Editing Remipedia

{{Short description|Class of crustaceans}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Remipedes
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Lower Pennsylvanian|Recent}}
| image = Speleonectes tanumekes unlabeled.png
| image_caption = ''[[Speleonectes tanumekes]]''
| taxon = Remipedia
| authority = ([[Jill Yager|Yager]], 1981)
| subdivision_ranks = Orders & families
| subdivision = 
* †Enantiopoda
** †Tesnusocarididae
* Nectiopoda
** Micropacteridae
** [[Godzilliidae]]
** Kumongidae
** Cryptocorynetidae
** Morlockiidae 
** [[Speleonectidae]]
** Xibalbanidae
** Pleomothridae
}}

'''Remipedia''' is a [[class (biology)|class]] of blind [[crustacean]]s, closely related to [[Hexapoda|hexapods]], found in coastal [[aquifer]]s which contain saline groundwater, with populations identified in almost every ocean basin so far explored, including in [[Australia]], the [[Caribbean Sea]], and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The first described remipede was the fossil ''[[Tesnusocaris goldichi]]'' ([[Early Pennsylvanian|Lower Pennsylvanian]]). Since 1979, at least seventeen living species have been identified in [[subtropical]] regions around the world.<ref name="KSHI">{{cite journal |author1=Stefan Koenemann |author2=Frederick R. Schram |author3=Mario Hönemann |author4=Thomas M. Iliffe  |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Remipedia (Crustacea) |journal=[[Organisms Diversity & Evolution]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33–51 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2006.07.001|bibcode=2007ODivE...7...33K }}</ref>

==Description==
Remipedes are {{convert|1|-|4|cm|in|1}} long and comprise a head and an elongate trunk of up to thirty-two similar [[body segment]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameronmccormick.blogspot.com/2008/11/remipedia.html |title=Remipedia  |work=The Lord Geekington |author=Cameron McCormick |date=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Pigmentation and eyes are absent.<ref name=Yager2013>{{cite web| author=Yager, J. | title=Lasionectes entrichoma Yager & Schram, 1986 | url=http://www.tamug.edu/cavebiology/fauna/remipedes/L_entrichoma.html | date=18 September 2013 | publisher=tamug.edu | access-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> Biramous swimming [[appendage]]s are laterally present on each segment. The animals swim on their backs and are generally slow-moving.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Regier|first1=Jerome C.|last2=Shultz|first2=Jeffrey W.|last3=Zwick|first3=Andreas|last4=Hussey|first4=April|last5=Ball|first5=Bernard|last6=Wetzer|first6=Regina|last7=Martin|first7=Joel W.|last8=Cunningham|first8=Clifford W.|date=February 2010|title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences|journal=Nature|volume=463|issue=7284|pages=1079–1083|doi=10.1038/nature08742|pmid=20147900|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.463.1079R|s2cid=4427443}}</ref> They are the only known venomous crustaceans, and have fangs connected to secretory glands, which inject a combination of [[digestive enzyme]]s and [[venom]] into their prey,<ref>{{cite journal |title=First venomous crustacean discovered |journal=[[Nature News]] |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2015 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/first-venomous-crustacean-discovered-1.13985 |doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13985|s2cid=87091184 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> but they also feed through [[Filter feeder|filter feeding]]. Being [[hermaphrodite]]s, the female pore is located on the seventh trunk segment and the male pore on the fourteenth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hinderstein |first1=Lara M. |last2=Iliffe |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Schram |first3=Frederick R. |last4=Bloechl |first4=Armin |last5=Koenemann |first5=Stefan |date=2007 |title=Behavior of Remipedia in the Laboratory, with Supporting Field Observations |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1651/S-2809A.1 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=534–542 |doi=10.1651/S-2809A.1|bibcode=2007JCBio..27..534H |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Remipedia have a generally primitive body plan compared to other extant crustaceans, and are the only extant [[pancrustacea]]ns to lack significant postcephalic [[Tagma (biology)|tagmosis]].<ref name=":0" /> External respiratory structures like gills are absent.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aLWAQAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+gills&pg=PA149 | title=Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 4 part A | isbn=978-90-474-4045-1 | last1=Klein | first1=Carel von Vaupel | last2=Charmantier-Daures | first2=Mireille | date=24 October 2013 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Previously regarded as 'primitive', Remipedia have since been shown to have enhanced olfactory nerve centers (a common feature for species that live in dark environments).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Martin Fanenbruck |author2=Steffen Harzsch  |author3=Johann Wolfgang Wägele  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The brain of the Remipedia (Crustacea) and an alternative hypothesis on their phylogenetic relationships |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.0306212101 |volume=101 |issue=11 |pages=3868–3873 |pmid=15004272 |pmc=374336|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The larvae are free-living and appear to be lecithotrophic (non-feeding). Mouths, guts, and anuses appear in the juvenile stage. Because of the energy and nutrients required for swimming, molting, and to grow in size and length, it has been speculated that the larvae may have other sources of growth than its yolk; possibly symbiotic bacteria.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Carel von Vaupel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aLWAQAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+lecithotrophic+yolk+carbohydrates+lipid&pg=PA155 |title=Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 4 part A |last2=Charmantier-Daures |first2=Mireille |date=2013-10-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4045-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2tEEAAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+anoxic+zone+halocline+bacterial+symbionts&pg=PA741 | title=Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea: A Story of Scientific Method | isbn=978-0-19-971092-8 | last1=Schram | first1=Frederick R. | last2=Koenemann | first2=Stefan | date=16 October 2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

