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{{Short description|Symbol associated with communist ideology}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} [[File:Red star.svg|thumb|A red five-pointed star]] [[File:Volokolamsk (Moscow Oblast) 12.jpg|thumb|A New Year tree with a red star in front of a church cupola in [[Volokolamsk]], Russia, 2010.]] A '''red star''', [[Five-pointed star|five-pointed]] and filled, is a [[symbol]] that has often historically been associated with [[Communism|communist ideology]], particularly in combination with the [[hammer and sickle]], but is also used as a purely [[Socialism|socialist]] symbol in the 21st century. It has been widely used in [[flag]]s, [[Nation state|state]] [[emblem]]s, [[monument]]s, [[Ornament (art)|ornament]]s, and [[logo]]s. A '''golden star''' or '''yellow star''' is also a closely-associated symbol to the red star in the context of contemporary [[China]] and [[Vietnam]], similarly representing [[socialism]] and [[communism]] while referring the self-perception of the nations being a [[Mongoloid|yellow race]]. Some former [[Warsaw Pact]] nations have passed laws banning it, describing it as a symbol of far-left [[totalitarian]] ideology.<ref>[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15 May 2015<br /> [http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 2015</ref> The red star has also been used in a non-communist context and before the emergence of this movement, in symbols of countries and states since the 19th century. It appears for example on the flags of [[New Zealand]] and the U.S. state of [[California]]. The red star has also been used as logo by private agencies and corporations, such as the oil giant [[Texaco]] and beer multinational [[Heineken]]. == History == [[File:Красная звезда.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Red Star (1908)]] The star's origins as a symbol of communist [[mass movement (politics)|mass movement]]s dates from the time of the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] and the [[Russian Civil War]], but the precise first use remains unknown. The red star as a symbol of the [[Red Army]] was proposed by the Military Collegium for the organization of the Red Army and the creator of the Red Star emblem was the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] commander of the [[Petersburg Military District (Russian Empire)|Petrograd Military District]], [[Konstantin Eremeev]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Okhlebkin|first=V.V|title=Dictionary of international symbols and emblems.|publisher=ZAO Tsentrpoligraf|year=2006}}</ref> On the other hand, one account of the symbol's origin traces its roots to the Moscow troop [[garrison]] toward the end of [[World War I]]. At this time, many troops were fleeing from the Austrian and German fronts, joining the local Moscow garrison upon their arrival in the city. To distinguish the Moscow troops from the influx of retreating front-liners, officers gave out tin stars to the Moscow garrison soldiers to wear on their hats. When those troops joined the [[Red Army]] and the [[Bolshevik]]s they painted their tin stars red, the color of socialism, thus creating the original red star.<ref>Khvostov, Mikhail (1996), ''The Russian Civil War (1) The Red Army''. Published by Men-At-Arms. {{ISBN|1-85532-608-6}}.</ref> The red star was used in communist media as early as in 1908 with the publication of the novel [[Red Star (novel)|Red Star]] by Bolshevik revolutionary [[Alexander Bogdanov]], which describes a technologically advanced communist civilization on Mars.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Możejko|first=Edward|date=December 1985|title=Reviewed Work: Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia by Alexander Bogdanov|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|volume=27|issue=4|pages=461–462|jstor=40868523}}</ref> Another claimed origin for the red star relates to an alleged encounter between [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Nikolai Krylenko]]. Krylenko, an [[Esperantist]], wore a [[Esperanto symbols|green-star]] lapel badge; Trotsky inquired as to its meaning and received an explanation that each arm of the star represented one of the five traditional continents. On hearing that, Trotsky specified that soldiers of the Red Army should wear a similar red star.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ny2/ts/stelo.html Pri La Stelo: Militista simbolo]</ref> One interpretation sees the five points as representing the five fingers of the [[Working class|worker's]] hand, as well as the [[Continent#Number|five populated continents]] (counting [[Americas|the Americas]] as one). A lesser-known suggestion is that in [[communist symbolism]], the five points on the star were intended to represent the five [[group (sociology)|social group]]s that would lead Russia to communism: the [[youth]], the military, the [[industrial labour]]ers, the [[agriculture|agricultural]] workers or [[peasant]]ry and the [[intelligentsia]]. In Soviet heraldry, the red star symbolized the [[Red Army]] and military service, as opposed to the hammer and sickle, which symbolized peaceful labour.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Regardless of the star's exact origin, it was incorporated into the [[Red Army]]'s uniforms and heraldry as early as 1918.<ref>The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army By Mikhail Khvostov, Andrei Karachtchouk, page 37 (there are several mentions of the use of the red star from 1918)</ref> [[File:Curtiss JN-3.