Editing Resistance movement

{{Short description|Organized effort to withstand a government or an occupying power}}
{{Multiple issues|
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{{original research|date=August 2022}}
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A '''resistance movement''' is an organized group of people that tries to resist [[oppose]] or try to [[overthrow]] a government or an [[occupying power]], causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability. Such a movement may seek to achieve its goals through either the use of violent or [[nonviolent resistance]] (sometimes called [[civil resistance]]), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In many cases, as for example in the [[United States]] during the [[American Revolution]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-04/often-overlooked-nonviolent-roots-american-revolution|title=The often-overlooked nonviolent roots of the American Revolution |last= |first= |date=July 4, 2016|website=pri.org}}</ref> or in [[Norwegian resistance movement|Norway in the Second World War]], a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country.<ref>On the relation between military and civil resistance in occupied Norway 1940–45, see Magne Skodvin, "Norwegian Non-violent Resistance during the German Occupation", in [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]] (ed.), ''The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression'', Faber, London, 1967, pp. 136–53. (Also published as ''Civilian Resistance as a National Defense'', Harrisburg, US: Stackpole Books, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as ''Civilian Resistance as a National Defence'', Harmondsworth, UK/Baltimore, US: Penguin Books, 1969. {{ISBN|0-14-021080-6}}.)</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] records use of the word "resistance" in the sense of organised opposition to an invader from 1862.<ref>{{cite OED | resistance}} "W. H. Jervis Hist. France v. §6. 65 Witikind became the hero of the Saxon resistance."</ref> The modern usage of the term "Resistance" became widespread from the self-designation of many movements during World War II, especially the [[French Resistance]]. The term is still strongly linked to the context of the events of 1939–45, and particularly to opposition movements in Axis-occupied countries. Using the term "resistance" to designate a movement meeting the definition prior to World War II might be considered by some to be an [[anachronism]]. However, such movements existed prior to World War II (albeit often called by different names), and there have been many after it{{snd}} for example in struggles against colonialism and foreign military occupations. "Resistance" has become{{when|date=July 2019}} a generic term that has been used to designate underground resistance movements in any country.

==Background==
Resistance movements can include any [[irregular military|irregular armed force]] that rises up against an enforced or established authority, [[government]], or [[administration (government)|administration]]. This frequently includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting [[tyranny]] or [[dictatorship]]. Some resistance movements are [[:wikt:underground|underground]] organizations engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under [[military occupation]] or [[totalitarian]] domination. Tactics of resistance movements against a constituted [[authority]] range from [[nonviolent resistance]] and [[civil disobedience]], to [[guerrilla warfare]] and [[terrorism]], or even [[conventional warfare]] if the resistance movement is powerful enough. Any government facing violent acts from a resistance movement usually condemns such acts as [[terrorism]], even when such attacks target only the military or security forces. [[Resistance during World War II]] was mainly dedicated to fighting the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] occupiers. Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi Hitler, [[German resistance movement]] in this period. Although the United Kingdom did not suffer invasion in World War II, preparations were made for a British resistance movement in the event of a German invasion (see [[Auxiliary Units]]).

==Geographies of resistance==
[[File:30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Members of the Norwegian resistance movement [[Milorg]], engaged in supply raids, espionage as well as the sabotage of [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|German heavy water production]] during WW2]]
When geographies of resistance are discussed, it is often taken for granted that resistance takes place where domination, power, or oppression occurs and so resistance is often understood as something that always opposes to power or domination. However, some scholars believe and argue that looking at resistance in relation to only power and domination does not provide a full understanding of the actual nature of resistance. Not all power, domination, or oppression leads to resistance, and not all cases of resistance are against or to oppose what is categorized as "power". In fact, they believe that resistance has its own characteristics and spatialities. In Steve Pile's (1997) "Opposition, Political Identities and Spaces of Resistance", geographies of resistance show:

{{Blockquote|That people are positioned differently in unequal and multiple power relationships, that more or less powerful people are active in the constitution of unfolding relationships of authority, meaning and identity, that these activities are contingent, ambiguous and awkwardly situated, but that resistance seeks to occupy, deploy and create alternative spatialities from those defined through oppression and exploitation. From this perspective, assumptions about the domination/resistance couplet become questionable.|Steve Pile, 1996: 3||}}

We can better understand resistance by accounting different perspectives and by breaking the presumptions that resistance is always against power. In fact, resistance should be understood not only in relations to domination and authority, but also through other experiences, such as "desire and anger, capacity and ability, happiness and fear, dreaming and forgetting",<ref>Steve Pile (1997), "Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance", p. 3.</ref> meaning that resistance is not always about the dominated versus the dominator, the exploited versus the exploiter, or the oppressed versus the oppressor. There are various forms of resistance for various reasons, which then can be, again, classified as violent and nonviolent resistance (and "other" which is unclear).