With the exception of ''Speleonectes kakuki'', which inhabits a fully marine, sub-seafloor cave in the Bahamas, all known species of remipedians have been found exclusively in [[Anchialine system|anchialine cave systems]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neiber |first1=Marco T. |last2=Hartke |first2=Tamara R. |last3=Stemme |first3=Torben |last4=Bergmann |first4=Alexandra |last5=Rust |first5=Jes |last6=Iliffe |first6=Thomas M. |last7=Koenemann |first7=Stefan |date=2011 |title=Global Biodiversity and Phylogenetic Evaluation of Remipedia (Crustacea) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=e19627 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0019627 |doi-access=free |pmc=3098257 |pmid=21625553|bibcode=2011PLoSO...619627N }}</ref>

== History of classification ==
The first species in this group to be described was ''[[Speleonectes lucayensis]]'', discovered by [[Jill Yager]] while [[cave diving]] in [[Lucayan Caverns]] on the [[Grand Bahama Island]] in 1979 and described in a paper in the ''[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]]'' in 1981. The novel nature of this species was recognized and the class Remipedia was erected in the same paper.<ref name="Yager">{{cite journal|author=Jill Yager|date=August 1981|title=Remipedia, a new class of Crustacea from a marine cave in the Bahamas|journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=328–333|doi=10.2307/1547965|jstor=1547965|bibcode=1981JCBio...1..328Y }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2.odu.edu/vhosts/sci/biology/directory/Holsinger/jrh/SUBTERR.HTM |title=What are subterranean amphipods? |author=John R. Holsinger |work=Systematics of amphipod crustaceans in the families Crangonyctidae and Hadziidae |access-date=October 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Old Dominion University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194258/http://ww2.odu.edu/vhosts/sci/biology/directory/Holsinger/jrh/SUBTERR.HTM |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://invertebrates.si.edu/Yager.html |title=Jill Yager, Research Associate |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |work=Invertebrate Zoology Staff |access-date=October 25, 2013}}</ref> The name "Remipedia" is from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|remipedes}}'', meaning "oar-footed".<ref name="Yager"/>

Historical phylogeny based on morphology and physiology has placed Remipedia under [[Mandibulata]], in the subphylum [[Crustacean|Crustacea]], and distinct from [[Hexapoda]].