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Army Signal Corps Curtiss JN-3 biplanes with red star insignia, 1915]] Shortly before the founding of the Soviet Union, in mid-March 1916 the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]]' aviation section used the red star<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fly.historicwings.com/2013/03/chasing-pancho-villa/ |title=Historic Wings - Flight Stories - Chasing Pancho Villa |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 March 2013 |website=fly.historicwings.com |publisher=HW |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Just one day after arriving, on 16 March 1916, the first reconnaissance flight was flown by Capt. Dodd with Capt. Foulois (as an observer) on the Curtiss JN-3 S.C. No. 43. As with all of the Army's aircraft in that era, the plane carried simple markings – a red star on the tail and the large number 43 painted on the sides of the fuselage.}}</ref> for the national [[United States military aircraft national insignia#History|insignia for U.S. aircraft]] on the aircraft of the Signal Corps' [[1st Reconnaissance Squadron#Punitive expedition|1st Aero Squadron]] during the [[Pancho Villa Expedition]] to apprehend the Mexican revolutionary [[Pancho Villa]]. === Use in the USSR and its constituent republics === The symbol became one of the most prominent of the [[Soviet Union]], adorning nearly all official buildings, awards and insignia. Sometimes the [[hammer and sickle]] appeared inside or below the star. In 1930 the Soviet Union established the [[Order of the Red Star]] and awarded its insignia to [[Red Army]] and [[Soviet Navy]] personnel for "exceptional service in the cause of the defense of the Soviet Union in both war and peace". The Soviet and [[Russian Federation]] military newspaper bore and bears the name ''Red Star'' ([[russian language|Russian]]: ''[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/ |title="Красная Звезда" - cамая полная, достоверная и оперативная военная газета. Russian military newspaper |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920094814/http://www.redstar.ru/ |archive-date=20 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <gallery> File:Red star Red Army 05.gif|Red Army cap badge (1918–1922) File:Вступайте в красную конницу, 1920.jpg|Red Cavalry poster depicting a red star on a [[budenovka]] hat (1920) File:Kremlin Star.jpg|[[Kremlin stars|Kremlin Star]], [[Moscow]] (1937) File:Orden-Pobeda-Marshal Vasilevsky 09.jpg|Soviet Order of Victory, USSR (1945) File:Red Star Plate by Adamovich 1921.jpg|Plate by Adamovich, Russian SFSR (1921) File:Roundel of the Soviet Union (1945–1991).svg|Roundel of the [[Soviet Air Force]] </gallery> ==== As a holiday ornament ==== During the 1930s, Soviet publications encouraged the practice of decorating a [[New Year tree|New Year's tree]], known as a ''yolka'' ({{Langx|ru|Ёлка}}). These trees were often decorated with a red star, a practice that has continued in [[Russia]] since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref> {{Cite news|url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/9424/yolka-russia-new-year-tree-pagan-soviet-christmas|title= Yolka: the story of Russia's 'New Year tree', from pagan origins to Soviet celebrations|last= Weber|first= Hannah|date= 25 December 2017|website= The Calvert Journal|access-date= 15 April 2018}} </ref> ==== Gallery of the heraldry of Soviet republics ==== <gallery> File:State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg|[[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|Coat of arms]] of the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] File:Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR (1981-1991).svg|[[Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Estonian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Georgian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of Kazakh SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Lithuanian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Moldavian SSR (1981-1990).svg|[[Emblem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Russian SFSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Tajik SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Turkmen SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Uzbek SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Emblem of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1930-1936).svg|[[Emblem of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] (1923–1936) File:Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1941–1956) File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg|Coat of arms of the [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic]] (1919–1920) File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.png|Coat of Arms of the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1936–1990) </gallery> ==== Gallery of Soviet flags ==== <gallery> File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|[[Flag of the Soviet Union|Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] File:Flag of Armenian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.svg|[[Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg|[[Flag of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Georgian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Kazakh SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Latvian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Moldavian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg|[[Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Tajik SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Turkmen SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Ukrainian SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] File:Flag of Oryol.svg|Flag of [[Oryol]] File:Flag of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg|[[Flag of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1953–1956) File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg|[[Flag