Different geographical spaces can also make different forms of resistance possible or impossible and more effective or less effective. Furthermore, in order to understand any resistance{{snd}} its capacity to achieve its objective effectively, its success or failure{{snd}} we need to take closely into account many variables, such as political identities, cultural identities, class, race, gender and so on. The reason is that these variations can define the nature and outcome of resistance. Harvey (1993),{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} who looked at resistance in relations to capitalist economic exploitation, took on a fire accident happened in the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina in 1991, in which 20 of 200 workers were killed and 56 were injured due to poor working conditions and protections. He compared this accident with a similar fire accident at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, New York, 1911, killing 146 workers, which caused a labor resistance by 100,000 people.<ref>Pile (1997), "Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance", pp. 5–7.</ref> He argued that no resistance took place in response to the fire accident in Hamlet because most of the people who died there were black and women workers, and he believed that not only class but also other identities such as race, gender, and sexuality were important factors in understanding nature and outcome of resistance. For an effective resistance, he proposed that four tasks should be undertaken:

{{Blockquote|First, social justice must be defined from the perspective of the oppressed; second, a hierarchy of the oppressions has to be defined…..; third, political actions need to be understood and undertaken in terms of their situatedness and position in dynamic power relations: and finally, an epistemology capable of telling the difference between different differences has to be developed.|}}

There are many forms of resistance in relations to different power dominations and actors. Some resistance takes place in order to oppose, change, or reform the exploitation of the capitalist economic systems and the capitals, while other resistance takes place against the state or authority in power. Moreover, some other resistance takes place in order to resist or question the social/culture norms or discourse or in order to challenge a global trend called "[[globalization]]". For example, [[LGBT movements|LGBT social movements]] is an example of resistance that challenges and tries to reform the existing cultural norms in many societies. Resistance can also be mapped in various scales ranging from local to national to regional and to global spaces. We can look at a big-scale resistance movement such as [[anti-globalization movement]] that tries to resist the global trend of capitalist economic system. Or we can look at the [[internal resistance to apartheid]], which took place at national level. Most, if not all, [[social movements]] can be considered as some forms of resistance.

Not all resistance takes place in physical spaces or geographies but in "other spaces" as well. Some resistance happens in the form of [[Protest art|Protest Art]] or in the form of music. Music can be used and has been used as a tool or space to resist certain oppression or domination. Gray-Rosendale, L. (2001) put it this way:<ref>Gray-Rosendale, L. and Gruber, S. (2001), ''Alternative Rhetorics: challenges to the rhetorical tradition''. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 154–56.</ref>

{{Blockquote|Music acts as a rhetorical force that sanctions the construction of the boys' new black urban subjectivities that both challenge urban experience and yet give voice to it...music contributes a way to avoid physical and psychological immobility and to resist economic and cultural adaptation...and challenges the social injustice prevalent within the Northern economy.|Gray-Rosendale, 2001: 154–56}}

In the age of advanced IT and mass consumption of [[social media]], resistance can also occur in the cyberspace. The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW's Tobacco Resistance and Control (A-TRAC) team created a Facebook page to help promote anti-smoking campaign and rise awareness for its members.<ref>Michelle Hughes, [http://blogs.crikey.com.au/croakey/2013/2/28/social-media-and-tobacco-resistance-control/ "Social media and tobacco resistance control"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105054/http://blogs.crikey.com.au/croakey/2013/2/28/social-media-and-tobacco-resistance-control/ |date=2014-01-16 }}. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</ref> Sometimes, resistance takes place in people's minds and ideology or in people's "inner spaces". For example, sometimes people have to struggle within or fight against their inner spaces, with their consciousness and, sometimes, with their fear before they can resist in the physical spaces. In other cases, people sometimes simply resist to certain ideology, belief, or culture norms within their minds. These kinds of resistance are less visible but very fundamental parts of all forms of resistance.

==Controversy regarding definition==

On the lawfulness of armed resistance movements in [[international law]], there has been a dispute between states since at least 1899, when the first major codification of the [[laws of war]] in the form of a series of international treaties took place. In the Preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II on Land War, the [[Martens Clause]] was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the [[Great Power]]s who considered [[francs-tireurs]] to be [[unlawful combatants]] subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.<ref>Rupert Ticehurst (1997) in his footnote 1 cites ''The life and works of Martens'' as detailed by V. Pustogarov, "Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909){{snd}} A Humanist of Modern Times", ''International Review of the Red Cross'' (IRRC), No. 312, May–June 1996, pp. 300–14.</ref><ref>Ticehurst (1997) in his footnote 2 cites F. Kalshoven, ''Constraints on the Waging of War'', Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987, p. 14.</ref>

More recently the 1977 [[Protocol I|Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts]], referred in [[Protocol I#Part I GENERAL PROVISIONS|Article 1. Paragraph 4]] to armed conflicts "... in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes..." This phraseology, according USA that refused to ratify the Protocol, contains many ambiguities that cloud the issue of who is or is not a legitimate combatant:<ref>Gardam (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=MGT2hJFS9MkC&dq=in+which+peoples+are+fighting+against+colonial+domination+and+alien+occupation&pg=PA91 p. 91.]</ref> ultimately, in US Government opinion the distinction is just a [[Politics|political]] judgment.

Some definitions of resistance movement have proved controversial. 
Hence depending on the perspective of a state's government, a resistance movement may or may not be labelled a [[terrorist]] group based on whether the members of a resistance movement are considered lawful or unlawful combatants and whether they are recognized as having a [[right to resist]] occupation.<ref name=Khan>Khan, Ali ([[Washburn University]] – School of Law). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=935347 "A Theory of International Terrorism"], ''Connecticut Law Review'', vol. 19, p. 945, 1987.</ref>

According to Joint Publication 1-02, the [[United States Department of Defense]] defines a resistance movement as "an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability". In strict military terminology, a resistance movement is simply that; it seeks to resist (change) the policies of a government or occupying power. This may be accomplished through violent or non-violent means. In this view, a resistance movement is specifically limited to changing the nature of current power, not to overthrow it; and the correct{{According to whom|date=January 2011}} military term for removing or overthrowing a government is an [[insurgency]]. However, in reality many resistance movements have aimed to displace a particular ruler, especially if that ruler has gained or retained power illegally.