New research in [[Evolutionary developmental biology|evolution and development]] reveals similarities between larvae and postembryonic development of remipedes and [[Malacostraca]], singling Remipedia as a potential crustacean sister group of Hexapoda. Similarities in brain anatomy further support this affinity, and hexapod-type hemocyanins have been discovered in remipedes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giribet|first1=Gonzalo|last2=Edgecombe|first2=Gregory D.|date=2012-01-07|title=Reevaluating the Arthropod Tree of Life|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|issue=1|pages=167–186|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100659|pmid=21910637|s2cid=207597767|issn=0066-4170}}</ref>

Recent molecular studies have grouped Remipedia with [[Cephalocarida]], [[Branchiopoda]], and [[Hexapoda]] in a clade named [[Allotriocarida]].<ref name=Oakley /><ref name=Lozano-Fernandez /> Remipedia was found as the sister group to Hexapoda both in phylogenomic<ref name="Reumont">{{cite journal|author=Bjoern M. von Reumont|author2=Ronald A. Jenner|author3=Matthew A. Wills|author4=Emiliano Dell'Ampio|author5=Günther Pass|author6=Ingo Ebersberger|author7=Benjamin Meyer|author8=Stefan Koenemann|author9=Thomas M. Iliffe|author10=Alexandros Stamatakis|author11=Oliver Niehuis|author12=Karen Meusemann|author13=Bernhard Misof|name-list-style=amp|date=March 2012|title=Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda|journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=1031–1045|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr270|pmid=22049065|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Lozano-Fernandez>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gbe/evz097|title=Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling |year=2019 |last1=Lozano-Fernandez |first1=Jesus |last2=Giacomelli |first2=Mattia |last3=Fleming |first3=James F. |last4=Chen |first4=Albert |last5=Vinther |first5=Jakob |last6=Thomsen |first6=Philip Francis |last7=Glenner |first7=Henrik |last8=Palero |first8=Ferran |last9=Legg |first9=David A. |last10=Iliffe |first10=Thomas M. |last11=Pisani |first11=Davide |last12=Olesen |first12=Jørgen |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2055–2070 |pmid=31270537 |pmc=6684935 }}</ref> and combined morphological and transcriptome studies.<ref name=Oakley>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss216|title=Phylotranscriptomics to Bring the Understudied into the Fold: Monophyletic Ostracoda, Fossil Placement, and Pancrustacean Phylogeny |year=2013 |last1=Oakley |first1=Todd H. |last2=Wolfe |first2=Joanna M. |last3=Lindgren |first3=Annie R. |last4=Zaharoff |first4=Alexander K. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=30 |pages=215–233 |pmid=22977117 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In other studies Remipedia and [[Cephalocarida]] are grouped together form the clade [[Xenocarida]], which in turn was sister to Hexapoda in a clade named Anartiopoda<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Engel|first=Michael|date=2015|title=Insect evolution|journal=Current Biology|volume=25|issue=19|pages=R868–R872|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.059|pmid=26439349|s2cid=14406214|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015CBio...25.R868E }}</ref> or Miracrustacea ('surprising crustaceans').<ref name=":0"/> 

The relationship of Remipedia and other crustacean classes and insects is shown in the following phylogenetic tree, which shows Allotriocarida, along with [[Oligostraca]] and [[Multicrustacea]], as the three main divisions of subphylum [[Pancrustacea]], embracing the traditional crustaceans and the hexapods (including insects).<ref name=Lozano-Fernandez />

{{clade
|label1=[[Pancrustacea]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Oligostraca]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Multicrustacea]]
      |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=[[Thecostraca]]
            |2=[[Copepoda]]
            }}
         |2=[[Malacostraca]]
         }}
      |label2=[[Allotriocarida]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Cephalocarida]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Branchiopoda]]
            |2={{clade
               |1='''Remipedia'''
               |label2=[[Hexapoda]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Protura]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=[[Diplura]]
                        |2=[[Collembola]]
                        }}
                     |2=[[Insecta]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==Classification==

Thirty extant species are recognized as of early 2022, divided among eight families and twelve genera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/remipedia/aphia.php?p=browser |title=World Remipedia Database |author1=Koenemann, S. |author2=Hoenemann, M. |author3=Stemme T. |year=2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee]]}}</ref><ref>{{BioRef|WoRMS|id=1067 |title=Remipedia |db=World Remipedia Database|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>  All are placed in the order '''Nectiopoda'''. The second order, Enantiopoda, comprises the fossil species ''[[Tesnusocaris|Tesnusocaris goldichi]]'' and ''[[Cryptocaris hootchi]]''.<ref name="KSHI"/>