of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] (1922–1936) </gallery> === Use in other socialist countries === Following its adoption as an emblem of the Soviet Union, the red star became a symbol for communism around the world. Several [[Communist state]]s subsequently adopted the red star symbol, often placing it on their respective flags and [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] – for example on the [[flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. [[Separatism|Separatist]] and socialist movements also sometimes adopted the red star, as on the [[Estelada flag]] in the [[Catalan countries]]. ==== Eastern Bloc ==== The red star became a common element of the flags and heraldry of socialist states in the [[Eastern Bloc]], appearing in heraldry for virtually all of the countries, and on the flags of [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]]. From 1991 to 1995, [[Belarus]] dropped its Soviet-style emblem in favor of an emblem featuring the [[Pahonia]]; the Soviet-era heraldry was re-adopted in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarus News and Analysis {{!}} A Partisan Reality Show |url=http://www.data.minsk.by/belarusnews/052005/30.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.data.minsk.by}}</ref> and continues to be used today with minor modifications in 2012 and 2020. <gallery> File:Flag of Bulgaria (1971 – 1990).svg|Flag of the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] (1971–1990) File:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg|Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] (1965–1989) File:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg|Flag of the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] (1946–1992) File:Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg|Flag of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] (1949–1956) File:Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg|Coat of arms of the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] (1971–1990) File:Coat of arms of Hungary (1957-1990).svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] (1957–1990) File:Coat of arms of the People's Republic of Albania.svg|Coat of arms of the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] File:Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1961-1989).svg|Coat of arms of [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1961–1989) File:Coat of arms of Belarus.svg|Emblem of [[Belarus]] (1995–2012) File:Coat of arms of Belarus (1995-2021).svg|Emblem of [[Belarus]] (2012–2020) File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|Emblem of [[Belarus]] (since 2020) </gallery> ==== Yugoslavia ==== In former Yugoslavia the red star served not only a communist symbol, but also as a more generic symbol of resistance against [[Fascism]] and the [[Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia]], as well as of opposition to its associated ethnic policies. [[Yugoslav partisans|Tito's partisans]] wore the red star as an identification symbol during World War II. <gallery> File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg |[[Flag of Yugoslavia|Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] File:Flag of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.svg |Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] and flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] File:Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg |Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] File:Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg |Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] File:Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] File:Flag of North Macedonia (1946–1992).svg |Flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]] </gallery> <gallery> File:Emblem of SFR Yugoslavia.svg |Coat of arms of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] File:Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] File:Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] File:Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Croatia.svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] File:Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] File:Coat of arms of Macedonia (1946-2009).svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]] File:Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg |Coat of arms of the Yugoslav [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] </gallery> ==== Asia ==== As communist movements spread across Asia, some entities used a red star, while others used a yellow star (often on a red field) with the same symbolism. The [[Far Eastern Republic]] of 1920 to 1922 used a yellow star on its military uniforms, and the [[flag of the People's Republic of China]] has five yellow stars on a red field. The [[flag of Vietnam]] also has a yellow star on a red field. Examples of communes and villages in China named after the red star include Hongxing Village in [[Huilong Township, Hubei]], China<ref name="stathl">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/42/03/25/420325211.html |script-title=zh:2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码:回龙乡 |trans-title=2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Huilong Township | language = zh-hans|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |year=2019 |access-date=20 September 2020 |quote=统计用区划代码 城乡分类代码 名称<br />...<br />420325211201 220 红星村委会}}</ref> and [[Kizilto]] in Xinjiang (named Hongxing Commune during the [[Cultural Revolution]]).<ref name="1997xzqhakto">{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22301.