in being ball-playing "Reds" (communists). In 1954, Congress passed the [[Communist Control Act of 1954]], which prevented members of the communist party in America from holding office in labor unions and other labor organizations.

==== Wind down ====
Examining the political controversies of the 1940s and 1950s, historian [[John Earl Haynes]], who studied the [[Venona project|Venona]] decryptions extensively, argued that Joseph McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened [the post-War] anti-Communist consensus", thereby ultimately harming anti-communist efforts more than helping them.<ref name=":4" /> Meanwhile, the "shockingly high level" of infiltration by Soviet agents during WWII had largely dissipated by 1950.<ref name=":4" /> Liberal anti-communists like [[Edward Shils]] and [[Daniel Moynihan]] had contempt for McCarthyism, and Moynihan argued that McCarthy's overreaction distracted from the "real (but limited) extent of Soviet espionage in America."<ref name=":3" /> In 1950, President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] called Joseph McCarthy "the greatest asset the [[Kremlin]] has."<ref name="Wheatcroft 1998">{{cite news|last=Wheatcroft|first=Geoffrey|date=12 May 1998|title=Anti-Anticommunism Again|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB894939271693861000|issn=0099-9660|accessdate=8 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113005355/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB894939271693861000|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] (right) with a map of Communist Party organizations, 1954]]
In 1954, after accusing the army, including war heroes, Senator Joseph McCarthy lost credibility in the eyes of the American public and the [[Army–McCarthy hearings|Army-McCarthy Hearings]] were held in the summer of 1954. He was formally censured by his colleagues in Congress and the hearings led by McCarthy came to a close.<ref name=":1"/> After the Senate formally censured McCarthy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954) |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/censure_cases/133Joseph_McCarthy.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.senate.gov |archive-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107030754/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/censure_cases/133Joseph_McCarthy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> his political standing and power were significantly diminished, and much of the tension surrounding the idea of a possible communist takeover died down.

From 1955 through 1959, the Supreme Court made several decisions which restricted the ways in which the government could enforce its anti-communist policies, some of which included limiting the federal loyalty program to only those who had access to sensitive information, allowing defendants to face their accusers, reducing the strength of congressional investigation committees, and weakening the Smith Act.<ref name=":2"/> In the 1957 case ''[[Yates v. United States]]'' and the 1961 case ''[[Scales v. United States]]'', the Supreme Court limited Congress's ability to circumvent the First Amendment, and in 1967 during the Supreme Court case ''[[United States v. Robel]]'', the Supreme Court ruled that a ban on communists in the defense industry was unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1063/red-scare |title=Red Scare |last=Cowley |first=Marcie K. |website=www.mtsu.edu |language=en |access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

In 1995, the American government declassified details of the Venona Project following the [[Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy|Moynihan Commission]], which when combined with the opening of the USSR [[Comintern]] archives, provided substantial validation of intelligence gathering, outright spying, and policy influencing, by Americans on behalf of the Soviet Union, from 1940 through 1980.<ref name="NYUvenona">{{Cite web |url=http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/venona.html |title=Venona and the Russian Files |year=2010 |website=The Hiss Case in Story |publisher=[[Harvard]], [[NYU]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514090916/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/venona.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=2010-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf |title=A Brief Account of the American Experience |last=Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy |website=Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=A-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514040131/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> Over 300 American communists, whether they knew it or not, including government officials and technicians that helped in [[Atomic spies|developing the atom bomb]], were found to have engaged in espionage.<ref name=":2" /> This allegedly included some pro-Soviet capitalists, such as economist [[Harry Dexter White]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Ashok|date=2014-08-24|title=This Soviet spy created the US-led global economy|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/8/24/6057119/harry-dexter-white-ben-steil|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How a Soviet spy outmaneuvered John Maynard Keynes to ensure U.S. financial dominance|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/03/14/how-a-soviet-spy-outmaneuvered-john-maynard-keynes-and-ensured-u-s-global-financial-dominance/|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=2022-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317034134/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/03/14/how-a-soviet-spy-outmaneuvered-john-maynard-keynes-and-ensured-u-s-global-financial-dominance/|url-status=live}}</ref> and communist businessman [[David Karr]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-19 |title=Rich and red: The USSR's prize assets {{!}} Harvey Klehr |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/rich-and-red-the-ussrs-prize-assets/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Critic Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102061113/https://thecritic.co.uk/rich-and-red-the-ussrs-prize-assets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== New Red Scare ==
{{Further|Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States#21st century Anti-Chinese sentiment and presidential campaigns}}
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[China]]'s growing military and economic power has resulted in a "New Red Scare" in the United States. Both Democrats and Republicans have expressed anti-China sentiment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=2019-07-20|title=A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html|access-date=2022-01-03|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Economist]]'', the New Red Scare has caused the American and Chinese governments to "increasingly view Chinese students with suspicion" on American college campuses.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-02|title=The new red scare on American campuses|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/01/02/the-new-red-scare-on-american-campuses|access-date=2022-01-03|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=2023-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725104521/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/01/02/the-new-red-scare-on-american-campuses|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fourth iteration of the [[Committee on the Present Danger]], a [[United States foreign policy]] interest group, was established on March 25, 2019, branding itself Committee on the Present Danger: China (CPDC).<ref name=":5"/> The CPDC has been criticized as promoting a revival of Red Scare politics in the United States, and for its ties to conspiracy theorist [[Frank Gaffney]] and conservative activist [[Steve Bannon]].<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6">{{cite news|last=Skidmore|first=David|date=July 23, 2019|title=The US Scare Campaign Against China: The political calculations behind exaggerating the 'present danger' – from the Cold War to today|newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/|accessdate=December 31, 2020|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014183408/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-us-scare-campaign-against-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> David Skidmore, writing for ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'', saw it as another instance of "adolescent hysteria" in American diplomacy, as another of the "fevered crusades [which] have produced some of the costliest mistakes in American foreign policy".<ref name=":6" /> Between 2000 and 2023, there were 224 reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Survey of Chinese Espionage in the United States Since 2000 {{!}} Strategic Technologies Program {{!}} CSIS |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/strategic-technologies-program/survey-chinese-espionage-united-states-2000 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.csis.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Outside the United States ==

