Editing Repentance

{{Short description|Reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret}}
{{Other uses}}
'''Repentance''' is [[Examination of conscience|reviewing one's actions]] and feeling [[contrition]] or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geEADgAAQBAJ |title=Justice for All: How the Jewish Bible Revolutionized Ethics |author=Jeremiah Unterman |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2017 |page=109 |isbn=978-0827612709 |quote=The modern definition of "to repent," according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', is "To review one's actions and feel contrition or regret for something one has done or omitted to do; (esp. in religious contexts) to acknowledge the sinfulness of one's past action or conduct by showing sincere remorse and undertaking to reform in the future."}}</ref>

In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific sin or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the [[Soteriology|soteriological doctrines]] of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of [[Confession (religion)|confession]] to God or to a spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of [[culpability|guilt]], a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible.

== Judaism ==
{{Main|Repentance in Judaism}}
Repentance ({{langx|he|תשובה}}, literally, "return", pronounced ''tshuva'' or ''teshuva'') is one element of [[atonement in Judaism|atoning]] for [[Jewish views on sin|sin]] in [[Judaism]]. Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in the future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation.<ref name="Telushkin">Telushkin, Joseph. ''A Code of Jewish Ethics: Volume 1 - You Shall Be Holy''. New York: Bell Tower, 2006. p. 152-173.</ref>

A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a ''[[baal teshuva]]'' (''lit.'', "master of repentance" or "master of return") ({{langx|he|בעל תשובה}}; for a woman: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלת תשובה}}, ''baalat teshuva''; plural: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלי תשובה}}, ''baalei teshuva''). An alternative modern term is ''hozer beteshuva'' ({{Script/Hebrew|חוזר בתשובה}}) (''lit.'', "returning in repentance"). "In a place where ''baalei teshuva'' stand", according to [[halakha]], "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand."<ref>''Koren Talmud Bavli: Berakhot'' 34b. Editor-in-chief, Tzvi Hersh Weinreb. 
 Koren Publishers Jerusalem, 2012. See commentary by Adin Evan-Israel Steinsaltz on p. 230.</ref>

== Christianity ==
{{Main|Repentance in Christianity}}
Repentance is a stage in [[Christian salvation]] where the believer turns away from [[Christian views on sin|sin]]. As a distinct stage in the ''[[ordo salutis]]'', the [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed theological tradition]] argues that it occurs after [[Faith in Christianity|faith]].<ref>Bruce Demarest, ''The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation'' (Wheaton: Crossway, 1997): 38-39.</ref> In [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Lutheran]] theology, repentance is part of the larger theological concept behind the sacrament of [[Absolution|confession and absolution]].<ref>Demarest, ''The Cross and Salvation'', 37.</ref><ref name="Lang1992">{{cite work |last1=Lang |first1=P. H. D. |title=Private Confession and Absolution in the Lutheran Church: A Doctrinal, Historical, and Critical Study |date=1992 |volume=56 |issue=4 |language=English |quote=But the absolution is God's work. And in the absolution the essence of the Christian religion is present. namely, the dispensing of grace to man. It is a form of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Indeed, it was "ordained by Christ Himself in the Gospel" (Smalcald Articles, VIII, 1) and is practiced after the example of Christ Himself. Therefore we say in Article XI (60) of the Apology: "Certainly most men in our churches use the sacraments, absolution and the Lord's Supper, frequently . . ." In Article XI11 (4) we say: "Therefore baptism, the Lord's Supper, and absolution, which is the sacrament of repentance, are truly sacraments."}}</ref>