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819025230/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22301.html|archive-date=19 August 2019|url-status=live|script-title=zh:1997年阿克陶县行政区划|trans-title=1997 Akto County Administrative Divisions |publisher=XZQH.org |date=31 December 2010 |language=zh-hans |access-date=20 September 2020 |quote=克孜勒陶乡 1966年成立克孜勒陶公社,1967年更名红星公社,1984年改设克孜勒陶乡。位于县城以南,距县城121千米。面积3882平方千米,人口0.8万,其中柯尔克孜族占99.16%,辖乌尔都隆窝孜、喀尔乌勒、塔尔开其克、托云都克、 塔木、喀普喀、其木干、阿尔帕勒克8个行政村。}}</ref> <gallery> File:Emblem of North Korea (1948–1993).svg |Emblem of [[North Korea]] (1948–1993) File:Emblem of Laos 1975-1991.svg |Emblem of [[Laos]] (1975–1992) File:State emblem of the People's republic of Mongolia (1960–1992).svg |State emblem of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] (1960–1992) File:Coat of arms of South Yemen (1970-1990).svg |Coat of arms of [[South Yemen]] (1970–1990) File:Flag of Vietnam.svg |[[Flag of Vietnam]] File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] File:Flag of North Korea.svg |[[Flag of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg |Flag of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] File:Flag of South Yemen.svg |[[Flag of South Yemen]] (1967–1990) File:Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg | Flag of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (1980–1987) File:Scan of red star covid test.jpg|Red star seen on a stamp on the qualification certificate of an [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[COVID-19]] [[lateral flow test]], manufactured in [[Xiamen]], [[Fujian Province]], [[China]]. </gallery> ==== Africa ==== Socialist countries in Africa also incorporated the red or gold stars into their heraldry. This practice was also adopted by countries that formed following [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]] [[Wars of national liberation|national liberation]] struggles, which often involved [[Marxism|Marxist]] organizations.<gallery> File:Emblem of Mozambique.svg |Emblem of Mozambique File:Flag of Mozambique (1983).svg |[[Flag of Mozambique]] File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg |[[Flag of Burkina Faso]] File:Emblem of the People's Republic of Benin.svg |Emblem of the [[People's Republic of Benin]] File:Flag of Angola.svg |[[Flag of Angola]] File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg |[[Flag of Ethiopia]] (1987–1991) File:Flag of Djibouti.svg |[[Flag of Djibouti]] File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg |[[Flag of Zimbabwe]] File:Flag of Benin (1975-1990).svg |[[Flag of Benin]] (1975–1990) File:Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg |Flag of the [[People's Republic of the Congo]] (1969–1992) File:Presidential Standard of Madagascar (1976-1993).svg |Presidential Standard of the DR [[Madagascar]] File:Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.svg |Emblem of the [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar]] </gallery> ==== State military units ==== By March 2010, the [[Russia]]n government readopted the Soviet red star (but now with a blue outline reflecting the three colors – white, blue and red – of the Russian flag) as a military insignia.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The [[Russian Air Force]] used this star as a roundel up to 2013, when Russia re-instated the Soviet-era red star.<ref>[http://izvestia.ru/news/543587 Военно-воздушные силы отказались от трехцветных звезд] Армия, Известия {{in lang|ru}}</ref> {{As of | 2014}} the [[Armed Forces of Belarus]] still use the old [[USSR|Soviet]] red star. The coat of arms of [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] includes a modified version of the Soviet red star. <gallery> File:Badge of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League (1921-1924).svg|Early [[swastika]] and red star emblem of the [[Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League]], used from 1921 to 1924. File:Badge of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League (1925-1942).svg|Early [[taijitu]] and red star emblem of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League, used from 1925 to 1942. File:Emblem of Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League.svg|Emblem of Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League. File:Emblem of the Korean People's Army (1948).svg|First emblem of the [[Korean People's Army]] used from February 1948, the [[taeguk]] was dropped several months later. File:Roundel of the Soviet Union (1945–1991).svg|Soviet Military Air Force (1943–1991), Russian Military Air Force (1992–2010), [[Belarusian Air Force]], and [[Tajik Air Force]] roundel File:Roundel of Russia.svg|Russian Military Air Force roundel File:Emblem of the Armed Forces of Belarus.svg|Symbol of the [[Armed forces of Belarus|Armed Forces]] of the [[Republic of Belarus]] File:Coat of arms military-of-kazakhstan.svg|Emblem of the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] File:China Emblem PLA.svg|Emblem of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] File:Roundel of South Yemen (1969–1980).svg|[[South Yemen|People's Republic of Yemen]] Air Force roundel (1967–1980) File:Roundel of South Yemen (1980–1990).svg|[[South Yemen|People's Republic of Yemen]] Air Force roundel (1980–1990) </gallery> ==== By states with limited recognition ==== [[Transnistria]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] are [[proto-state]]s located in [[Eastern Europe]]. Due to their historical association with the Soviet Union, they have adopted socialist imagery – including the red star – into their flags and heraldry. The [[Zapatista territories|Zapatista autonomous territories]] also make use of the symbol.