* †'''Order Enantiopoda''' <small>Birshtein 1960</small>
** †'''Family [[Tesnusocarididae]]''' <small>Brooks 1955</small> [Cryptocarididae <small>Sieg 1980</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Tesnusocaris]]'' <small>Brooks 1955</small>
**** †''Tesnusocaris goldichi'' <small>Brooks 1955</small>
*** Genus †''[[Cryptocaris]]'' <small>Schram 1974</small>
**** †''Cryptocaris hootchi'' <small>Schram 1974</small>
* '''Order Nectiopoda''' <small>Schram 1986</small>
**'''Family [[Micropacteridae]]''' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham 2007</small>
*** Genus ''[[Micropacter]]'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham 2007</small>
**** ''Micropacter yagerae'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham 2007</small>
** '''Family [[Godzilliidae]]''' <small>Schram, Yager & Emerson 1986</small>
*** Genus ''[[Godzilliognomus]]'' <small>Yager 1989</small>
**** ''[[Godzilliognomus frondosus]]'' <small>Yager, 1989</small>
**** ''[[Godzillognomus schrami]]'' <small>Iliffe, Otten & Koenemann 2010</small>
*** Genus ''[[Godzillius]]'' <small>Schram ''et al.'', 1986</small>
**** ''[[Godzillius fuchsi]]'' <small>Gonzalez, Singpiel & Schlagner 2013</small>
**** ''[[Godzillius robustus]]'' <small>Schram, Yager & Emerson 1986</small>
** '''Family [[Kumongidae]]''' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
*** Genus ''[[Kumonga (species)|Kumonga]]'' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
**** ''[[Kumonga exleyi]]'' <small>(Yager & Humphreys 1996) Hoenemann et al. 2013</small> [''Lasionectes exleyi'' <small>Yager & Humphreys 1996</small>]
** '''Family [[Cryptocorynetidae]]''' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
*** Genus ''[[Kaloketos]]'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & Yager 2004</small>
**** ''[[Kaloketos pilosus]]'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & Yager 2004</small>
*** Genus ''[[Angirasu]]'' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
**** ''[[Angirasu benjamini]]'' <small>(Yager 1987) Hoenemann et al. 2013</small> [''Speleonectes benjamini'' <small>Yager 1987</small>]
**** ''[[Angirasu parabenjamini]]'' <small>(Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham 2003) Hoenemann et al. 2013</small> [''Speleonectes parabenjamini'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham 2003</small>]
*** Genus ''[[Cryptocorynetes]]'' <small>Yager 1987</small>
**** ''[[Cryptocorynetes elmorei]]'' <small>Hazerli, Koenemann & Iliffe 2009</small>&nbsp;<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dennis Hazerli |author2=Stefan Koenemann  |author3=Thomas M. Iliffe  |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=''Cryptocorynetes elmorei'', a new species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from an anchialine cave on Eleuthera, Bahamas |journal=[[Marine Biodiversity]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1007/s12526-009-0033-4|bibcode=2010MarBd..40...71H |s2cid=8082592 }}</ref>
**** ''[[Cryptocorynetes haptodiscus]]'' <small>Yager 1987</small>
**** ''[[Cryptocorynetes longulus]]'' <small>Wollermann, Koenemann & Iliffe 2007</small>
** '''Family [[Morlockiidae]]''' <small>García-Valdecasas 1984</small>
*** Genus ''[[Morlockia]]'' <small>García-Valdecasas 1984</small>
**** ''[[Morlockia williamsi]]'' <small>(Hartke, Koenemann & Yager 2011)</small> [''Speleonectes williamsi'' <small>Hartke, Koenemann & Yager 2011</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tamara R. Hartke |author2=Stefan Koenemann |author3=Jill Yager |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=''Speleonectes williamsi'', a new species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from the Bahamas |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3115 |pages=21–28 |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z03115p028f.