Editing Retro style

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{{Short description|Historically derivative styles}}
{{Redirect|Retro}}
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'''Retro style''' is imitative or consciously derivative of lifestyles, trends, or art forms from the past, including in music, modes, fashions, or attitudes. It has been argued that there is a [[nostalgia cycle]] in [[popular culture]].

==Definition==
The term ''retro'' has been in use since 1972 to describe<ref>Woodham 2004</ref> on the one hand, new artifacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, and materials of the past.<ref name = dermody7>Dermody, Breathnach 2009, p. 7</ref> But on the other hand, many people use the term to categorize styles that have been created in the past.<ref name = baker622>Baker 2012, p. 622</ref> Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of the past. Unlike the [[Historicism (art)|historicism]] of the [[Romanticism|Romantic generations]], it is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions, and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, the successive styles of [[Modernity]].<ref>Guffey 2006, p. 25</ref> The English word ''retro'' derives from the [[Latin]] prefix ''retro'', meaning backwards, or in past times.

In France, the word ''rétro'', an abbreviation for ''rétrospectif'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/r%C3%A9tro |title=French definition of ''rétro'' |publisher=Cnrtl.fr |date=1978-09-11 |access-date=2011-11-20}}</ref> gained cultural currency with reevaluations of [[Charles de Gaulle]] and France's role in [[World War II]].  The French ''mode rétro'' of the 1970s reappraised in film and novels the conduct of French civilians during the Nazi occupation. The term ''rétro'' was soon applied to nostalgic French fashions that recalled the same period.<ref>Walker, John. (1992) [http://www.artdesigncafe.com/retro-style-retrochic-1992 "Retro"]. ''Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945'', 3rd. ed.</ref>

Shortly thereafter ''retro'' was introduced into English by the fashion and culture press, where it suggests a rather cynical revival of older but relatively recent fashions.<ref>Elizabeth E. Guffey, ''Retro: The Culture of Revival'', pp.&nbsp;9–22</ref> In ''Simulacra and Simulation'', French theorist [[Jean Baudrillard]] describes ''retro'' as a demythologization of the past, distancing the present from the big ideas that drove the modern age.<ref>Baudrillard. p. 43</ref>

Most commonly ''retro'' is used to describe [[Object (philosophy)|objects]] and attitudes from the recent past that never seem modern.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fischer|first=Ramone|date=2021-09-14|title=Retro vs Antique|url=https://platformer.me/knowhow/retro-vs-antique/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Platformer|language=en-GB}}</ref> It suggests a fundamental shift in the way we relate to the past. Different from more traditional forms of revivalism, "retro" suggests a half ironic, half longing consideration of the recent past; it has been called an "unsentimental nostalgia",<ref>E. Guffey 2006</ref> recalling modern forms that are no longer current. The concept of [[nostalgia]] is linked to retro, but the bittersweet desire for things, persons, and situations of the past has an ironic stance in retro style. Retro shows nostalgia with a dose of cynicism and detachment.<ref>Guffey 2006, p. 20</ref> The desire to capture something from the past and evoke nostalgia is fuelled by dissatisfaction with the present.<ref>Dermody, Breathnach 2009, p. 15</ref>

== Types ==
[[File:Fiat 500 front 20100816.jpg|thumb|Modern Fiat 500]]
[[File:Mitsuoka Ryugi HYBRID (E165) front.JPG|thumb|[[Mitsuoka]] Motor Ryugi [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] (E165)]]
[[File:Roberts Revival Radio.jpg|thumb|[[Roberts Radio|Roberts]] Revival radio based on 1960s design]]
[[File:Ретро-техника в лавке старьёвщика.jpg|thumb|right|A display of vintage [[transistor radio]]s and televisions]]
[[File:Nokia 3310 (2017 Edition).jpg|thumb|A [[Nokia 3310 (2017)|2017 revival]] of the [[Nokia 3310]] mobile phone]]
Since the 1980s the implications of the word ''retro'' have been expanding<ref>Guffey 2006, p. 16</ref> in the application to different mediums. Several fields have adopted the term from the design field.

=== Objects ===
Until the 1960s, interiors were often decorated with [[antique]]s. During the 1960s in London, shops started selling pieces of second-hand furniture. These shops differed from the previous antique shops because they sold daily life objects from the recent past. These objects used to be seen as junk: Victorian enamel signs, stuffed bears, old furniture painted with union jacks, bowler hats etc. A new way of producing and consuming the past emerged and a broader range of objects from the recent past was used for new designs.<ref>Baker 2012, p. 624</ref>

Before the word ''retro'' came into use in the 1970s, the practice of adopting old styles for new designs was already common. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, designers borrowed from the past, for example, classicistic style.<ref name="dermody7" /> The difference is that since the 1960s, people started to refer to the recent past.

