Editing Reiki

{{Short description|Pseudoscientific healing technique}}
{{About|the Japanese pseudoscientific healing practice|the era|Reiki (era)}}
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[[File:Reiki-Treatment.jpg|thumb|A reiki session in progress]]
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'''Reiki'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|eɪ|k|i}} {{respell|RAY|kee}}; {{langx|ja|霊気}}}} is a [[pseudoscientific]] form of [[Energy medicine|energy healing]], a type of [[alternative medicine]] originating in Japan.<ref name="r597" /> Reiki practitioners use a technique called ''palm healing'' or ''hands-on healing'' through which, according to practitioners, a "[[Energy (esotericism)|universal energy]]" is transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the client, to encourage emotional or physical healing. It is based on [[qi]] ("chi"), which practitioners say is a universal [[vitalism|life force]], although there is no [[empirical evidence]] that such a life force exists.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" />

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" /> The marketing of reiki has been described as "fraudulent misrepresentation",<ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" /> and itself as a "nonsensical method",<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022" /> with a recommendation that the American government agency [[NCCAM]] should stop funding reiki research because it "has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale".<ref name="Barrett_6/23/2009" />

Clinical research does not show reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition, including [[cancer]],<ref name="ACS" /><ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> [[diabetic neuropathy]],<ref name="Bril2001" /> [[anxiety]] or [[depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Joyce_Herbison_4/3/2015" /> There is no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to [[placebo]]. Studies reporting positive effects have had methodological flaws.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" />

==Etymology==

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English alternative medicine word ''reiki'' [[List of English words of Japanese origin|comes from Japanese]] {{Lang|ja-latn|reiki}} ([[wikt:霊気|霊気]]) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign", combining {{Lang|ja-latn|rei}} "universal" and {{Lang|ja-latn|ki}} "[[Energy (esotericism)|vital energy]]"—the [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese reading]] of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] {{Lang|zh-latn|língqì}} ([[wikt:靈氣|靈氣]]) "numinous atmosphere".<ref name="OED">{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary ''(''OED'')'' |chapter=Reiki |year=2003 |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/246352?redirectedFrom=Reiki#eid|title-link=Oxford English Dictionary }}</ref>

==Conceptual basis==

{{Further|Vitalism|Qi}}
Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is a [[physiological]] force that can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. There is no evidence that qi exists as an observable phenomenon.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=MS |last2=Pittler |first2=MH |last3=Ernst |first3=E |author-link3=Edzard Ernst |title=Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=947–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18410352 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x |s2cid=25832830 |type=Systematic Review |quote=Most trials suffered from methodological flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting....In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Reiki is thus classified as a pseudoscientific practice based on metaphysical, rather than physiological, concepts.<ref name="psych" />

Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="ACS">{{cite book |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse |chapter-url-access=registration |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor1=Russell J |editor2=Rovere A |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/243 243–45] |chapter=Reiki}}</ref><ref name="Cancer Research UK">{{Cite web |url=https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/reiki?_ga=2.85017947.370597969.1581541069-1068809649.1580330016 |title=Reiki {{!}} Complementary and alternative therapy {{!}} Cancer Research UK |website=about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=2020-02-12 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510083939/https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/reiki?_ga=2.85017947.370597969.1581541069-1068809649.1580330016 |url-status=live}}</ref> although some physicians have said it might help promote feelings of general [[well-being]].<ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> In 2011, [[William T. Jarvis]] of [[The National Council Against Health Fraud]] stated there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the [[placebo effect]].<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last=Jarvis |first=William T. |url=http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |publisher=[[National Council Against Health Fraud]] |title=Reiki |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823055036/http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 22 April 2014 [[Brian Dunning (author)#Skeptoid podcasts|''Skeptoid'' podcast]] episode entitled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body:
{{blockquote|text=What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.<ref name="Dunning">{{Skeptoid|id=4411|number=411|title=Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields|access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>}}

== Technique ==

A session usually lasts for approximately one hour. A "Level 1" practitioner places their hand or hands on or near various parts of the body for several minutes. During this time, a [[vitalism|vital]] energy is meant to flow from the practitioner into the client's body.<ref name=ACS/> "Level 2" practitioners alternatively may offer their services at a distance with no skin contact.<ref name=ACS/>