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] excerpt|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3115.1.2 }}</ref>
**** ''[[Morlockia emersoni]]'' <small>(Lorentzen, Koenemann & Iliffe 2007)</small> [''Speleonectes emersoni'' Lorentzen, <small>Koenemann & Iliffe 2007</small>]
**** ''[[Morlockia atlantida]]'' <small>(Koenemann et al. 2009) Hoenemann et al. 2012</small> [''Speleonectes atlantidus'' <small>Koenemann et al. 2009</small>]
**** ''[[Morlockia ondinae]]'' <small>García-Valdecasas 1984</small> [''Speleonectes ondinae'' <small>(Garcia-Valdecasas 1984)</small>]
** '''Family [[Speleonectidae]]''' <small>Yager 1981</small>
*** Genus ''[[Lasionectes]]'' <small>Yager & Schram, 1986</small>
**** ''[[Lasionectes entrichoma]]'' <small>Yager & Schram, 1986</small>
*** Genus ''[[Speleonectes]]'' <small>Yager 1981</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes epilimnius]]'' <small>Yager & Carpenter, 1999</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes gironensis]]'' <small>Yager, 1994</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes kakuki]]'' <small>Daenekas ''et al.'', 2009</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes lucayensis]]'' <small>Yager, 1981</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes minnsi]]'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2003</small>
**** ''[[Speleonectes tanumekes]]'' <small>Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2003</small>
** '''Family [[Xibalbanidae]]''' <small>Olesen et al. 2017</small>
*** Genus ''[[Xibalbanus]]'' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
**** ''[[Xibalbanus cokei]]'' <small>(Yager, 2013) Olesen et al. 2017</small> [''Speleonectes cokei'' <small>Yager, 2013</small>]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Yager J | year = 2013 | title = ''Speleonectes cokei'', new species of Remipedia (Crustacea: Speleonectidae) from a submerged ocean cave near Caye Chapel, Belize | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3710 | issue = 4| pages = 354–362 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.4.4 | pmid = 26106696 | s2cid = 10850210 }}</ref>
**** ''[[Xibalbanus cozumelensis]]'' <small>Olesen, Meland, Glenner, van Hengstum & Iliffe, 2017</small>
**** ''[[Xibalbanus fuchscockburni]]'' <small>(Neiber et al. 2012) Hoenemann et al. 2013</small> [''Speleonectes fuchscockburni'' <small>Neiber et al. 2012</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marco T. Neiber |author2=Finja C. Hansen |author3=Thomas M. Iliffe|author4=Brett C. Gonzalez |author5=Stefan Koenemann |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Molecular taxonomy of ''Speleonectes fuchscockburni'', a new pseudocryptic species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from an anchialine cave system on the Yucatán Peninsula, Quintana Roo, Mexico |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3190 |pages=31–46 |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z03190p046f.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] excerpt|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3190.1.2 }}</ref>
**** ''[[Xibalbanus tulumensis]]'' <small>(Yager 1987) Hoenemann et al. 2013</small> [''Speleonectes tulumensis'' <small>Yager 1987</small>]
** '''Family [[Pleomothridae]]''' <small>Hoenemann et al. 2013</small>
*** Genus ''[[Pleomothra]]'' <small>Yager 1989</small>
**** ''[[Pleomothra apletocheles]]'' <small>Yager 1989</small>
**** ''[[Pleomothra fragilis]]'' <small>Koenemann, Ziegler & Iliffe 2008</small>

==Geographic distribution of extant Remipedia==
*{{BAH}} – [[Andros, Bahamas|Andros]], [[Sweetings Cay]], [[Grand Bahama]], [[Great Exuma]], [[Great Guana Cay]] ([[Exuma Cays]]), [[Cat Island, Bahamas|Cat Island]], [[Abaco Islands]], [[San Salvador Island]]
*{{TCA}} – [[North Caicos]], [[Providenciales]]
*{{AUS}} – [[North West Cape]] ([[Western Australia]])
*{{CUB}} – [[Matanzas Province]]
*{{ESP}} – [[Lanzarote]] ([[Canary Islands]])
*{{MEX}} – [[Quintana Roo]]
*{{BLZ}} - [[Caye Chapel]]
*{{DOM}} – [[Distrito Nacional]] Cueva Taína, Santo Domingo Este.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237770857 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1543.1.3 | title=''Speleonectes emersoni'', A New Species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from the Dominican Republic| last1=Lorentzen| first1=Dörte| last2=Koenemann| first2=Stefan| last3=Iliffe| first3=Thomas M.| year=2007 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1543 |pages=61–68}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}

* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Arthropods}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q490800}}

[[Category:Remipedia| ]]
[[Category:Arthropod classes]]
[[Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances]]