Editing Reverse perspective

{{Short description|In art, a form of perspective drawing}}
[[File:Reverse perspective.svg|400px|right|thumb|Linear perspective of a cube (left) and reverse perspective (right). The viewing plane is shown in blue, with the projection point where the red lines meet.]]
[[File:Italo-Byzantinischer Maler des 13. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|400px|right|thumb| The throne and footstool in this icon show reverse perspective, with lines converging towards the viewer.]]
{{Views}}

'''Reverse perspective''', also called '''inverse perspective''',<ref name="hopkins">{{citation|title=Picture, Image and Experience: A Philosophical Inquiry|first=Robert|last=Hopkins|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780521582599|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEMvq2oxoZIC&pg=PA157}}.</ref> '''inverted perspective''',<ref>{{citation|title=On my concept of perceptual perspective that accounts for parallel and inverted perspective in pictorial art|first=Boris V.|last=Rauschenbach|authorlink=Boris Rauschenbach|pages=28–30|journal=Leonardo|volume=16|issue=1|year=1983|doi=10.2307/1575038|jstor=1575038 |s2cid=192987663 }}.</ref> '''divergent perspective''',<ref name="kulvicki"/><ref name="ha11"/> or '''Byzantine perspective''',<ref>{{citation|year=1994|journal=Perception|volume=23|issue=1|pages=5–13|title=The perception of spatial structure with oblique viewing: an explanation for Byzantine perspective?|first1=Jan B.|last1=Deregowski|first2=Denis M.|last2=Parker|first3=Manfredo|last3=Massironi|doi=10.1068/p230005|pmid=7936976 |s2cid=16046480 }}.</ref> is a form of [[perspective (graphical)|perspective]] drawing where the objects depicted in a scene are placed between the projective point and the viewing plane. Objects further away from the viewing plane are drawn as larger, and closer objects are drawn as smaller, in contrast to the more conventional [[linear perspective]] where closer objects appear larger.<ref name="kulvicki">{{citation|title=On Images : Their Structure and Content|first=John V.|last=Kulvicki|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780191537455|pages=102–105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIHKHyiwKssC&pg=PA102}}.</ref> Lines that are parallel in three-dimensional space are drawn as diverging against the horizon, rather than converging as they do in [[linear perspective]].<ref name="hopkins"/> Technically, the vanishing points are placed outside the painting with the illusion that they are "in front of" the painting. 

The name Byzantine perspective comes from the use of this perspective in [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] and [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] [[icon]]s; it is also found in the art of many pre-Renaissance cultures, and was sometimes used in [[Cubism]] and other movements of [[modern art]], as well as in children's drawings.<ref name="kulvicki"/><ref name="ha11">{{citation|title=Drawing with divergent perspective, ancient and modern|first1=Ian P.|last1=Howard|first2=Robert S.|last2=Allison|url=http://percept.eecs.yorku.ca/papers/perspective.pdf|journal=Perception|year=2011|volume=40|issue=9 |pages=1017–1033|doi=10.1068/p6876|pmid=22208125 |s2cid=11085186 }}.</ref> The reasons for the convention are still debated among art historians;<ref>{{citation|journal=Leonardo|year=2010|volume=43|issue=5|pages=464–469|first=Clemena|last=Antonova|title=On the problem of "reverse perspective": definitions east and west|doi=10.1162/LEON_a_00039|s2cid=57559265 |quote=The author ... identifies six distinct views on reverse perspective, some of which are mutually exclusive.}}</ref> since the artists involved in forming the convention did not have access to the more realistic [[linear perspective]] convention, it is not clear how deliberate the effects achieved were.<ref>{{citation|title=Space, Time, and Presence in the Icon: Seeing the World with the Eyes of God|series=Ashgate studies in the history of philosophical theology|first=Clemena|last=Antonova|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2010|isbn=9780754667988|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ksDKW9PiI4C&pg=PA54|quote=In the case of "reverse perspective", on the other hand, there is no evidence that icon-painters had recourse to mathematically correct systems of measurement to enable them to represent vanishing point systems"}}.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Telecentric lens]] (no perspective, all objects the same size at all distances)
*[[Hypercentric lens]] (reverse perspective)

==External links==
*[http://vimeo.com/12518619 Video demonstrating consistent reverse perspective]
*[http://paulbourke.net/miscellaneous/reverseperspective/ Example of computer generated reverse perspectives]
*YouTube video demonstration: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ4yL6kaV1A "Hypercentric optics: A camera lens that can see behind objects"]
*Edmund Optics - [https://www.edmundoptics.com/f/hypercentric-lenses/14571/ Hypercentric Lenses]
*YouTube video demonstration transition to reverse perspective and back: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoBpsq06RAU "Reverse perspective 3D viewport & render"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reverse Perspective}}
[[Category:Perspective projection]]
[[Category:Christian iconography]]