Editing Reliant Robin

{{short description|Three-wheeled car produced by the Reliant Motor Company (1973–2002)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Reliant Robin
| image = 1977 Reliant Robin 850 (14136529926) (cropped).jpg
| caption = 1977 Reliant Robin (Mk 1)
| manufacturer = [[Reliant Motors|Reliant]]
| aka = 
| production = 1973–1981 (UK)<br />1989–2001 (UK revamped)<br />2001–2002 (B&N Plastics)
| model_years = 
| assembly = [[Tamworth, Staffordshire|Tamworth]], England<br />[[Athens]], Greece (1974–1978, under licence)<br />[[Burntwood]], England
| predecessor = [[Reliant Regal]]
| successor = [[Reliant Rialto]] (MK.1)
| class = [[City car]] ([[A-segment|A]])
| body_style = 2-door [[Sedan (car)|saloon]]<ref name=Motor197311/><br />3-door [[Station wagon#Two-door wagons|estate]]<br />3-door [[hatchback]] <br /> 3-door [[panel van]]
| layout = [[Mid-engine design#FMR layout .E2.80.93 Front Mid-engine .2F Rear-wheel drive|FMR]] Front-mid engine with rear-wheel drive
| platform = 
| engine = {{ubl
  | 748 cc [[Overhead valve|OHV]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]<ref name=Motor197311>{{cite magazine| title = The Regal is dead...long live the Robin|magazine=[[The Motor (magazine)|Motor]]| volume = 3708| pages =18–19 |date = 3 November 1973}}</ref>
  | 848 cc OHV I4
  }}
| transmission = 4-speed manual [[Synchromesh#Synchromesh|all-synchromesh]]<ref name=Motor197311/>
| wheelbase = {{convert|85|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=Motor197311/>
| length = {{convert|131|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} ''(saloon)''<ref name=Motor197311/>
| width = {{convert|56|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=Motor197311/>
| height = {{convert|54|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=Motor197311/>
| weight = 
| fuel_capacity = 
| related = [[Reliant Regal]] [[Van]]<br />[[Reliant Kitten]]<ref name=Motor197311/><br />[[Reliant Rialto]]
| designer = [[Ogle Design]]
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Reliant Robin''' is a small [[three-wheeled car]] produced by the [[Reliant Motor Company]] in [[Tamworth, Staffordshire|Tamworth]], England. It was offered in several versions (Mk1, Mk2 and Mk3) over a period of 30 years. It is the second-most popular [[Fiberglass|fibreglass]] car in history after the [[Chevrolet Corvette]], with Reliant being the second-biggest British car manufacturer for a time.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Shepherd|title=Motor Exports and Imports Face boom Year - Reliant|work=Birmingham Daily Post|page=12|date=24 February 1972|access-date=2 March 2021 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002135/19720224/230/0012| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Mk. 1 ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Reliant Robin registered July 1975 748cc at Knebworth 2013.JPG
| image2            = Reliant Robin 850 - Flickr - Joost J. Bakker IJmuiden (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = Reliant Robin Mk 1
| align             = left
}}
The Robin was first manufactured in October 1973<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/lost_marques_reliant.htm |title=Reliant |publisher=Uniquecarsandparts.com.au |date=14 February 2001 |access-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> as a direct replacement for the [[Reliant Regal]]. These models feature a 750&nbsp;cc engine, but in 1975, the car gained a number of improvements including an engine boost to 850&nbsp;cc. The Reliant Robin was well received in the 1970s because of good work executed by [[Ogle Design]] (who had previously designed the [[Bond Bug]], and [[Reliant Scimitar]]) and affordable price, considering {{cvt|70 and 85|mph}} was possible, and orders increased with the 1970s fuel crisis. The final original version of the Robin rolled off the production line in 1982, and after a number of limited editions, including the GBS and the Jubilee, it was replaced by the restyled [[Reliant Rialto]] designed by IAD in Worthing, UK. The vehicle was also produced under licence in Greece by [[MEBEA]] between 1974 and 1978.
{{Clear|left}}