<gallery> File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg |[[Flag of Transnistria]] File:COA LPR oct 2014.svg |Coat of Arms of the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] </gallery> ==== By sports teams ==== Several sporting clubs from countries ruled by communist parties used the red star as a symbol and named themselves after it, such as the Serbian club [[Red Star Belgrade]] ({{langx |sr|Црвена звезда}} / {{lang|sr| Crvena zvezda}}), the East German [[Roter Stern Leipzig]], the Angolan [[Estrela Vermelha do Huambo]], the [[Estrela Vermelha (Beira)|Estrela Vermelha]] from [[Beira, Mozambique]] or the Czechoslovak [[Rudá Hvězda Brno]]. Some sports teams from non-communist countries used it, such as French [[Red Star F.C.|Red Star]] from Paris, Swiss club [[FC Red Star Zürich]], English [[Seaham Red Star F.C.]], and even an American women's soccer club ([[Chicago Stars FC]] (formerly Chicago Red Stars)—though in that case the star is based on the [[flag of Chicago]] and not on the communist logo). The American soccer clubs [[Sacramento Republic FC]] and [[D.C. United]] also use red stars in their logos, referencing the flags of [[Flag of California|California]] and the [[Flag of the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]] respectively. The German rowing club [[Pirnaer Ruderverein 1872]] began (and continues) to use red star since the 19th century.<gallery widths="125" heights="125"> File:Fahne Pirnaer Ruderverein 1872.svg|[[Pirnaer Ruderverein 1872]] </gallery> == Use by socialist groups == === Armed revolutionary organizations === In 1970, the [[Red Army Faction]], a [[West Germany|West German]] militant group, used a red star paired with a [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] in their highly recognizable insignia. In 1994, the red star was included in the flag of the armed [[revolutionary]] [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) in [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]]. A number of communist parties in [[Turkey]] utilize the red star. Likewise, a number of Kurdish revolutionary organizations connected to the [[Kurdistan Communities Union]] utilize the red star in their iconography. Those include the flags of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] and the battle flag pennants of the [[People's Defence Forces]] and [[Free Women's Units]] in [[Turkish Kurdistan]], the [[People's Protection Units]] and [[Women's Protection Units]] in [[Syrian Kurdistan]], and the [[Kurdistan Free Life Party|Eastern Kurdistan Units]] and [[Kurdistan Free Life Party|Women's Defense Forces]] in [[Iranian Kurdistan]]. The [[Iran]]ian Islamist-Socialist militant opposition group the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|Mojahedin-e-Khalq]] uses the red star with the rifle, sickle and the map of Iran in the background. <gallery> File:RAF-Logo.svg|[[Red Army Faction|Red Army Faction (West German militant group)]] (RAF) File:Bandera del GRAPO.svg|[[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]] (GRAPO) File:Bandera FPRM Manipur.png|[[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLAM) File:Flag of the EZLN.svg|[[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) File:MLKP_Badge.svg|[[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)|Marxist Leninist Communist Party]] (MLKP) File:Birleşik_Özgürlük_Güçleri_(United_Freedom_Forces)_logo.svg|[[United Freedom Forces]] (BÖG) File:International_Freedom_Battalion's_Badge.svg|[[International Freedom Battalion]] (IFB) File:IRPGF_Flag.svg|[[International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces]] (IRPGF) File:Flag of Koma Civakên Kurdistanê.svg|[[Kurdistan Communities Union]] (KCK) File:Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party.svg|[[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) File:Flag_of_Hêzên_Parastina_Gel.svg|[[People's Defence Forces]] (HPG) File:Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg|[[Free Women's Units]] (YJA-STAR) File:Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Vertical.svg|[[Civil Protection Units]] (YPS) File:People's_Protection_Units_Flag.svg|[[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) File:YPJ_Flag.svg|[[Women's Protection Units]] (YPJ) File:Flag_of_Hêzên_Rojhilata_Kurdistan.svg|[[Eastern Kurdistan Units]] (HRK) File:The_Official_Logo_Of_Komala.png|[[Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan|Komalah]] File:Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg|[[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] (MEK) File:Flag of the Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists.svg|[[Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists]] (BOAK) File:Flag of the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan.svg|Flag of the [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan]] </gallery> === Political parties and movements === The Brazilian leftist [[Worker's Party (Brazil)|Worker's Party]] uses a red star as its symbol with the party acronym ({{langx|pt|Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT}}) inside. [[Hugo Chávez]] and his supporters in Venezuela have used the red star in numerous symbols and logos, and have included it in the logo of the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]] (PSUV). It was also used throughout 2007 as a symbol of the "5 Engines of the [[Bolivarian Revolution|Bolivarian Socialist Revolution]]". It is also used by the militant South African [[shack]]-dweller's movement [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]]. Like in [[Latin America]] and Africa, several European socialist parties continue to use a star as a part of their logos. The red star is also featured prominently in the independence [[Estelada#Other Spanish Estelades|flags of various separatist movements]] in [[Spain]]. <gallery> File:PT (Brazil) logo 2021.svg|Symbol of [[Workers' Party (Brazil)]] File:Vereinigte Sozialistische Partei Venezuelas logo.svg|Symbol of the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]] File:DYFI-flag.svg|Symbol