The American Red Scares, combined with the general atmosphere of the Cold War, had a marked influence on other Anglophone countries. Anticommunist paranoia occurred in Australia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Nick |title=An Inspiration Misunderstood: Australian Anti-Communists and the Lure of the U.S., 1917–1935 |journal=Eras Journal |date=November 2003 |issue=5 |url=https://www.monash.edu/arts/philosophical-historical-international-studies/eras/past-editions/edition-five-2003-november/an-inspiration-misunderstood-australian-anti-communists-and-the-lure-of-the-u-s-1917-1935#notes |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926064407/https://www.monash.edu/arts/philosophical-historical-international-studies/eras/past-editions/edition-five-2003-november/an-inspiration-misunderstood-australian-anti-communists-and-the-lure-of-the-u-s-1917-1935#notes |url-status=live }}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Scare: Canada searches for communists during the height of Cold War tension |url=https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH1PA2LE.html |website=CBClearning |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925154152/https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP15CH1PA2LE.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Little |first1=Douglas |title=Red Scare, 1936: Anti-Bolshevism and the Origins of British Non-Intervention in the Spanish Civil War |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1988 |volume=23 |issue=2|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1177/002200948802300208 |s2cid=153602436 }}</ref> In [[Anti-communist mass killings|other parts of the world]], such as [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66|Indonesia]], fear and loathing of communism has escalated to the level of [[political violence]].

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[American social policy during the Second Red Scare]]
* [[China threat theory]]
* [[Church Committee]]
* [[Cold War]]
* ''[[The Crucible]]''
* [[Espionage Act of 1917]]
* [[Eugene Debs]] and ''[[Debs v. United States]]''
* [[Fear mongering]]
* [[Foley Square trial]]
* [[History of Soviet espionage in the United States]]
* [[Hollywood blacklist]]
* [[Jencks Act]]
* ''[[Jencks v. United States]]''
* [[Kellock–Taschereau Commission]]
* [[Lavender scare]]
*[[McCarthyism]]
* [[Moral panic]]
* [[Pentagon military analyst program]]
* [[Propaganda in the United States]]
* [[Psychological operations (United States)]]
* [[Reagan Doctrine|The Reagan Doctrine]]
* [[The Red Decade]]
* [[Red-tagging in the Philippines]]
* ''[[Rooi gevaar]]'' ("red danger" in [[Afrikaans]])
* [[Subversive Activities Control Board]]
* [[Tankie]]
* ''[[Terruqueo]]''
* [[US intervention in Latin America]]
* [[White Terror (Taiwan)]]
* [[Witch-hunt]]
* [[Yellow Peril]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* K. A. Cuordileone, "The Torment of Secrecy: Reckoning with Communism and Anti-Communism After Venona", ''[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]]'', vol. 35, no. 4 (Sept. 2011), pp.&nbsp;615–642.
* Albert Fried, ''McCarthyism, the Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997
* Joy Hakim, ''War, Peace, and All That Jazz''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
* John Earl Haynes, ''Red Scare or Red Menace?: American Communism and Anti Communism in the Cold War Era''. Ivan R. Dee, 2000.
* John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America''. Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press, 2000.
* Murray B. Levin, ''Political Hysteria in America: The Democratic Capacity for Repression''. New York: Basic Books, 1972.
* Rodger McDaniel, ''Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins''. Cody, Wyo.: WordsWorth, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0983027591}}
* Ted Morgan, ''Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America''. New York: Random House, 2004.
* {{cite book
| author = Robert K. Murray
| author-link = Robert K. Murray
| title = Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
| publisher = University of Minnesota Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7sgJeSyKZoYC
| date = 1955
| isbn = 9780816658336
| access-date = 17 May 2020}}
* Richard Gid Powers, ''Not Without Honor: A History of American Anti-Communism''. New York: Free Press, 1997.
* {{Cite book |last=Regin Schmidt |url={{google books|Fo1jblFR3BcC|plainurl=y}} |title=Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8772895819 |oclc=963460662}}
* Ellen Schrecker, ''Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998.
* Landon R. Y. Storrs, ''The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
* William M. Wiecek, "The Legal Foundations of Domestic Anticommunism: The Background of ''Dennis v. United States''{{-"}}, ''Supreme Court Review'', vol. 2001 (2001), pp.&nbsp;375–434. {{JSTOR|3109693}}.

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Red Scare.ogg|date=2012-07-11}}
* [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/symposium/schrecker.html "Political Tests for Professors: Academic Freedom during the McCarthy Years"] by Ellen Schrecker, The University Loyalty Oath, October 7, 1999.

{{Cold War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Scare}}
[[Category:Red Scare| ]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Australia]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Canada]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Russian sentiment]]
[[Category:China–United States relations]]
[[Category:Communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving communism]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in the United States]]
[[Category:History of the Communist Party USA]]
[[Category:History of the Industrial Workers of the World]]
[[Category:History of the Socialist Party of America]]
[[Category:Political and cultural purges]]
[[Category:Political history of the United States]]
[[Category:Political repression in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Political repression in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political repression in the United States]]
[[Category:Russia–United States relations]]
[[Category:Scares]]
[[Category:Socialism in the United States]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Counter-revolution]]