=== Mk. 2 ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Reliant Rialto - Flickr - mick - Lumix (cropped).jpg
| image2            = Reliant (1676600513) (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = Reliant Robin Mk 2
| align             = left
}}
In 1989, Reliant revived the Robin name, producing a new and totally revamped Robin featuring a new fibreglass body featuring a hatchback, with later an estate and van joining the range. The Rialto continued in production alongside the new Robin until 1998 as purely a cheaper model in saloon, estate and van models also. Later on in production, the Robin received new, 12 inch wheels, improved brakes (from the original mini) and an improved interior with new dials and interior trim. Reliant also started offering an unleaded engine (shown by having a green rocker cover) which features hardened exhaust valve seats. As well as this, the new models joined the range with the LX, SLX, BRG, and Royale models. Royale and BRG models were top of the range and cost over £9,000. New colours such as metallic silver, British racing green, royal blue and NightFire red were used, along with a range of retro-style optional extras such as minilite alloy wheels and jaguar custom seat patterns, which then became available on all Robin models.

{{Clear|left}}

=== Mk. 3 ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = 2001 Reliant Robin SLX 800cc Front.jpg
| image2            = 2001 Reliant Robin SLX 800cc Rear.jpg
| caption2          = Reliant Robin Mk 3
| align             = left
}}
The Robin was redesigned in 1999, with the design executed by Andy Plumb, chief designer at Reliant at that time. This final version was launched boasting the biggest changes since the original launch, with completely new panels and [[Vauxhall Corsa#Corsa B .281993.E2.80.932000.29|Vauxhall Corsa]] front lamps. It was the first Robin to be designed with the use of a computer. An electric and a diesel version along with a pickup variant were conceptualised, but never made. A hatchback van was manufactured.

In 2000, it was announced the final Reliant Robin would be built after 65 limited editions were made. It was named the "Reliant Robin 65"  and had a very high specification. All 65s had gold metallic paint, red and grey leather seats, red carpets, walnut dashboards, white dials, minilite alloy wheels, premium stereo systems, electronic ignitions and gold plaques on the dashboards which were individually numbered and bore the original owner's engraved name. The selling price was £10,000. The last Reliant Robin produced was given away by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' newspaper in a [[Valentine's Day]] competition in 2001.<ref>[http://www.3wheelers.com/sun65.html I've got last Del-Boy car, www.3wheelers.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504184450/http://www.3wheelers.com/sun65.html |date=4 May 2017 }} Retrieved 21 April 2017</ref>

=== BN-1 and BN-2 ===
Manufacturing of the Robin resumed under licence by B&N Plastics in July 2001. This firm was allowed to produce 250 cars a year, but it was stalled by problems and production faults and went into financial trouble after producing just 40 or so complete cars up to October 2002.

The BN-1 Robin was based on the Robin 65 limited edition, and featured all the expensive extras but with a more modern feature set. The car had a completely redesigned interior, with a new dashboard and interior in black. The body also received some under-the-skin features, including integrated fibreglass skims for the door hinges and a new whole-body fabrication process, which resulted in reduced weight. The revised car was reapproved, so that it was legal for sale in the UK.

The BN-2 Robin was a higher specification model, featuring higher-grade materials for the interior, a custom metallic paint finish, a radio-CD (instead of radio-cassette) and front electric windows, a first for the Robin.

=== General specifications ===
The single wheel in the front is responsible for the steering, while the engine (also in the front) drives the rear axle. The Reliant Robin aimed to provide economical and predictable personal transport. The 850 cc engine gives an acceleration of 0 to 60&nbsp;mph in 14&nbsp;seconds and a top speed of 85&nbsp;mph, they also give a very good economy figure of up to 70 mpg; the later Mk3 Reliant Robin was quoted to give 60 to 100 mpg.

