Editing Red phalarope

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Phalaropus fulicarius'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22693494A132531581 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693494A132531581.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 | image = Phalaropus fulicarius 98755138 (cropped).jpg
 | image_caption = female in breeding plumage
 | genus = Phalaropus
 | species = fulicarius
 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
 | synonyms = 
*''Tringa fulicaria'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Crymophilus fulicarius'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
*''Phalaropus fulicaria'' (''lapsus'')
 | range_map = Phalaropus fulicarius distribution.png
 | range_map_caption = Breeding distribution
 | range_map2 = Phalaropus fulicarius distribution 2.png
 | range_map2_caption = Wintering range
}}

The '''red phalarope''' or '''grey phalarope''' ('''''Phalaropus fulicarius''''') is a small [[wader]]. This [[phalarope]] breeds in the [[Arctic]] regions of North America and [[Palearctic|Eurasia]]. It is [[bird migration|migratory]], and, unusually for a wader, migrates mainly on oceanic routes, wintering at sea on tropical oceans.

==Taxonomy==
In 1750, the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the red phalarope in the third volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The Red-footed Tringa". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from the [[Hudson Bay]] area of Canada by [[James Isham]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1750 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part III | page=142, Plate 142 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196312 }}</ref> When the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] in 1758, he included the red phalarope and placed it with [[phalarope]]s and [[sandpiper]]s in the [[genus]] ''[[Tringa]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Tringa fulicaria'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title=Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | language=Latin | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | page=146  | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727053 }}</ref> The red phalarope is now one of three species placed in the genus ''[[Phalaropus]]'' that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=fr, la | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010448 Vol. 1, p. 50], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36210822 Vol. 6, p. 12] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=14 October 2021 }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

The English and genus names for phalaropes come through French ''phalarope'' and scientific [[Latin]] ''Phalaropus'' from [[Ancient Greek]] ''phalaris'', "coot", and ''pous'', "foot". The specific ''fulicarius'' is from [[Latin]] ''fulica'', "coot". Coots and phalaropes both have lobed toes.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED | Phalarope }}</ref><ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n165/mode/1up 165], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n301/mode/1up 301] }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Phalaropus fulicarius 108504718 (cropped).jpg|alt=Red phalarope|thumb|227x227px|Nonbreeding plumage]]
[[File:Brednäbbad simsnäppa - Red phalarope - (Phalaropus fulicarius) - Ystad-2009.ogv|thumb|Red phalarope in nonbreeding plumage 2009 in [[Ystad]].]]
The red phalarope is about {{convert|21|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with lobed toes and a straight bill, somewhat thicker than that of [[red-necked phalarope]]. The breeding female is predominantly dark brown and black above, with red underparts and white cheek patches. The bill is yellow, tipped black. The breeding male is a duller version of the female. Young birds are light grey and brown above, with buff underparts and a dark patch through the eye. In winter, the plumage is essentially grey above and white below, but the black eyepatch is always present. The bill is black in winter. Their call is a short ''beek''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 87%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Standard Measurements<ref name=BOC /><ref name=Sibley />
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Total Body Length|length]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|7.7|-|9|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Weight|weight]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|55|g|oz|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Wingspan|wingspan]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|17|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Wing|wing]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|121|-|132|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Tail|tail]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|58.5|-|67.1|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Culmen|culmen]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|21|-|23|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Tarsus|tarsus]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|21.8|-|23|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|}

==Breeding==
[[File:Phalaropus fulicarius MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.119.14.jpg|thumb| ''Phalaropus fulicarius'' - [[MHNT]]]]
The typical avian sex roles are reversed in the three phalarope species. Females are larger and more brightly coloured than males. The females pursue males, compete for nesting territory, and will aggressively defend their nests and chosen mates. Once the females lay their olive-brown eggs, they begin their southward migration, leaving the males to incubate the eggs and care for the young. Three to six eggs are laid in a ground nest near water. Incubation lasts 18 or 19 days.<ref name=BOC/> The young mainly feed themselves and are able to fly within 18 days of birth.

==Behaviour==
When feeding, a red phalarope will often swim in a small, rapid circle, forming a small whirlpool. This behaviour is thought to aid feeding by raising food from the bottom of shallow water. The bird will reach into the outskirts of the vortex with its bill, plucking small [[insect]]s or [[crustacean]]s caught up therein. They sometimes fly up to catch insects in flight. On the open ocean, they are found in areas where converging ocean currents produce upwellings and are often found near groups of [[whale]]s. Outside of the [[nesting season]] they often travel in flocks.

This species is often very tame and approachable.

==Status and conservation==
The red phalarope is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=BOC>{{cite book |last=Godfrey |first=W. Earl |date=1966 |title=The Birds of Canada |location=Ottawa |publisher=National Museum of Canada |page=166}}</ref>

<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book |last=Sibley |first=David Allen |author-link=David Allen Sibley |date=2000 |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |page=[https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/195 195] |isbn=0-679-45122-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/195}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Phalaropus fulicarius}}
{{Wikispecies|Phalaropus fulicarius}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061224212811/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=BD0653 Red phalarope] at [http://www.enature.com eNature.com]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030125035519/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/6208700.htm Red phalarope stamps]}} from [[Iceland]], [[Kiribati]] and [[Sierra Leone]] at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990428065259/http://www.bird-stamps.org/ bird-stamps.org]}}
* {{BirdLife|22693494|Phalaropus fulicarius}}
* {{Avibase|name=Phalaropus fulicarius}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|red-phalarope-phalaropus-fulicaria}}
* {{VIREO|red+phalarope}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22693494/262609165|Phalaropus fulicarius}}
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2220id.html Red phalarope - ''Phalaropus fulicarius''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* {{Xeno-canto species|Phalaropus|fulicarius|Red phalarope}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Phalaropus fulicarius}}
* {{ARKive}}

{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q208335}}

[[Category:Phalaropus]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western Hemisphere)|Phalarope, Red]]
[[Category:Birds of Iceland]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]