==Freedom fighter==
{{Main|Freedom fighter}}
[[File:October 87 - Khalis-loyal Muja.jpg|thumb|275px|A group of [[Afghan mujahideen]], who were considered to be freedom fighters by Western nations, October 1987]]
[[File:Ants Kaljurand.jpg|thumb|Mugshot of [[Ants Kaljurand|Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand]], a famous Estonian freedom fighter and Nazi collaborator]]

Freedom fighter is another term for those engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom for themselves or obtain freedom for others.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/freedom%20fighter Merriam-Webster definition]</ref> Though the literal meaning of the words could include "anyone who fights for the cause of freedom", in common use it may be restricted to those who are actively involved in an [[armed forces|armed]] rebellion, rather than those who campaign for freedom by peaceful means, or those who fight violently for the freedom of others outside the context of an uprising (though this title may be applied in its literal sense)

Generally speaking, freedom fighters are people who use physical force to cause a change in the political and or social order. Notable examples include [[uMkhonto we Sizwe]] in South Africa, the [[Sons of Liberty]] in the [[American Revolution]], the [[Irish Republican Army]] in [[Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] in [[India]] and the [[National Resistance Army]] in Uganda, which were considered freedom fighters by supporters. However, a person who is campaigning for freedom through peaceful means may still be classed as a freedom fighter, though in common usage they are called [[political activists]], as in the case of the [[Black Consciousness Movement]]. In India, "Freedom fighter" is an officially recognized category by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] covering those who took part in the [[Indian independence movement|country's independence movement]]; people in this category (can also include dependant family members)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pension-of-freedom-fighters-hiked-by-rs-5000/article9003109.ece|title=Pension of freedom fighters hiked by Rs 5,000|last=PTI|date=18 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=23 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> get pensions and other benefits like special railway counters.<ref name="Mitchell2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA193|title=Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-35301-6|page=193|author=Lisa Mitchell}}</ref>

People described as freedom fighters are often also called [[assassination|assassin]]s, [[rebellion|rebels]], [[insurgents]] or [[terrorism|terrorists]]. This leads to the [[aphorism]] "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter".<ref>Gerald Seymour, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&dq=%22One+man%27s+terrorist+is+another+man%27s+freedom+fighter%22+%28Gerald+Seymour%2C+%E2%80%9CHarry%27s+Game%E2%80%9D%2C+1975%29&pg=PA669 ''Harry's Game''], 1975.</ref> The degree to which this occurs depends on a variety of factors specific to the struggle in which a given freedom fighter group is engaged.

During the [[Cold War]], the term ''freedom fighter'' was first used with reference to the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian rebels]] in 1956.<ref name=Garthoff-1994>{{cite book|last1=Garthoff|first1=Raymond L.|title=The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War|date=1994|publisher=Brookings Institution|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8157-3060-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yp01AUkrE-gC&pg=PA18 18–19], [https://books.google.com/books?id=yp01AUkrE-gC&pg=PA270 270–271]}}</ref> [[Ronald Reagan]] picked up the term to explain [[Reagan Doctrine|America's support]] of rebels in countries controlled by [[communist state]]s or otherwise perceived to be under the influence of the Soviet Union, including the [[Contras]] in [[Nicaragua]], [[UNITA]] in [[Angola]] and the multi-factional [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=Garthoff-1994/>

In the media, the [[BBC]] tries to avoid the phrases "terrorist" or "freedom fighter", except in attributed quotes, in favor of more neutral terms such as "[[Insurgent|militant]]", "[[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]", "[[assassin]]", "[[insurgent]]", "[[Rebellion|rebel]]", "[[paramilitary]]", or "[[militia]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial Guidelines - Section 11: War, Terror and Emergencies: Accuracy and Impartiality |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/war-terror-emergencies/accuracy-and-impartiality |website=BBC Editorial Guidelines and Guidance |publisher=[[BBC]] Editorial Team |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701115415/https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/war-terror-emergencies/accuracy-and-impartiality |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Common weapons==
{{Main|Insurgency weapons and tactics}}

Partisans often use captured weapons taken from their enemies, or weapons that have been stolen or smuggled in. During the Cold War, partisans often received arms from either [[NATO]] or [[Warsaw Pact]] member states. Where partisan resources are stretched, [[improvised weapon]]s are also deployed.

==Examples of resistance movements==
{{See also|List of revolutions and rebellions}}
The following examples are of groups that have been considered or would identify themselves as groups. These are mostly, but not exclusively, of armed resistance movements. For movements and phases of activity involving non-violent methods, see [[civil resistance]] and [[nonviolent resistance]].

===Pre–20th century===
[[File:En Vendée-1795 - Évariste Carpentier.jpg|thumb|The [[War in the Vendée|Vendeans revolted]] against the revolutionary government in France in 1793]]
[[File:Battle of Oulart Hill.jpg|thumb|[[Irish Rebellion of 1798]]]]
[[File:Battle scene from the Greek War of Independence.jpg|thumb|[[Greek War of Independence]], (1821–29), rebellion of Greeks within the [[Ottoman Empire]], a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent [[Greece]].]]
[[File:Apache_chieff_Geronimo_(right)_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg|thumb|[[Geronimo]] (right) alongside his fellow [[Apache]] warriors in 1886]]