=== Licence requirements ===
Despite its size, by being a three-wheeler with an official mass below {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, the Robin could traditionally be driven by holders of a B1 category [[Driver's licence|driving licence]]<ref>The B1 category used to cover motor tricycles and quadricycles, weighing up to 550 kg (1,200 lb) unladen (see [[Driving licence in the United Kingdom#Driving licence codes|driving licence in the UK]])</ref> in the United Kingdom, and registered and taxed at motorcycle rates, which gave a saving of £55 a year over a conventional car. Up until 2001, the B1 licence entitlement was given to those who passed the category A motorcycle test, leading to the common misconception that people could drive a Robin on a motorcycle licence. Those passing their motorcycle test after 2001 could not drive a Robin, until the law changed in December 2012. As of 29 December 2012, tricycles such as the Robin no longer fall within the B1 category licence; in-line with European Union law, tricycles are now classified under the category A "motorcycle licence". As such, any person holding a "full motorcycle licence" may legally drive a Robin. As it was not the licence entitlement that changed, but rather the categorisation of tricycles into an existing category, the change applies to all holders of category A motorcycle licences, whenever they were obtained. Shortly after this an oversight was that a person with a full car licence could no longer drive a three-wheeled vehicle; this was then altered by the UK government after car companies which produce three-wheeled vehicles (such as [[Morgan 3-Wheeler|Morgan]]) protested over the licensing changes, this resulted in car licence holders now being able to drive a three-wheeled vehicle, but an age limit of 21 was also added; this 21 or over age limit also applies to motorcycle category A licence holders.

==== Driving a Reliant with a motorcycle licence (United Kingdom regulations) ====
[[File:Racing-reliant-robins mendips-raceway 2005-05-30.jpg|thumb|A group of Reliant Robins and [[Reliant Rialto|Rialtos]] in use as [[Banger racing|banger racers]]]]
Originally, it was possible to drive a three-wheeled Reliant with a motorcycle permit, as a full motorcycle permit included a B1 class endorsement, which gave a driver the right to drive vehicles with three or four wheels of up to 550&nbsp;kg (10¾ cwt).{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} However, the  [[DVLA]] ceased to issue the B1 endorsement in 2001.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Interest in the Reliant increased once more after January 2013, when the licensing scheme was changed once again. From 2013, a holder of a full category A motorcycle licence over the age of 21 may drive a three-wheeled vehicle of any power. This age restriction applies to full Category B holders also. In a further change in 2014, the UK government created a new descriptor "motor tricycles with power output over 15kW" within the top-level category A (including its related driver age restriction of 21 years), into which the Reliant 3 wheeler range fits.<ref name="dvlacats">{{cite web |title=Bike categories, ages and licence requirements |url=https://www.gov.uk/ride-motorcycle-moped/bike-categories-ages-and-licence-requirements |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the law relating to three wheel vehicles? |url=https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/ask-the-police/question/Q504 |website=Ask The Police |publisher=Police National Legal Database |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

Because of these licensing changes, a Reliant Robin cannot be driven with a [[learner's permit|provisional licence]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes to the driving licence and categories|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/changes-to-the-driving-licence-and-categories|publisher=Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency|access-date=28 December 2015|date=30 November 2012}}</ref> unless the driver meets certain disability criteria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Driving licence categories|url=https://www.gov.uk/driving-licence-categories|publisher=Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency|access-date=28 December 2015|date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Miss Shepherd owned one Reliant Robin<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Alan|title=The Lady in the Van|date=1989|publisher=London Review of Books|isbn=184765357X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9LGBwAAQBAJ&q=reliant|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> in ''The Lady in the Van'', a 1989 book, 1999 play and [[The Lady in the Van|2015 film]] by [[Alan Bennett]], a real-life portrayal of a case of [[Diogenes syndrome|Diógenes syndrome]].

The British sitcom series ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' (1990-1995) starring [[Rowan Atkinson]] has a running gag with a blue Reliant Regal Supervan III getting into a variety of mishaps- usually regarding Mr. Bean's mini car.