[[Christian denomination]]s that adhere to the [[liturgical year|liturgical kalendar]], such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Moravianism and Anglicanism, focus on repentance especially during the season of [[Lent]], while emphasizing its importance in the life of the believer throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=David C. |title=A Parent's Guide to Lent |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Axis |isbn=978-0-8307-7692-4 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Islam ==
{{Main|Repentance in Islam}}
''Tawba'' is the [[Islam]]ic concept of repenting to [[God in Islam|God]] due to performing any [[sin]]s and misdeeds. It is a direct matter between a person and God, so there is no intercession. There is no [[original sin]] in Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2355|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825074412/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2355|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 25, 2018|title=Tawbah - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-25|quote=See Repentance}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325150535/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2004|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 25, 2013|title=Repentance - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-25|quote=Arabic tawbah. A major theme of the Quran, mentioned over seventy times and with an entire surah (9) titled for it. Usually described as turning toward God, asking forgiveness, and being forgiven. Islam has no concept of original sin, need for atonement, or ecclesiastical confession. Repentance and forgiveness are a direct matter between the individual and God, requiring no intercession. In cases of sin against another person, restitution is required. In cases of sin against God, repentance, remorse, and resolution to change one's behavior are considered sufficient. Although classical scholars emphasized the individual dimension of repentance, many revivalists and reformists have tied individual actions to larger issues of public morality, ethics, and social reform, arguing for the reimplementation of the Islamic penal code as public expiation for sins. Sufis understand repentance as a process of spiritual conversion toward constant awareness of God's presence. Muhammad reputedly requested God's forgiveness several times daily.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam#ref69144|title=Islam {{!}} religion|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en|quote=In order to communicate the truth of Divine Unity, God has sent messengers or prophets to human beings, whose weakness of nature makes them ever prone to forget or even willfully to reject Divine Unity under the promptings of Satan. According to the Qurʾānic teaching, the being who became Satan (Shayṭān or Iblīs) had previously occupied a high station but fell from divine grace by his act of disobedience in refusing to honour Adam when he, along with other angels, was ordered to do so. Since then his work has been to beguile human beings into error and sin. Satan is, therefore, the contemporary of humanity, and Satan’s own act of disobedience is construed by the Qurʾān as the sin of pride. Satan’s machinations will cease only on the Last Day.<br />Judging from the accounts of the Qurʾān, the record of humanity’s acceptance of the prophets’ messages has been far from perfect. The whole universe is replete with signs of God. The human soul itself is viewed as a witness of the unity and grace of God. The messengers of God have, throughout history, been calling humanity back to God. Yet not all people have accepted the truth; many of them have rejected it and become disbelievers (kāfir, plural kuffār; literally, “concealing”—i.e., the blessings of God), and, when a person becomes so obdurate, his heart is sealed by God. Nevertheless, it is always possible for a sinner to repent (tawbah) and redeem himself by a genuine conversion to the truth. There is no point of no return, and God is forever merciful and always willing and ready to pardon. Genuine repentance has the effect of removing all sins and restoring a person to the state of sinlessness with which he started his life.}}</ref> It is the act of leaving what God has prohibited and returning to what he has commanded. The word denotes the act of being repentant for one's misdeeds, atoning for those misdeeds, and having a strong determination to forsake those misdeeds (remorse, resolution, and repentance). If someone sins against another person, restitution is required.<ref>{{cite book |last=D. Beaulieu |first=Peter |title=Beyond Secularism and Jihad?: A Triangular Inquiry Into the Mosque, the Manger, and Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAb6ZH5xjH8C&pg=PA88 |year=2012 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5837-9 |page=88}}</ref>

== Hinduism ==
[[Dharma]] [[Shastras]] and [[Vedas]] advocate for self-reflection, repentance paschatapa and atonement prayaschitta. Stories such as that of [[Ajamila]] speak about forgiveness by grace of God even to the worst sinners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.krishna.com/regret-and-repentance-0|title=Regret and Repentance|website=www.krishna.com/|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

== Buddhism ==
The [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] considered shame over doing wrong ([[Pali]]: ''hiri'') and fear of the consequences of wrongdoing (Pali:''otappa'') as essential safeguards against falling into evil ways and further as extremely useful in the [[Noble Eightfold Path|path of purification]]. Also recommended was the regular practice of self-assessment or wise reflection (Pali: ''yoniso manasikara'') on one's own actions in relation to others and the bigger picture.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, one of the most common repentance verses used for reflection is [[Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)|Samantabhadra]]'s Repentance Verse taken from Chapter 40 of the [[Flower Adornment Sutra]]:
<poem>
 For all the evil deeds I have done in the past 
 Created by my body, mouth, and mind, 
 From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion, 
 I now know shame and repent of them all.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cttbusa.org/avatamsaka/avatamsaka40_1.asp|title=City of 10,000 Buddhas - Sutra Texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra 40|website=Cttbusa.org|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
</poem>

== Hawaiian religion ==
[[Ho'oponopono|''Ho{{okina}}oponopono'']] (ho-o-pono-pono) is an ancient practice in [[Hawaiian religion]] of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with (repentance) prayers. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the [[Oceania|South Pacific]], including Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditionally ''ho{{okina}}oponopono'' is practiced by healing priests or ''[[kahuna]] lapa{{okina}}au'' among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within the family by a family elder, or by the individual alone.

== See also ==
* ''[[Buß- und Bettag]]'', Day of Repentance and Prayer
* ''[[Mea culpa]]''
* [[Repentance Day]], a public holiday of Christian prayer in Papua New Guinea

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Coptic homilies in the dialect of Upper Egypt/Sermon 1|The Discourse Which Apa John, the Archbishop of Constantinople, Pronounced Concerning Repentance and Continence.]]|title=Coptic homilies in the dialect of Upper Egypt|year=1910|publisher= Longmans and Co.|first=Wallis|last=Budge|author-link=E. A. Wallis Budge}}
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua/Book 2#61|Book 2: First Part (That repentance should be taken in hand speedily for seven reasons.)]]|title=The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua|year=1865|publisher=J.T. Hayes|first=St. Anthony of|last=Padua|author-link=Anthony of Padua}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir%289_102_to_106%29.html Quranic view on Repentance]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=216&letter=R&search=Repentance Jewish Encyclopedia: Repentance]
* [http://www.theopedia.com/Repentance Theopedia: Repentance] (conservative Calvinist perspective)
* Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. [https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAROJ-4 Review of Julia Kristeva's Hatred and Forgiveness in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India] 121(10):721-22 (2016). ISSN 0032-6178. Edited by Swami Narasimhananda.

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[[Category:Repentance| ]]
[[Category:Religious practices]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]