* The [[Maccabees]] were first-century BC Jewish rebel warriors who fought against the occupying [[Seleucid Empire]] in [[Judea]], as described in the [[deuterocanonical]] [[Books of the Maccabees]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Maccabees - Jewish Resistance, Revolt, Dynasty {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maccabees/Jewish-resistance |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Sicarii]] were a first-century Jewish movement opposing Roman occupation of the Jewish [[Promised Land]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Perry|first=Simon|title=All Who Came Before|year=2011|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|isbn=978-1-60899-659-9|url=http://www.allwhocamebefore.com|access-date=2022-01-02|archive-date=2019-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803164317/http://allwhocamebefore.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Yellow Turban Rebellion|Yellow Turbans]] were peasant rebels against the [[Eastern Han dynasty]], led by [[Zhang Jue]], was crushed by the lack of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban groups as well as destabilization.
* The [[Abbasid Revolution]] overthrow of the [[Umayyad dynasty]] under [[Abu Muslim]], which was caused by [[discrimination]] against non-[[Arabs|Arab]] [[Muslims]] and government corruption.
* The [[Mamluks]] were [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slaves who overthrew the [[Ayyubid dynasty]].
* In opposition to [[British rule in Ireland]] and the subsequent [[Plantations of Ireland]], the native [[Gaels|Gaelic]] population, at times with and against the [[Hiberno-Normans]] lords, launched the [[Bruce campaign in Ireland]] (1315-1318), the [[Desmond Rebellions]] (1569–1573 & 1579–1583), the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]], also known as Tyrone's Rebellion, (1593-1603), the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]] & the subsequent [[Irish Confederate Wars]] (1641-1653), the [[Williamite War in Ireland]] (1688–1691), the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], also known as the United Irishmen Rebellion, and [[Tithe War|the Tithe War]] (1831-1836).<ref>Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland</ref>
* The [[Jacobite risings]] were a series of rebellions, uprisings, and wars to reinstate the [[Stuart dynasty]].
* The [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American Continental forces]] of the [[American Revolutionary War]] were essentially a resistance movement against the British Empire.
** [[Francis Marion]] was an [[American Revolutionary War]] partisan who led a partisan guerrilla movement against Great Britain.
* [[Indigenous Australians]] in the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|early history of Australia]]
** [[Pemulwuy]] – An [[indigenous Australian]] who resisted the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European colonization of Australia]]. In 1797, a state of [[guerrilla warfare]] existed [[Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars|between indigenous people and settler communities]] in [[Sydney]]. The Aboriginals were led by Pemulwuy, a member of the [[Bidjigal]] tribe who occupied the land.<ref name="ReferenceA">Willey, K., ''When the Sky Fell Down: The Destruction of the Tribes of the Sydney Region, 1788–1850s'', Collins, Sydney, 1979</ref> Pemulwuy was eventually shot and killed by [[Henry Hacking]] in 1802.<ref>Collins, D., ''An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales'', Vol. 1, Cadell and Davies, London, 1798.</ref>
** [[Jandamarra]] – The first Indigenous Australian to use firearms and conduct organized warfare in battle against settlers; leading a war against Euro-Australian settlers for three years, from 1894 to 1897. The resistance movement ended when Jandamarra was shot dead by an [[Aboriginal tracker]].
* Resistance movements against [[First French Empire|France]] also emerged during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
** The 1808 invasion of Spain by Bonaparte sparked [[Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War|a resistance movement]] composed mostly of the lower classes, who felt that the nobility was simply allowing themselves to fall under French control. Lord Wellington remarked that it was extraordinary that the French had managed to remain in the country for so long (about 4 years).
** [[Landsturm]] – German resistance groups fighting against the French in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].
* Certain [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] during [[Manifest destiny]].
** [[Tsali]] – [[Cherokee]] tribal member who led a small band of Cherokee people against the United States military during the [[Trail of Tears]] era. Executed in exchange for the survival of his band, the band were integrated into the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]].
** [[Osceola]] – [[Seminole]] chief who was very influential. Resisted deportation during the period of [[Indian removal]]. Led a number of successes until being captured by the United States during faux peace talks, died a few months later in prison.
* During the [[American Civil War]], there were also resistance movements on both sides
** [[Bushwhacker]]s were [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] guerrillas who engaged in raids, robberies, and massacres against the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces and affiliated citizens. Continued resisting for some years after the [[American Civil War]] ended. Responsible for the [[Lawrence Massacre]]
** [[Jayhawker]]s were [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] guerrillas who engaged in the same acts as the bushwhackers did, they were also active during [[Bleeding Kansas]], most prominent member was [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] responsible for the [[Pottawatomie Massacre]] and [[John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry]].
* [[Carbonari]] – 19th-century Italian movement resisting Austrian or [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] rule.
* The [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Polish National Government]] – Underground Polish supreme authority during the [[January Uprising]] against [[partitions of Poland|Russian occupation of Poland]]. In 1863–1864, it was a real shadow government supported by majority of Poles, who even paid taxes for it, and was a significant problem for the [[Okhrana]], the [[secret police]] of the [[Russian Empire]].
* [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]]' [[Resistance (War of the Pacific)|resistance movement]] against invading Chilean forces during the [[War of the Pacific]].
* The [[Katipunan|Kataas-Taasang, Ka-Galang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak Ng Bayan]] (KKK) was an organization in the Philippines that instigated the Philippine Revolution in 1896 against the Spanish colonials and resulted in the dissolution of the ''Republic of Biak na Bato'' and the exile of the Philippine Government, headed by Emillo Aguinaldo.