[[Joanna Lumley]] remarks, as the character [[Patsy Stone]], that her friend's isolation tank "looks like a Robin Reliant" in the 1992 ''Iso Tank'' episode of the British sitcom series ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transcripts.foreverdreaming.org/viewtopic.php?t=128945|title=Absolutely Fabulous Transcripts |publisher=transcripts.foreverdreaming.org |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

The 2011 [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] film ''[[Cars 2]]'' features a French character named Tomber who is patterned on a [[Reliant Regal]] saloon car, though he also has been compared to a Robin. His name means "falling" in French, referencing the instability of three-wheel vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/cars/tomber.html#/characters/tomber |title=Tomber |publisher=disney.go.com |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>

The 2018 music video for [[Rick Astley]]'s ''She Makes Me'', from the album [[Beautiful Life (Rick Astley album)|''Beautiful Life'']] prominently features a yellow Reliant Rialto.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIxQ8X963mQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/dIxQ8X963mQ |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=YouTube official video of 'She Makes Me' |website=[[YouTube]] |date=9 November 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In both the 1990 [[Good Omens|novel]] by [[Neil Gaiman]] and [[Terry Pratchett]] and the TV series released in 2019, the Reliant Robin makes an appearance in ''[[Good Omens (TV series)|Good Omens]].'' The character Pulsifer Newton (in series 1) drives the vehicle, which he names after [[Dick Turpin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaiman |first1=Neil |title=Good Omens: the Nice and Accurate Prophecies of Agnes Nutter Witch |last2=Pratchett |first2=Terry |publisher=Gollancz |year=1990 |location=UK}}</ref><ref>Good Omens. Amazon MGM and BBC. 2019-</ref>  

=== ''Top Gear'' ===
[[File:Reliant Robin Space Shuttle - Top Gear (5963792406).jpg|thumb|225x225px|A replica of the Reliant Robin Space Shuttle used in [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]]]
On 18 February 2007 episode of ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' (series 9, episode 4), a  Reliant Robin was used by [[Richard Hammond]] and [[James May]] in an attempt to modify a normal K-reg Robin into a reusable [[Space Shuttle]]. The booster rockets separated cleanly, but the fuel tank did not detach, and the Robin crashed into the ground, where it promptly exploded. This launch was the "largest non-commercial rocket launch in European history".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074gf0|title=BBC – Top Gear – Episode Archive – Series 9 – Episode 4 |access-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>

In a subsequent episode of ''Top Gear'' (series 15, episode 1), a  modified 1994 Reliant Robin was used by [[Jeremy Clarkson]] to drive 14 miles from Sheffield to Rotherham. He described driving it as dangerous as "inviting your mum 'round for an evening on [[Chatroulette]]", and that the Robin "wasn't funny, it was a complete menace". During the segment, Clarkson rolled a specially side-weighted Robin at least six times. The following two episodes featured racing driver [[The Stig]] and [[Ken Block]] on their [[Top Gear Test Track|test track]] in Robins, and neither of them could finish a clean lap in the specially doctored Robin. Later on, Clarkson admitted that the Robin used in the show had the differential modified to allow "the poor little thing" to roll over easily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theladbible.com/articles/jeremy-clarkson-has-revealed-some-secrets-regarding-faked-scenes-on-top-gear-130116 |title=Jeremy Clarkson Has Revealed Some Secrets Regarding Faked Scenes On 'Top Gear' |work=The Lad Bible |access-date=15 January 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Clarkson|first1=Jeremy|title=The Clarkson Review: Reliant Robin|url=https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/the-clarkson-review-reliant-robin/|website=Driving|date=11 January 2016 |publisher=The Sunday Times|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> The car also had unequal sized wheels fitted creating an imbalance toward the driver's side.<ref name="RMC">{{cite web |title=BBC Top Gear - and the infamous rolling Reliant Robin episode |url=http://www.reliant.website/topgear.shtml |publisher=The Reliant Motor Club |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cars}}
* [[Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon]] – Greek manufacturer of three-wheeled vehicles
* [[Liège (car)|Liège]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Reliant Robin}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQh56geU0X8 Jeremy Clarkson from Top Gear 'rolls' the Reliant]
* [http://www.reliantownersclub.org Reliant Owners Club]
*[http://www.3-wheelers.com 3-wheelers Website]
*[http://www.reliant.website Reliant Motor Club]
{{Reliant}}

[[Category:Reliant vehicles]]
[[Category:Three-wheeled motor vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1973]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2002]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:Saloons]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Vans]]