of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] File:Logo – Parti communiste français (2018).svg|Symbol of the [[French Communist Party]] File:Pce 2014.svg|Symbol of the [[Communist Party of Spain]] File:Portuguese Communist Party logo.svg|Symbol of the [[Portuguese Communist Party]] File:Socialistische Partij (nl 2006) Logo.svg|Symbol of the Dutch [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] File:PVDAPTB-2022-icon-profile01.png|Symbol of the [[Workers' Party of Belgium]] File:Logo of The Left (Slovenia).svg|Symbol of the Slovenian party [[The Left (Slovenia)|The Left]] File:Potere al Popolo! - Logo (Italy, 2017).svg|Symbol of the Italian party [[Power to the People (Italy)|Power to the People]] File:Rødt logo (bokmål).svg|Symbol of the Norwegian [[Red Party (Norway)|Red Party]] File:Uplogo2transparente-sinnombre.png|Symbol of the Ecuadorian party [[Popular Unity (Ecuador)|Popular Unity]] File:Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova logo.png|Symbol of the [[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova]] File:Abahlali baseMjondolo Logo.jpg|Symbol of the [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] File:Bandera Andalucía Libre.svg|Flag of the [[Andalusian Nation]] party File:Flag of Castile (with star).svg|[[Castilian nationalism|Castilian nationalist]] flag File:Bandeira galega nacionalista.svg|[[Galician nationalism|Galician nationalist]] flag [[Estreleira]] File:Estelada roja.svg|[[Catalan independence movement|Catalan pro-independence]] flag [[Estelada]] Vermella File:Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg|flag of the [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] File:Emblem of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1978‐1990).svg|[[Yemeni Socialist Party]], pre 1990 </gallery> == Uses without socialist symbolism == Some red stars adopted in emblems and flags have a significance that does not originally relate to socialism. Among these, the most well-known include the current state [[flag of California]] (echoing the Californian red star flag of 1836) and the flag of [[New Zealand]] (designed in 1869, officially adopted in 1902). The [[flag of the District of Columbia]] (designed in 1921, adopted in 1938) recalls [[Coat of arms of the Washington family|George Washington's coat of arms]]. [[DC Comics]]' [[Wonder Woman]] also wears a 5-point red star headband with gold or yellow background. === Crescent moon and star === The crescent moon and star was a symbol used by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Various states with Ottoman history have thus adopted this symbol into their present-day flags.<gallery> File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|[[Flag of Tunisia]] File:Flag of Algeria.svg|[[Flag of Algeria]] File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|[[Flag of Northern Cyprus]] File:Emblem of Turkey.svg|[[National emblem of Turkey|Emblem of Turkey]] </gallery> === Assorted Flags and Coats of Arms === <gallery> File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|[[Flag of New Zealand]]. File:Flag of Panama.svg|[[Flag of Panama]]. File:Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg|[[Flag of Syria]] (opposition group during the [[Syrian Civil War|civil war]]). Was the independence flag first used in 1932. File:Flag of California.svg|[[Flag of California]]. File:California Lone Star Flag 1836.svg|[[Lone Star of California|California Lone Star]] Flag – 1836. File:Flag of Washington, D.C..svg|Flag of [[Washington, D.C.]] File:Bandeira do Acre.svg|Flag of [[Acre State]], Brazil. File:Flag of Nagasaki, Nagasaki.svg|Flag of [[Nagasaki]] city. File:Flag of Birmingham, Alabama.svg|Flag of [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. File:Gharghur coa.svg|Arms of [[Għargħur]], Malta. File:Escudo de Moríñigo.svg|[[Moríñigo]] coat of arms. File:Wappen Wallis matt.svg|[[Coat of arms of Valais]] File:Flag of Canton of Valais.svg|[[Coat of arms of Valais|Flag of Valais]] File:Blason Crain.svg|[[Crain, Yonne]] coat of arms. File:Blason ville fr Chauriat (Puy-de-Dôme).svg|[[Chauriat]] coat of arms. </gallery> === Symbol of animal relief === The red star was adopted as the symbol of the [[International Red Star Alliance]], a Geneva international treaty signed in 1914 with the purpose of bringing about international cooperation on behalf of sick and wounded [[war animal]]s, while securing the neutral status of the personnel engaged in such work. Besides the International Alliance, national Red Star societies were also established. Regarding animal relief, the International Red Star Alliance had an analogous role of that of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]. To identify their neutral status, white [[brassard]]s with red stars were worn by military veterinary personnel in [[World War I]] in a similar way medical personal worn brassards with red crosses.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111019064810/http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/animals/pa-aes-redstar.pdf Celebrating 125 years, American Humane Association]</ref> Following the War, the [[American Red Star]] turned to focus on domestic issues, including care for animals during disasters. The organization waxed and waned over the decades, and {{as of | 2016 | lc = on}} exists as the [[American Humane Association]]'s [[Red Star Animal Emergency Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/animals/aes-redstar-1pager-41511.pdf |title=When Disaster Strikes — Look to Red Star Animal Emergency Services |website=americanhumane.org |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083622/http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/animals/aes-redstar-1pager-41511.