===Pre–World War II===
[[File:Three Moros rebels hung in Jolo.JPG|thumb|Three Filipino [[Moro people|Moro]] rebels hanged by the Americans in Jolo during the [[Moro Rebellion]]]]
[[File:Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg|thumb|[[Omar Mukhtar]] led Libyan ''[[Mujahideen|Mujahidin]]'' against the imperialist forces of Fascist Italy]]
* Filipino guerrilla units after official end of [[Philippine–American War]] (1902–1913)
* [[Chinese Communist Party]]
** [[Chinese Red Army]]
** [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]
** [[Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)]]
** [[Fujian People's Government]]
** [[Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region]]
* [[Charlemagne Peralte]] and his [[Cacos (military group)|Cacos]] rebels who resisted the [[United States occupation of Haiti]].
* [[Freikorps]]
* Ukrainian forces in the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]] (1917-1921)
* [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Dervish Movement]] (1899-1920)
* [[House of Saud]]
** [[Ikhwan]]
* [[Forest Guerrillas]] (1921–1922)
* [[Augusto César Sandino]] led a rebellion against the [[United States occupation of Nicaragua]].
* [[Lwów Eaglets]]
* [[Black Lions]] (1936)
* [[Irish Republican Army]] (1918–1922)
* [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish national movement]]
** [[Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia]]
* [[TIGR]] (1927–1941)
* [[Ustaše]] – Croatian nationalist and fascist resistance movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
* [[White movement]] and its organizations in the 1920s–1930s:
** [[Brotherhood of Russian Truth]]
** [[Russian All-Military Union]]
* [[Green armies]] (1918–1921)
* [[Committee for the Independence of Georgia]]