==Research and critical evaluation==

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and [[academic journal]] articles.<ref name="psych">{{cite book |last1=Semple |first1=D. |last2=Smyth |first2=R. |title=Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199693887 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJKseis6OYC&pg=PA20 20] |chapter=Ch. 1: Psychomythology |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="Donlan2009">{{cite book |last=Donlan |first=Joseph E. |title=Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future |year=2009 |publisher=[[Universal Publishers (United States)|Universal Publishers]] |isbn=9781599428925 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yVpenBMH_a8C&pg=PA63 63–]}}</ref><ref name="Lobato2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lobato |first1=E |last2=Mendoza |first2=J |last3=Sims |first3=V |last4=Chin |first4=M |title=Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |volume=28 |issue=5 |year=2014 |pages=617–25 |doi=10.1002/acp.3042}}</ref><ref name="Gorski2014">{{cite journal |last1=Gorski |first1=DH |author-link1=David Gorski |last2=Novella |first2=SP |author-link2=Steven Novella |title=Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works? |journal=[[Trends in Molecular Medicine]] |volume=20 |issue=9 |year=2014 |pages=473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007 |pmid=25150944}}</ref> [[David Gorski]] writes that reiki vies with [[homeopathy]] to be the "one quackery that rules them all" because of its "sheer ridiculousness and disconnect from reality".<ref name="Gorski_3/9/2020">{{cite web |vauthors=Gorski DH |title=No, editors of The ''Atlantic'', reiki does not work |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/no-editors-of-the-atlantic-reiki-does-not-work/ |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> Jann Bellamy, a lawyer and critic of alternative medicine, has described the marketing of reiki as "fraudulent misrepresentation".<ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki-fraudulent-misrepresentation/ |title=Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation |last=Bellamy |first=Jann |date=12 June 2014 |website=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321144741/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki-fraudulent-misrepresentation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In criticizing the [[State University of New York]] for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,"<ref name="Lilienfeld2014">{{cite book|first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld|first2=Steven Jay |last2=Lynn|first3=Jeffrey M. |last3=Lohr|title=Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology |year=2014|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|isbn=9781462517893 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z0gBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202–]}}</ref> and others said, "In spite of its [reiki's] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated ..."<ref name="Ferraresi etal 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraresi |first1=M |last2=Clari |first2=R |last3=Moro |first3=I |last4=Banino |first4=E |last5=Boero |first5=E |last6=Crosio |first6=A |last7=Dayne |first7=R |last8=Rosset |first8=L |last9=Scarpa |first9=A |last10=Serra |first10=E |last11=Surace |first11=A |last12=Testore |first12=A |last13=Colombi |first13=N |last14=Piccoli |first14=B |display-authors=4 |title=Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned |journal=[[BMC Nephrology]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=129– |doi=10.1186/1471-2369-14-129 |pmid=23799960 |pmc=3694469 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."<ref name="Reiboldt2013">{{cite book|last=Reiboldt|first=Wendy|title=Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection|year=2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781598849370 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zY6dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA765 765]}}</ref>

Several authors have pointed to the [[Vitalism|vitalistic]] energy which reiki is claimed to treat,<ref name="Canter2013">{{cite book |editor-last=Ernst |editor-first=Edzard |editor-link=Edzard Ernst |first=Peter H. |last=Canter |chapter=Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science |title=Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine |year=2013 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |isbn=9781845407117 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3bO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT116 116–]}}</ref><ref name="Smith2011">{{cite book |first=Jonathan C. |last=Smith|title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit|year=2011|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9781444358940 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sJgONrua8IkC&pg=PT251 251–]}}</ref><ref name="Shermer">{{cite book |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Shermer |editor-link=Michael Shermer |first=Larry |last=Sarner |chapter=Therapeutic Touch |title=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781576076538 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA252 252–]|title-link=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience |year=2002 }}</ref> with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from [[therapeutic touch]] is that it [reiki] involves actual touch,"<ref name="Shermer" /> and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an [[alchemy]] society.<ref name="Pugliucci2013">{{cite book|last1=Pigliucci|first1=Massimo |author-link1=Massimo Pigliucci |last2=Boudry|first2=Maarten |author-link2=Maarten Boudry |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|year=2013|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=9780226051826 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178–]}}</ref>

A guideline published by the [[American Academy of Neurology]], the [[American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine]], and the [[American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation]] states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy]."<ref name="Bril2001">{{cite journal |last1=Bril |first1=V |last2=England |first2=J |last3=Franklin |first3=GM |last4=Backonja |first4=M |last5=Cohen |first5=J |last6=Del Toro |first6=D |last7=Feldman |first7=E |last8=Iverson |first8=DJ |last9=Perkins |first9=B |last10=Russell |first10=JW |last11=Zochodne |first11=D |display-authors=4 |title=Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |journal=[[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]] |volume=76 |issue=20 |year=2011 |pages=1758–65 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe |url=http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.full.pdf |pmid=21482920 |pmc=3100130 |access-date=2015-05-15 |archive-date=2017-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712081026/http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Canadian sociologist [[Susan J. Palmer]] has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.<ref name="Palmer2011">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Susan |title=The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la République, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects" |title-link=The New Heretics of France |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199875993 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pY5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129–]}}</ref>

[[Stephen Barrett]] of [[Quackwatch]] describes reiki as a "nonsensical method".<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022">{{cite web | last=Barrett | first=Stephen | author-link=Stephen Barrett | title=Reiki Is Nonsense | website=[[Quackwatch]] | date=March 3, 2022 | url=https://quackwatch.org/related/reiki/ | access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref> As a reason for why [[NCCAM]] should stop funding reiki research, he writes: "Reiki has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale. Science-based healthcare settings should not tolerate its use, and scarce government research dollars should not be used to study it further."<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022" /><ref name="Barrett_6/23/2009">{{cite web | last=Barrett | first=Stephen | author-link=Stephen Barrett | title=Why NCCAM Should Stop Funding Reiki Research | website=[[Quackwatch]] | date=June 23, 2009 | url=https://quackwatch.org/nccam/research/reiki/ | access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref>