In the 1980s, design history emerged as a discipline and several histories of design were published. The access to these overviews and the ability to experiment with computer design programs has caused an increase of retro designed objects in the last decades.<ref>Dermody and Breathnach 2009, p. 11</ref>

=== Interior design ===
[[File:Poland. Gmina Raszyn. Janki 004.JPG|thumb|Retro lamp by [[IKEA]], referring to the 1970s]]
[[Interior design]] magazines often show retro style as an interior decoration of mixed styles and objects from the past, second hand and new. For example, 1970s patterned wallpapers, combined with second-hand furniture also from the 1970s, the 1960s, or 1950s. The value of old artifacts has increased, because the objects used to be considered old-fashioned and every day.<ref name="baker622" /> In this case 'retro' indicates a value, which is also partly why today's retailers produce new objects in an old style.

=== Graphic design, typography, and packaging ===
Long before the use of the word ''retro'', [[graphic design]] made reference to earlier graphic characteristics. [[William Morris]] can be seen as an example: for book design and other purposes he adopted Medieval production and stylistic models in 1891.<ref>Dermody, Breathnach 2009, pp. 7–8</ref> Furthermore, in the beginning of the twentieth century, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo motifs were used for new products.<ref>Heller and Lasky, 1993</ref>

In [[typography]], [[classicism]] has always been an influence and throughout the 20th century, and in early woodcut printing as well. The introduction of the technique of photocomposition in the 1960s allowed typographers greater flexibility in the selection and arrangement of type styles and sizes. For example, psychedelic typefaces were developed, gaining inspiration from Art Nouveau and other cultures.<ref>Dermody, Breathnach 2009, pp. 8–10</ref> Historicist styles are also used in the promotion and [[Packaging and labeling|packaging]] of food and household products, referring to childhood memories and domestic nostalgic ideals.<ref>Dermody, Breathnach 2009, p. 16</ref>

In logo designing, retro logos<ref>{{cite web |url=https://logowski.com/blog/vintage-logo-style |title=Vintage Logo Style|date=16 July 2023 }}</ref> have been highlighted. Brands have incorporated retro logo designs to highlight their brand's voice and message: clean, classic, and reminiscent of the recent past.

===Fashion design===
[[File:Karlie Kloss at Anna Sui 2011.jpg|thumb|A 1940s retro-style dress with turban, designed in a modern electric blue, modeled by [[Karlie Kloss]] at a 2011 [[Anna Sui]] show]] 
In the 2000s and 2010s, there was a revival of pastel and neon colors, stereotypically associated with 1980s and early 1990s fashion (with the 1980s pastel revival being a rebirth of a 1950s trend). Also at this time, late 1980s-style high-waisted [[mom jeans]] made a comeback with female [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipsters]]. In the 2010s and 2020s, 1990s fashion has made a comeback: many of the fabrics and patterns ubiquitous in that decade (such as crushed velvet and floral) are popular now, and [[Dr. Martens]], a shoe brand popular in the 1990s, also made a strong comeback in the early 2010s, as 2011–12 was the British company's best-selling season of all time.<ref>{{cite web|first=Lauren |last=Cochrane |url= https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2012/jul/19/dr-martens-comeback-best-selling |title=Dr Martens enjoy comeback with best-selling season ever &#124; Fashion |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 2012-07-19 |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref>

===Retro art===
[[File:CAP On the Air Force Team poster.jpg|thumb|right|A 1950s-era poster in pop-art style, on which retro art is based.]]
The style now called '''retro art''' is a genre of [[pop art]] which was developed from the 1940s to 1960s, in response to a need for bold, eye-catching graphics that were easy to reproduce on simple [[Printing press|presses]] available at the time in major centres. Retro advertising art has experienced a resurgence in popularity since its style is distinctive from modern computer-generated styling. Contemporary artist [[Anne Taintor]] uses retro advertising art as the centerpiece for her ongoing commentary on the modern woman. Specific styling features include analog machine design and vintage [[television program]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/book_review/bookulating_Suggest-O-Mometer/index.html|title=''Bookulating Suggest-O-Mometer''|access-date=2011-10-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093233/http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/book_review/bookulating_Suggest-O-Mometer/index.html|archive-date=2008-12-01}}</ref>

A famous example of a retro pop-art character is the more generalized form of the [[Ward Cleaver]]-styled [[J. R. "Bob" Dobbs]]-esque icon which has been widely played off, copied, and parodied.

=== Media and culture ===
==== Film, music, fashion, and television ====
Foreshadowed by the [[Mothers of Invention]] album [[Cruising with Ruben & the Jets]] in 1968, and the revival and parody group [[Sha Na Na]] in 1969, the 1970s and 1980s brought about a 1950s–early 1960s revival with films and television shows such as ''[[American Graffiti]]'', ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'', ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', ''[[Happy Days]]'' and ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]'' set in this time period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riordan |first1=Vicki G. |last2=Riordan |first2=Brian |date=2012 |title=Encore Performance |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=114 |isbn=9781451643480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guffey |first=Elizabeth E. |date=2006 |title=Retro: The Culture of Revival |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |pages=99–100 |isbn=9781861894762}}</ref>

==== Retro gaming ====
{{Main|Retro gaming}}
Retro gaming is a pastime which is becoming increasingly popular where individuals play [[video game]]s on [[vintage computer]]s or a classic game [[video game console|consoles]]. What constitutes a vintage or retro machine is sometimes open to debate, but typically, most retro gamers are interested in [[Commodore 64]], [[Amiga 500]], [[Atari 2600]], [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom/NES]], [[Sega Genesis|Mega Drive/Sega Genesis]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], [[Nintendo 64]], [[Dreamcast]], [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom/Super NES]], and classic [[Game Boy]] games and consoles.  [[Console emulation|Emulation]] often plays a part in retro gaming if the original hardware is unavailable.