===World War II===
{{See also|Resistance during World War II}}

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
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* [[Military history of Albania during World War II|Albanian resistance movement]]
* [[Austrian resistance]] movement (O5)
* Belarusian nationalist resistance movements:
** {{ill|Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s)|ru|Послевоенное антисоветское движение в БССР}}
** {{ill|Belarusian People's Partisans|ru|Белорусское народное партизанское движение}}, anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi<ref>{{Cite web| title=Belarusian Transnational Networks and Armed Conflict, 1921-1956 | url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/130845/3/Pomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717103801/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/130845/3/Pomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>
* [[Belgian resistance movement]]
* British resistance movements
** SIS Section D and Section VII (planned Resistance organisations)
** [[Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands]]
** The [[Auxiliary Units]], organized by Colonel [[Colin Gubbins]] as a potential British resistance movement against a possible invasion of the British Isles by Nazi forces, note that it was the only resistance movement established prior to invasion, albeit the invasion never came.
* [[Bulgarian resistance movement]]
* [[Anti-Fascist Organisation|Burmese resistance movement]]
* [[1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya|Chechen anti-Soviet resistance]]
* [[Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China|Chinese resistance movements]]
** [[Anti-Japanese Army for the Salvation of the Country]]
** [[Chinese People's National Salvation Army]]
** [[Heilungkiang National Salvation Army]]
** [[Jilin Self-Defence Army]]
** [[Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army]]
** [[Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army]]
** [[Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army]]
** [[Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army]]
** [[Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army]]
** [[Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters]]
** [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong#Strikes and anti-Japanese activities|Hong Kong resistance movements]]
*** {{Transliteration|zh|Gangjiu dadui}} (Hong Kong-Kowloon big army)
*** [[East River Column]] (Dongjiang Guerrillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)
** [[Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War]]
*** Muslim Detachment (回民義勇隊 Huimin Zhidui)
*** Muslim corps
* [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czech Resistance movement]]
* [[Danish resistance movement]]
* [[Dutch resistance]] movement
** [[The Stijkel Group]], a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area.
** [[Valkenburg resistance]]
* [[Estonian resistance movement]]
* [[Forest Brothers]]
* [[French Resistance|French resistance movement]]
** [[Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action]] (BCRA)
** [[Conseil National de la Résistance]] (CNR)
** [[Francs-Tireurs et Partisans]] (FTP)
** [[Free French Forces]] (FFL)
** [[French Forces of the Interior]] (FFI)
** [[Maquis (WW2)|Maquis]]
** [[Pat O'Leary Line]]
* [[German resistance to Nazism]]
** [[Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group]]
** [[Confessing Church]]
** [[Edelweiss Pirates]]
** [[Ehrenfeld Group]]
** [[European Union (resistance group)|European Union]]
** [[Kreisau Circle]]
** [[National Committee for a Free Germany]]
*** [[Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany]]
** [[Neu Beginnen]]
** [[Red Orchestra (spy)|Red Orchestra]]
** [[Robert Uhrig|Robert Uhrig Group]]
** [[Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization]]
** [[Solf Circle]]
** [[Vierergruppe (German Resistance)|Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna]]
** [[White Rose]]
* German pro-Nazi resistance
** [[Volkssturm]] – a German resistance group and militia created by the NSDAP near the end of World War II
** [[Werwolf]] – German guerrillas resisting Allied occupation of Germany, 1945
* [[Greek Resistance|Greek resistance movement]]
** [[List of Greek Resistance organizations]]
** [[Cretan resistance]]
** [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) and the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] (ELAS), EAM's guerrilla forces
** [[National Republican Greek League]] (EDES)
** [[National and Social Liberation]] (EKKA)
* {{ill|Hungarian resistance movement|ru|Движение Сопротивления (Венгрия)}}, anti-fascist anti-Axis movement against the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Horthy regime]] and the [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]]
* Indian resistance movements:
** [[Quit India Movement]], largely [[non-violent]] anti-British resistance within Indian territory
** [[Azad Hind]]
*** [[Indian National Army]], Indian force fighting alongside [[Imperial Japan]] against Allied forces
*** [[Indian Legion|Free Indian Army]], Indian unit in [[Nazi Germany]] fighting against the Allies for India's Independence
* [[Italian resistance movement|Italian resistance against fascism]]
** ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]''
** [[Assisi Network]]
** ''[[Brigate Fiamme Verdi]]''
** ''[[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]]''
** ''[[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]]''
** [[DELASEM]]
** [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|''Democrazia Cristiana'']]
** [[Four days of Naples]]
** ''[[Giustizia e Libertà]]''
** [[Italian Civil War]]
** [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]], [[Italian Co-Belligerent Navy|Navy]], and [[Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force|Air Force]]
** [[Italian Communist Party|Italian Communist Party (PCI)]]
** [[Italian Partisan Republics]]
** [[Italian Socialist Party|Italian Socialist Party (PSI)]]
** [[Labour Democratic Party|Labour Democratic Party (PDL)]]
** ''[[Movimento Comunista d'Italia]]''
** [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]]
** [[Action Party (Italy)|''Partito d'Azione'']]
** [[Scintilla (communist group)|Scintilla]]
* Italian pro-fascist resistance
** [[Black Brigades]]
** [[Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia]]
* [[Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan|Japanese anti-imperial resistance]]
** [[Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan]]
** [[Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan]]
*** [[Japanese Communist Party]]
*** [[Japanese People's Emancipation League]]
*** [[Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance]]
*** [[League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops]]
* Japanese pro-imperial resistance
** [[Japanese holdout]]
** [[Volunteer Fighting Corps]]
* [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe|Jewish resistance movement]], including [[Jewish partisans]] and [[Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee]]
** [[Resistance movement in Auschwitz]]
* [[Korean independence movement|Korean resistance movement]]
** [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]
*** [[Korean Liberation Army]]
** [[Korean Volunteer Army]]
* [[Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945|Latvian resistance movement]]
* [[Resistance in Lithuania during World War II|Lithuanian resistance]]
* Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian ([[Guerrilla war in the Baltic states|Forest Brothers]], [[Latvian partisans|Latvian national partisans]], and [[Lithuanian partisans]]) resistance movements during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] invasion and occupation of the [[Baltic countries]] (continued after the end of World War II).
* [[Luxembourg Resistance|Luxembourgish resistance movement]]
* [[Norwegian resistance movement]]
* [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Philippine resistance movement]] (Multiple, often opposing organizations, were active during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese Occupation]])
* [[Polish Underground State]] and [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] organizations, such as:
** [[Armia Krajowa]] (the Home Army), Polish underground army in World War II (400 000 sworn members)
** [[Narodowe Siły Zbrojne]]
** [[Bataliony Chłopskie]]
** [[Gwardia Ludowa]] (the People's Guard) and [[Armia Ludowa]] (the People's Army)
** [[Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa]] (ZOB, the Jewish Fighting Organisation), Jewish resistance movement that led the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] in 1943
** [[Zydowski Zwiazek Walki]] (ZZW, the Jewish Fighting Union), Jewish resistance movement that led the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] in 1943
** [[Tudor Vladimirescu Division]] and [[Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division]] of the [[Red Army]]
* [[Romanian resistance movement during World War II|Romanian anti-fascist anti-Axis resistance and political opposition]]
** [[Tudor Vladimirescu Division]] and [[Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division]] of the [[Red Army]]
* The "[[Republic of Rossony]]" formed by a group of Soviet partisans, described as "neither for the Soviets nor the Germans"<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKAeAQAAMAAJ | title=The People's Avengers: Soviet Partisans, Stalinist Society and the Politics of Resistance, 1941-1944 | date=1994 | publisher=University of Michigan }}</ref>
* The so-called "[[Russian Liberation Movement]]" attempted to create an independent (either allied with Germany or opposing both sides) Russian anti-Communist force by means of [[Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union|collaboration with the Nazis]]<ref>Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement</ref>
** [[Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia]] and the [[Russian Liberation Army]] within the Wehrmacht, formally released from German command in January 1945, switched sides in May 1945
** [[GULAG Operation]]
** [[Kaminski Brigade|Russian People's Liberation Army]], pro-Nazi militia of the [[Lokot Autonomy]], later absorbed as a part of the Waffen-SS, reformed as an anti-Soviet partisan movement after the war
* [[Slovak National Uprising|Slovak resistance movement]]
* [[Soviet resistance movement]] of [[Soviet partisans]] and underground which had Moscow-organized and spontaneously-formed cells opposing German occupation.
** [[Belarusian resistance during World War II|Belarusian Soviet partisans]]
** [[Soviet partisans in Estonia|Estonian Soviet partisans]]
** [[Soviet partisans in Latvia|Latvian Soviet partisans]]
** [[Moldovan resistance during World War II|Moldovan Soviet partisans]]
** [[Soviet partisans in Finland]]
** [[Soviet partisans in Poland]]
** [[Young Guard (Soviet resistance)]]
* [[Free Thai Movement|Thai resistance movement]]
* Ukrainian resistance movements:
** [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)
** [[Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army]] (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)
* [[Yugoslavia#Yugoslavia during Second World War|Yugoslav]] resistance movements:
** [[Chetniks|Yugoslav Army in the Homeland - the ''Chetniks'']]
*** [[Blue Guard (Slovene)|Blue Guard]] – Slovenian Chetniks
** [[Yugoslav Partisans|National Liberation Army – the ''Partisans'']]
*** [[Croatian Partisans]]
*** [[Macedonian Partisans]]
*** [[Serbian Partisans]]
*** [[Slovene Partisans]]
* [[Viet Minh]]
{{colend}}