=== Evidence quality ===

A 2008 [[systematic review]] of nine [[randomized clinical trial]]s found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /> Depending on the tools used to measure [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[anxiety]], the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /> Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" />

===Safety===

{{See also|Alternative medicine#Safety}}
Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many [[complementary and alternative medicine]] practices. Some [[physicians]] and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities, including reiki, thus endangering their health.<ref name="There is no accreditation body for reiki, nor any regulation of the practice.">{{cite web |title=Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information |url=http://www.disabled-world.com/medical/alternative/reiki/ |website=Disabled world.com |date=January 2014 |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=514–522 |pmc=2957745 |journal=P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management |year=2010 |last1=Ventola |first1=C. L. |pmid=20975811}}</ref>

==Training, certification and adoption==

A reiki practitioner who offers teaching is known as a "reiki master".<ref name=ACS/>

There is no central authority controlling use of the words ''reiki'' or ''reiki master''.<ref>{{citation|title=Modalities for Massage and Bodywork|author=Elaine Stillerman|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2014|page=295|isbn=9780323260794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|quote=Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.}}</ref> Certificates can be purchased online for under $100.<ref>{{citation|pages=7–8|title=Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers|author=Diane Stein|publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony|year=2011|isbn=9780307783806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASXC2-iEv4C&pg=PA8}}</ref> It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends.<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmKzzvL29G0C&pg=PT297|chapter=Reiki Training Levels|title=Reiki Collection|author1=Penelope Quest |author2=Kathy Roberts|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781101576205|year=2012}}</ref> There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.<ref>{{citation|chapter=Reiki classes and certification|title=Reiki for Dummies|author=Nina L. Paul|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781118054741}}</ref>

''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand, at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Sacks B |date=16 May 2014 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/reiki-goes-mainstream-spiritual-touch-practice-now-commonplace-in-hospitals/2014/05/16/9e92223a-dd37-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html |title=Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/reiki-goes-mainstream-spiritual-touch-practice-now-commonplace-in-hospitals/2014/05/16/9e92223a-dd37-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cancer Research UK reported in 2019 that some cancer centers and hospices in the UK offer free or low-cost reiki for people with cancer.<ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> The cost per session for treatment vary widely, but a CNBC report found a practitioner charging $229 per session of 60–90 minutes.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/19/budget-breakdown-of-a-37-year-old-who-makes-108000-dollars-a-year.html Here's the budget breakdown of a 37-year-old ex-CIA analyst turned energy healer who makes $108,000 a year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010835/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/19/budget-breakdown-of-a-37-year-old-who-makes-108000-dollars-a-year.html |date=2021-04-19 }}, ''[[CNBC]]'', Emmie Martin, 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|date=May 2019}}
{{multiple image
 | width = 140
 | footer = 
 | image1 = Mikaousui.jpg
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = [[Mikao Usui]] (1865–1926)
 | image2 = Chujiro Hayashi.jpg
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = [[Chujiro Hayashi]] (1880–1940)
}}
[[Mikao Usui]] originated the practice in Japan.<ref name="r597">{{cite book | last=Belcaro | first=G.V. | title=Complementary, Alternative Methods And Supplementary Medicine | publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-78634-568-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPF9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | access-date=2024-06-13 | page=36}}</ref> According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching reiki in [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]], Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.<ref name="UsuiMemorial">Inscription on Usui's memorial</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2015}}

The first reiki clinic in the [[United States]] was started in 1970 by [[Hawayo Takata]], a student of [[Chujiro Hayashi]] (who was a disciple of Usui).<ref name="Joyce_Herbison_4/3/2015">{{cite journal |last=Joyce |first=Janine |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |title=Reiki for depression and anxiety |date=3 April 2015 |issue=4 |pages=CD006833 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006833.pub2 |pmid=25835541 |pmc=11088458 }}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Glossary of alternative medicine]]
* [[Laying on of hands]]
* [[List of ineffective cancer treatments]]
* [[Scientific skepticism]]
* [[The Force]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

{{Wiktionary|reiki}}
{{Commons category|Reiki}}
* {{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/reiki/ |title=Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder) |author=[[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}

==External links==

* "[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/04/reiki-cant-possibly-work-so-why-does-it/606808/ Reiki Can't Possibly Work. So Why Does It?]", 2020 article in ''[[The Atlantic]]''

{{Pseudoscience|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reiki| ]]
[[Category:Energy (esotericism)]]
[[Category:Energy therapies]]
[[Category:1922 introductions]]
[[Category:Biofield therapies]]
[[Category:Japanese religious terminology]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]