==== Sports ====
In 2025 the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] (PBA) celebrated its 50th anniversary by airing their basketball match between [[San Miguel Beermen]] and [[Meralco Bolts]] in a style reminiscent of the league's early years, with on-screen graphics and player jerseys evoking that of the era.<ref name="Carandang">{{Cite news |last=Carandang |first=Justin Kenneth |date=2025-04-09 |title=San Miguel escapes Meralco as PBA goes retro in 50th anniversary game |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/942221/san-miguel-escapes-meralco-as-pba-goes-retro-in-50th-anniversary-game/story/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=GMA News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caramoan">{{Cite web |last=Caramoan |first=Miguel Alfonso |date=2025-04-09 |title=San Miguel, Magnolia win their PBA's 50th anniversary games |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/basketball/pba/story/_/id/44601763/san-miguel-beermen-magnolia-prevail-pba-50th-anniversary-games |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Aircraft ===
[[Image:Qantas Boeing 737-800 (VH-XZP) retrojet.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Qantas]] [[Boeing 737-800]] (VH-XZP) retrojet seen at [[Sydney Airport]] ]]
A handful of [[airline]]s have chosen to paint a historical [[aircraft livery|livery]] on a single selected [[aircraft]] in their modern fleet, typically as a marketing device or to commemorate an anniversary.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flynn|first1=David|title=Qantas reveals 'flying kangaroo' livery on Boeing 737|url=http://www.ausbt.com.au/qantas-to-unveil-retro-livery-on-boeing-737|access-date=31 May 2015|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mutzabaugh|first1=Ben|title=Happy 85th: LOT adds 'RetroJET' livery to Embraer E175|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2014/04/18/happy-85th-lot-adds-retrojet-livery-to-embraer-e175/7865801/|access-date=31 May 2015|work=USA Today|date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

===By country and era===
In Japan, [[Showa retro]] is retro related to the [[Showa era]].

== See also ==
* [[List of retro style video game consoles]]
* [[List of retro-style digital cameras]]
* [[Nostalgia]]
* [[Retrofuturism]]
* [[Retrotronics]]
* [[Retro-style automobile]]
* [[Steampunk]]
* [[Throwback uniform]]
* [[Vintage (design)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last= Baudrillard |first= Jean |author-link= Jean Baudrillard |year= 1995 |title= Simulacra and Simulation |location= Ann Arbor |publisher= University of Michigan Press |isbn= 978-0-472-06521-9 |url= https://archive.org/details/simulacrasimula000baud }}
* {{cite book |last= Collins |first= James C |author-link= James C. Collins |year= 1989 |title= Uncommon Cultures: Popular Culture and Post-Modernism |location= New York/London |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-90137-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/uncommoncultures00coll }}
* {{cite book |last= Eco |first= Umberto |author-link= Umberto Eco |year= 1986 |title= Travels in Hyperreality |location= New York |publisher= Harcourt |isbn= 978-0-15-191079-3 }}
* {{cite book |last= Eco |first= Umberto |author-link= Umberto Eco |year= 1988 |title= The Structure of Bad Taste |location= Amsterdam |publisher= Bert Bakker }}
* {{cite book |last= Guffey |first= Elizabeth E |year= 2006 |title= Retro: The Culture of Revival |location= London |publisher= Reaktion |isbn=978-1-86189-290-4 }}
* Clem Robyns (1991). "Beyond the first dimension: recent tendencies in popular culture studies", in Joris Vlasselaers (Ed.) The Prince and the Frog, Leuven: ALW, 14–32.
* {{cite book |last= Ross |first= Andrew |author-link= Andrew Ross (academic) |year= 1989 |title= No Respect. Intellectuals and Popular Culture |url= https://archive.org/details/norespectintellec00ross |url-access= registration |location= New York/London |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-90037-9}}
* {{cite book |last= Samuel |first= Raphael |author-link= Raphael Samuel |year= 1994 |title= Theatres of Memory |location= London |publisher= Verso |isbn= 978-0-86091-209-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/islandstoriesunr00raph }}
* Dermody, Brenda and Breathnach, Teresa (2009). New Retro: classic graphics, today's designs London: Thames & Hudson
* Baker, Sarah Elsie (2012). Retailing Retro. Class, cultural capital and the material practices  of the (re)valuation of style in European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15: 621,  
* Heller, Steven and Lasky, Julie (1993). Borrowed Design: The Use and Abuse of Historical Form,  New York: Wiley
* Woodham, Jonathan M. (2004). A Dictionary of Modern Design. Oxford: Oxford University Press
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|retro}} 

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[[Category:Retro style| ]]
[[Category:Cultural trends]]
[[Category:Nostalgia]]
[[Category:1970s neologisms]]
[[Category:20th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Western culture]]
[[Category:Prequels]]