===Post–World War II===
[[File:National Liberation Army Soldiers (7).jpg|thumb|Algerian [[National Liberation Army (Algeria)|National Liberation Army]] during the [[Algerian War]] against French occupation]]
[[File:Irish Citizen Army on Rooftop.jpg|thumb|[[Irish Citizen Army]]]]
* [[Post-WWII anti-fascism]] (ongoing)

====Africa====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Casamance conflict]] (ongoing)
* [[Conflict in the Niger Delta]] (ongoing)
* [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda]] ([[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda|Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda]]) (ongoing)
* [[Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen]] (ongoing)
* [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (ongoing)
* [[Mai-Mai]] (ongoing)
* [[March 23 Movement]]
* [[Mau Mau Rebellion|Mau Mau]]
* [[MPLA]]
* [[Ogaden National Liberation Front]]
* [[Sudan Liberation Movement|Sudanese resistance]] (ongoing)
* [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]
* [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]/[[African National Congress]]
* [[ActionSA]]/[[Afrikaner Resistance Movement]]/[[MK Party]]/[[Economic Freedom Fighters]]/[[Cape Independence Party]]/[[Referendum Party]] and others in [[Post-Apartheid South Africa]]
* [[ZANU–PF]]
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

====East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ongoing)
* [[Free Papua Movement]] (ongoing)
* [[Kuomintang]] insurgency in China
** [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency]]
** [[Kuomintang in Burma]]
* [[New People's Army]] (ongoing)
* [[Pathet Lao]]
* [[People's Liberation Army]]/[[Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[South Thailand insurgency]] (ongoing)
* [[Tibetan resistance movement]] (ongoing)
* [[Viet Cong]]
* [[Viet Minh]]
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

====Europe====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* Albanian insurgency in Yugoslavia
** [[Kosovo Liberation Army]]
** [[Kosovo Protection Corps]]
** [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|National Liberation Army]]
** [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac]]
* [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)|Anti-communist resistance in Poland]]
* [[Caucasus Emirate]] 
* [[Continuity Irish Republican Army]]
* [[Crusaders (guerrilla)|Crusaders]] – Croatian [[Ustaše]] guerrilla movement fighting against Yugoslav communist forces
* [[Cursed soldiers]] Polish anticommunist resistance
* [[Free Wales Army]]
* [[Greek People's Liberation Army|Greek resistance]]
* [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Uprising]]
* [[Irish National Liberation Army]]
* [[Irish People's Liberation Organisation]]
* [[Irish Republican Army]]
* [[Insurgency in the North Caucasus]] (2009-2017)
* [[Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru]]
* [[National Liberation Front of Corsica]] ([[National Liberation Front of Corsica|Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale Corsu]])
* [[Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)|Óglaigh na hÉireann]] (ongoing)
* [[Prague Spring]]
* [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (1969–1997)
* [[Real Irish Republican Army]] (ongoing)
* [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement]]
* [[Spanish Maquis]]
* [[Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] (ongoing)
* [[United Irishmen]]
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

====Middle East====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Armenian irregular units|Armenian resistance]]
* [[Afghan Mujahideen]]
* [[Ba'athist Syria]] (ongoing)
** [[Assad loyalist insurgency]]
* [[Free Patriotic Movement]] (1988-2005)
* [[Free Syrian Army]] (2011-2014; Splinter branches and groups who use the name ongoing)
* [[Front for the Liberation of the Golan]] (ongoing)
* [[General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries]] (ongoing)
* [[Gaddafi loyalism]] (ongoing)
* [[Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)]] (ongoing)
* [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)]]
* [[Taliban]] ([[United States invasion of Afghanistan|2001]] to [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021]])
* [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (ongoing)
** [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan]]
* [[Hezbollah]]<ref name="hez">{{cite web | title=Hezbollah: A State Within a State - by Hussain Abdul-Hussain | website=Hudson Institute | url=http://www.hudson.org/research/9801-hezbollah-a-state-within-a-state | access-date=October 3, 2020}}</ref> (ongoing)
* [[Houthi insurgency in Yemen|Houthis (Ansar Allah)]] (ongoing)
* [[Popular Mobilization Forces]]
* [[Lebanese Front]]/[[Lebanese Forces]] (1975–1990)
* [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)]]
* [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian militants]] (ongoing)
** [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]]
** [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]
** [[Hamas]]<ref name="hamas">{{cite journal | title=Objectives, Mechanisms and Obstacles of Hamas External Relations - Hanaini - Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences | journal=Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences | date=July 6, 2016 | volume=7 | issue=4 | page=485 | url=https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/9344 | access-date=October 3, 2020| last1=Hanaini | first1=Abdalhakim | last2=Ahmad | first2=Abdul Rahim Bin }}</ref> (ongoing)
** [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (ongoing)
** [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (ongoing)
** [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (ongoing)
* [[Polisario Front]] (ongoing)
* [[People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran]]
* [[South Yemen insurgency|South Yemen Movement]] (ongoing)
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

====Indian subcontinent====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mukti Bahini]] (1971)
* [[Bhutan Tiger Force]]
* [[Indian Independence movement]] and [[Pakistan movement]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]  (ongoing)
* [[Khalistan]] (ongoing)
* [[Sindhudesh]] (ongoing)
* [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]]
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