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verify source|date=August 2015}} <!-- Was the American Red Star always under the American Humane Association? Needs clarification --> == Red stars in labels and logos == <gallery> File:Heineken logo.svg|Label of a [[Heineken]] bottle File:AKO Crabmeat 003.jpg|Logo of AKO, product of the [[Soviet Union]] File:Macy's logo.svg|Logo of [[Macy's]] department stores File:Texaco Logo.jpg|[[Texaco]] logo, circa 1913 File:Caltex logo.png|[[Caltex]] logo, circa 1936 File:Red Star Line (1818–1835).svg|[[House flag]] of the [[Robert Kermit Red Star Line|Kermit Line]] (1818–1835) and [[Red Star Line]] (1871–1935). File:House flag of Kermit Line (1835–1867).svg|House flag of the [[Robert Kermit Red Star Line|Kermit Line]] (1835–1867) File:House flag of the Columbia Steamship Company.svg|House flag used by [[Oglebay Norton Corporation|Columbia Transportation Division of the Oglebay Norton Corporation]], used, among others, on board the [[SS Edmund Fitzgerald]]. </gallery> The red star was used by the [[Texaco]] oil company in various forms from 1909 to 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Texaco|url=http://www.texaco.com/about-timeline.aspx|website=Texaco.com|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708122727/http://www.texaco.com/about-timeline.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its overseas division [[Caltex]] also used the red star until 1996. [[Red Star Yeast]] was produced for a century in Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Oakland before its subsumption as a brand by [[Lesaffre]]. A brand of [[Erguotou]], a type of [[Baijiu]], was named "[[Beijing Hongxing|Hongxing]]" ({{lang-zh|s=红星|l=Red Star}}) in 1949 to celebrate the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RED STAR WINE 1949 |url=http://www.redstarwine.com/gywm3/dsj0/7b1f8088b4f211ea8fba4be1890990b8.html |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=REDSTARWINE |date=2018-04-28}}</ref> [[North Korea]]'s [[Red Star OS|Red Star operating system]] takes its name from the communist red star. Red stars were included in the symbolism of many [[shipowner]]s, such as [[Puget Sound Navigation Company|Puget Sound Navigation Co.]] (1898–1927), [[Bombay Steam Navigation Company|Bombay Steam Navigation Co]] (since the 19th century), [[London & Overseas Freighters]] (1948–1997) and [[Oglebay Norton Corporation|Columbia Transportation Division of the Oglebay Norton Corporation]]. The two companies were independently named Red Star Line in the 19th century. == Legal status == {{See also|Hammer and sickle#Legal status|l1=Hammer and sickle § Legal status|Bans on communist symbols}} The red star and the [[hammer and sickle]] are regarded as occupation symbols as well as symbols of [[totalitarianism]] and [[state terror]] by several countries that were formerly either members of or occupied by the [[Soviet Union]]. Accordingly, [[Latvia]],<ref>{{cite web|title=BC, Riga, 16.05.2013|url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/legislation/&doc=74860|website=The Baltic course|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> [[Lithuania]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/7459976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols | date=17 June 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> [[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism|url=http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf|page=97|website=Ministry of Interior of Hungary|access-date=21 February 2017|quote=Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.}}</ref> and [[Decommunization in Ukraine|Ukraine]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-bans-soviet-era-symbols-1428606171 | title=Ukraine Bans Soviet-Era Symbols| newspaper=The Wall Street Journal| date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.memory.gov.ua/laws/law-ukraine-condemnation-communist-and-national-socialist-nazi-regimes-and-prohibition-propagan |title=LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=9 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809205003/http://www.memory.gov.ua/laws/law-ukraine-condemnation-communist-and-national-socialist-nazi-regimes-and-prohibition-propagan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/317-viii|title = Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки|newspaper = Офіційний Вебпортал Парламенту України}}</ref> have banned the symbol among others deemed to be symbols of totalitarian political ideologies and the Soviet Union or its republics. In [[Poland]], the Parliament passed in 2009 a ban that referred generally to "fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbols", while not specifying any of them.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/poland-imposes-strict-ban-on-communist-symbols | publisher=Fox News | title=Poland Imposes Strict Ban on Communist Symbols | date=27 November 2009 | access-date=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202110908/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,577305,00.html | archive-date=2 December 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following a constitutional complaint, it has been abolished by the Constitutional Tribunal as contrary to articles in the [[Constitution of Poland]] guaranteeing the [[freedom of speech]]. A similar law was considered in [[Estonia]], but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee due to its conflict with freedoms guaranteed by the [[constitution of Estonia]]. The [[European Court of Human Rights]] has ruled, in a similar manner, against the laws that ban political symbols, which were deemed to be in clear opposition with basic human rights, such as freedom of speech,<ref>[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=837602&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 ECHR judgment in case Vajnai v. Hungary]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/217632,wearing-a-red-star-in-hungary-is-a-basic-human.html |title=Wearing a red star in Hungary 'is a basic human right' : Europe World |access-date=8 July 2008 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806171455/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/217632,wearing-a-red-star-in-hungary-is-a-basic-human.