Editing Rhodeus

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus(Hamamatsu,Shizuoka,Japan).jpg
| image_caption = [[Rosy bitterling]] (''R. ocellatus'')
| taxon = Rhodeus
| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1832
| type_species = ''[[Cyprinus amarus]]''
| type_species_authority =  [[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1782
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Rhodeus''''' is a genus of freshwater [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fishes]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Acheilognathidae]], the '''bitterlings'''. The [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''{{not a typo|rhodeos}}'', meaning "[[rose]]". Most species in the genus are restricted to Asia, but two species are found in Europe (''R. amarus'' and ''R. meridionalis'').

Bitterlings are short-lived species, generally surviving only about five years. Their maximum size is 11&nbsp;cm, but they are usually much shorter. Bitterlings inhabit slow-flowing or still waters, such as ponds, lakes, marshes, muddy and sandy pools, and river backwaters. Because they depend on freshwater mussels to reproduce, their range is restricted. Bitterlings are [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], feeding on both invertebrates and plants.

Bitterlings have a remarkable reproduction strategy where parents transfer responsibility for the care of their young to various species of freshwater mussels ([[Unionidae]] and [[Margaritiferidae]]). The female extends her long [[ovipositor]] into the mantle cavity of the mussel and deposits her eggs between the gill filaments. The male then ejects his sperm into the mussel's inhalent water current and fertilization takes place within the gills of the host. The same female may use a number of mussels, and she deposits only one or two yellow, oval eggs into each. Early developmental stages are protected from predation within the body of the mussel. After 3 to 4 weeks, larvae swim away from the hosts to continue life on their own.

In 1936, the bitterling was thought to respond to hormones in a pregnant woman's urine, but the work was later discredited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deceptive Bitterling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848651,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215102553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848651,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |quote=Not quite two years ago physicians and prospective parents welcomed the news that a small, carp-like fish could tell whether or not a woman was going to have a baby ... The bitterling lost her standing and the doe rabbit and mouse were reinstated as nature's best indicators of human pregnancy. But obstetricians Kanter and Klawans pursued the matter with another research mate, physiologist Broda Otto Barnes, and secured further results which they detailed in ''Science'' last week. |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 12, 1936 |access-date=2008-04-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1936 | title =Bitterling Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts | journal =[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=84 |issue=2179 | pages = 310 | pmid = 17837041| doi = 10.1126/science.84.2179.310-a | last1 = Barnes | first1 = B. O. | last2 = Kanter | first2 = A. E. | last3 = Klawans | first3 = A. H. }}</ref>

==Species==
This genus and ''[[Acheilognathus]]'' have a convoluted [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history, one being at times included in the other. They are now considered separate, but some species formerly in ''Rhodeus'' are now in ''Acheilognathus''.

These are the currently recognized species in this genus:<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Rhodeus|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Rhodeus albomarginatus]]'' <small>[[Li Fan (ichthyologist)|F. Li]] & [[Ryoichi Arai|Arai]], 2014</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus amarus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1782)</small> (European bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus amurensis]]'' <small>[[Boris Borisovich Vronsky|Vronsky]], 1967</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus atremius]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[William Francis Thompson (biologist)|W. F. Thompson]], 1914)</small> (Kyushu bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus caspius]]'' <small>[[Hamid Reza Esmaeili|Esmaeili]], [[Golnaz Sayyadzadeh|Sayyadzadeh]], [[Bella Japoshvili|Japoshvili]], [[Soheil Eagderi|Eagderi]], [[Keivan Abbasi|Abbasi]] & [[Hamid Mousavi-Sabet|Mousavi-Sabet]], 2020</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus colchicus]]'' <small>[[Nina Gidalevna Bogutskaya|Bogutskaya]] & [[Alexey Mikhailovich Komlev|Komlev]], 2001</small> (Georgian bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus cyanorostris]]'' <small>F. Li, [[Te-Yu Liao|T.-Y. Liao]] & Arai, 2020</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus fangi]]'' <small>(Miao, 1934)</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus flaviventris]]'' <small>F. Li, Arai & T.-Y.Liao, 2020</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus haradai]]'' <small>Arai, [[Nobuhiro Suzuki|N. Suzuki]] & [[Shen Shih-Chieh|S. C. Shen]], 1990</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus hondae]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles William Metz|Metz]], 1913)</small>. 
* ''[[Rhodeus laoensis]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], [[Atsushi Doi|A. Doi]] & [[Prachya Musikasinthorn|Musikasinthorn]], 1998</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus lighti]]'' <small>([[Wu Hsien-Wen|H. W. Wu]], 1931)</small> (Light's bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus mantschuricus]]'' <small>[[Tamezo Mori|T. Mori]], 1934</small> (Amur bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus meridionalis]]'' <small>[[Stanko Karaman|S. L. Karaman]], 1924</small> (Vardar bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus monguonensis]]'' <small>[[Li Guo-Liang|G. L. Li]], 1989</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus nigrodorsalis]]'' <small>Li, Liao & Arai, 2020</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus notatus]]'' <small>[[John Treadwell Nichols|Nichols]], 1929</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus ocellatus]]'' <small>([[Rudolf Kner|Kner]], 1866)</small> (Rosy bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus pseudosericeus]]'' <small>Arai, [[Sang-Rin Jeon|S. R. Jeon]] & [[Takayoshi Ueda|Ueda]], 2001</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus rheinardti]]'' <small>([[Gilbert Tirant|Tirant]], 1883)</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus sciosemus]]'' <small>(D.S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914)</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus sericeus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small> (Amur bitterling)
* ''[[Rhodeus shitaiensis]]'' <small>F. Li & Arai, 2011</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus sinensis]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1868</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus smithii]]'' <small>([[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1908)</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus spinalis]]'' <small>[[Masamitsu Ōshima|Ōshima]], 1926</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus suigensis]]'' <small>T. Mori, 1935</small>
* ''[[Rhodeus uyekii]]'' <small>T. Mori, 1935</small>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bitterling|volume=4 |pages=13, 14}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080821071303/http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/Carp_ID/html/rhodeus_sericeus.html
*{{cite book |first=Donald B. |last=McMillan |title=Fish Histology: Female Reproductive Systems |chapter=1.1 Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEzEyWGXW_AC&pg=PA1|date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5715-1 |pages=1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q345772}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rhodeus| ]]
[[Category:Acheilognathidae]]
[[Category:Taxa_named_by_Louis_Agassiz]]