====Western hemisphere====
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[American Indian Movement]]
* [[Black Guerrilla Family]] (ongoing)
* [[Black Panther Party]]
* [[Boricua Popular Army]]
* [[Contras]] of [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front]]
* [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (ongoing)
* [[Front de libération du Québec]]
* [[Fruit of Islam]]
* [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]]
* [[Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity]]
* [[Los Macheteros]] – Puerto Rican armed independence movement (ongoing)
* [[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|MOVE]]
* [[Montoneros]], [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo]], [[Peronist Armed Forces]] of [[Argentina]]
* [[Ñancahuazú Guerrilla]]
* [[Paraguayan People's Army]] (ongoing)
* [[Popular Revolutionary Army]] (ongoing)
* [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinistas]]
* [[Shining Path]] (ongoing)
* [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]]
* [[Tupamaros]]
* [[Weather Underground]]
* [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatistas]] (ongoing)
<!-- New entries in alphabetical order please. -->
{{colend}}

==Notable individuals in resistance movements==

===World War II===
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mordechaj Anielewicz]]
* [[Josip Broz Tito]] <!-- maybe -->
* [[Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović]] 
* [[Edmund Charaszkiewicz]]
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Mildred Harnack]]
* [[Jan Karski]]
* [[Henryk Iwański]]
* [[Marcel Louette]]
* [[Max Manus]]
* [[Jean Moulin]]
* [[Christian Pineau]]
* [[Hannie Schaft]]
* [[Aris Velouchiotis]]
* [[Mao Zedong]]
* [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
* [[Sandro Pertini]]
* [[Luigi Longo]]
* [[Ferruccio Parri]]
* [[Witold Pilecki]]
* [[Sophie Scholl]]
* [[Haile Selassie]]
* [[Gunnar Sønsteby]]
{{colend}}

===Other resistance movements and figures===
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* Chief Mkwawa of Uhehe
* Chief Kimweri of Tanganyika
* Kinjekitile Ng'wale 
* [[Michel Aoun]]
* [[Hassan Nasrallah]]
* [[Yahya Sinwar]]
* [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis]]
* [[Buenaventura Durruti]]
* [[Corazon Aquino]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Geronimo]]
* [[Ho Chi Minh]]
* [[Kim Ku]]
* [[Juan Peron]]
* [[Lembitu]]
* [[Louis Joseph Papineau]]
* [[Nestor Makhno]]
* [[Maria Nikiforova]]
* [[Osceola]]
* [[Red Cloud]]
* [[Robin Hood]]
* [[Juba (sniper)|Juba]]
* [[Rummu Jüri]]
* [[Osman Batur]]
* [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]]
* [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
* [[Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]
* [[Ülo Voitka]]
* [[Pancho Villa]]
* [[Emiliano Zapata]]
* [[Ernesto Guevara]]
* [[Abbas al-Musawi]]
* [[Russel Means]]
* [[Leonard Peltier]]
* [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]
* [[Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Cochise]]
* [[William Quantrill]]
* [[Crazy Horse]]
* [[Tecumseh]]
* [[Fidel Castro]]
* [[Maqbool Bhat]]
* [[Vladimir Lenin]]
* [[Leon Trotsky]]
* [[Sitting Bull]]
* [[Mangas Colorado]]
* [[Alfred the Great]]
* [[El Cid]]
* [[Lawrence of Arabia]]
* [[Charlemagne Peralte]]
* [[Boudica]]
* [[King Arthur]]
* [[Spartacus]]
* [[Charles Martel]]
* [[Nat Turner]]
* [[Toussaint Louverture]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]
* [[Sans-Souci]]
* [[Nelson Mandela]]
* [[William Wallace]]
* [[Robert the Bruce]]
* [[Little Turtle]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Marvin Heemeyer]]
* [[Republic of Rose Island]]
* [[Blocking of Telegram in Russia]]
* [[List of whistleblowers]]
{{colend|colwidth=30em}}

==See also==
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anti-war]]
* [[Anti-capitalism]]
* [[Anti-communism]]
* [[Anti-fascism]]
* [[Anti-imperialism]]
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[People's war]]
* [[Civil resistance]]
* [[Civil rights movement]]
* [[Collaborationism]] (and [[Collaboration]]), the opposite of resistance
* [[Covert cell]]
* [[Definitions of terrorism]]
* [[Defensivism]]
* [[Fictional resistance movements and groups]]
* [[Fifth column]] – clandestine citizen operatives loyal to a foreign government
* [[Guerrilla warfare]]
* [[Insurgency]]
* [[Irregular military]]
* [[Liberation Army (disambiguation)|Liberation army]]
* [[List of guerrillas]]
* [[List of revolutions and rebellions]]
* [[Nonviolent resistance]]
* [[Opposition to the Iraq War]]
* [[Opposition to the Vietnam War]]
* [[Partisan (military)]]
* [[Polish Secret State]]
* [[Protesting]]
* [[Propaganda]]
* [[Reagan Doctrine]]
* [[Rebellion]]
* [[Reclaim the Streets]]
* [[Resistance Studies Magazine]]
* [[Riot]]
* [[Social change]]
* [[Sniper]]
* [[Special Activities Division]]
* [[Special Operations Executive]]
* [[Unconventional warfare]]
{{colend}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General references ==
* Gardam, Judith Gail (1993). ''Non-combatant Immunity as a Norm of International Humanitarian'', Martinus Nijhoff. {{ISBN|0-7923-2245-2}}.
* Ticehurst, Rupert. "[http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNHY The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415003954/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNHY |date=2007-04-15 }}" 30 April 1997, ''International Review of the Red Cross'' no. 317, pp.&nbsp;125–34. {{ISSN|1560-7755}}

== External links ==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Resistance movements| ]]