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> confirmed again in 2011 in case ''Fratanolo v. Hungary''.<ref>[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=open&documentId=894751&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 Press release 222(2011)]. Registrar of [[ECtHR]] 3 November 2011.</ref> The decision has been compared<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/csillag0624/ European Court considers Labour Party's red star – in Hungarian]</ref> to the [[Swastika#Post-World War II stigmatization in Western countries|legislation]] concerning the symbols of [[Nazism]], which continue to be banned in several [[European Union]] member states, including [[Strafgesetzbuch § 86a|Germany]] and [[France]]. There have been calls for an EU-wide ban on both Soviet and Nazi symbols, notably by politicians from Lithuania, Estonia, the [[Czech Republic]], Hungary and [[Slovakia]]. The European Commissioner for Justice, [[Franco Frattini]], felt it "might not be appropriate" to include communist symbols in the context of discussions on xenophobia and anti-Semitism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4234335.stm | work=BBC News | title=EU ban urged on communist symbols | date=3 February 2005 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> In 2003, Hungarian politician Attila Vajnai was arrested, handcuffed and fined for wearing a red star on his lapel during a demonstration. He appealed his sentence to the [[European Court of Human Rights]], which decided that the ban was a violation of the freedom of expression, calling the Hungarian ban "indiscriminate" and "too broad".<ref>{{cite news|last=Curry |first=Andrew |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,663154,00.html |title=Vestiges of 'Genocidal System': Poland to Ban Communist Symbols |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=24 November 2009 |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> In [[Slovenia]], the red star was historically associated with the [[Yugoslav Partisans|resistance movement]] that fought against fascist occupation in World War II, but was also later a state symbol of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] during the dictatorship of [[Josip Broz Tito]]. On 21 March 2011, Slovenia issued a [[€2 commemorative coins#2011 coinage|two-euro commemorative]] coin to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of [[Franc Rozman]], a partisan commander, featuring a large star that represented a red star. This led to criticism from the Slovenian democratic parties without a communist history. == Red Stars that are not five-pointed == Emblems and flags where the red stars displayed are not five-pointed are much rarer. These include the following: <gallery> File:Flag of the International Brigades.svg|Three-pointed red star in the flag of the [[International Brigades]]. File:Flag of Aruba.svg|Four-pointed red star in the [[flag of Aruba]]. File:Flag of Burundi.svg|Six-pointed red stars outlined in green in the [[flag of Burundi]]. File:Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg|Six-pointed red stars in the [[flag of Chicago]]. File:Naval Ensign of Singapore.svg|Eight-pointed red star in the [[Naval Ensign]] of [[Singapore]]. File:Magen David Adom.svg|Emblem of [[Magen David Adom]], the Israeli national aid society. </gallery> == See also == {{Portal|Socialism|Communism|Soviet Union}} {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Five-pointed star]] * [[Red flag (politics)|Red flag]] (<big><span style="color: red">⚑</span></big>) * [[Hammer and sickle]] (<big><span style="color: red">☭</span></big>) * [[Communist symbolism]] * [[Star and crescent]] * [[Star of Bethlehem]] * [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] * [[Red Star Belgrade]] * [[FC Red Star Saint-Ouen]] * [[FK Velež Mostar]] * [[Flags of the Ottoman Empire]] * [[Waasland-Beveren]] * [[Pancho Villa Expedition]], when [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|American military aircraft]] used a red star insignia (1916–17) * [[Lone Star Flag (disambiguation)|Lone Star Flag]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Red stars}} {{Commons|Gallery of flags with stars#Red five-pointed star}} {{Wiktionary|Red Star}} *[https://heartinaheartlessworld.blog/2017/03/24/origin-of-the-red-star-2// Blog: Heart in a Heartless World - on the origin of the red star] [[Category:Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights]] [[Category:Symbols of communism]] [[Category:Military symbols]] [[Category:Star symbols]] [[Category:Red symbols|Star, red]] [[Category:Heraldic charges]] [[Category:National symbols of Armenia]] [[Category:National symbols of Azerbaijan]] [[Category:National symbols of Belarus]] [[Category:National symbols of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:National symbols of Kazakhstan]] [[Category:National symbols of Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:National symbols of Moldova]] [[Category:National symbols of Russia]] [[Category:National symbols of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:National symbols of Tajikistan]] [[Category:National symbols of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:National symbols of Ukraine]] [[Category:National symbols of Uzbekistan]]
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