Editing Ribes

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales}}
{{About|the genus of flowering plant|the commune in southern France|Ribes, Ardèche|the region in Catalonia|Vall de Ribes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Ribes_divaricatum_5391.JPG
|image_caption=''[[Ribes divaricatum]]'' (spreading gooseberry)
|parent_authority=[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
|taxon=Ribes
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species=''[[Ribes rubrum]]''
|type_species_authority=L.
|diversity=About 200 species
|diversity_ref={{r|powo}}
|diversity_link=List of Ribes species
|range_map=Grossulariaceae Distribution.svg
|range_map_caption=Distribution of ''Ribes'' species
|synonyms_ref={{sfn|Morin|2008}}<ref>{{eFloras|2|128544|Ribes |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi |first2=Crinan |last2=Alexander |volume=8}}</ref>
|synonyms=*''Grossularia'' <small>Miller</small>
*''Ribesium'' <small>Medikus</small>
}}

'''''Ribes''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|aɪ|b|iː|z}})<ref>{{OED |term=ribes |id=165493}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of about 200 known species of [[flowering plant]]s, most of them native to the [[temperate]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]].{{r|powo}} The species may be known as various kinds of currants, such as [[redcurrant]]s, [[blackcurrant]]s, and [[White currant|whitecurrant]]s, or as [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]], and some are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] for their edible [[fruit]] or as [[ornamental plant]]s. ''Ribes'' is the only genus in the family '''Grossulariaceae'''.

==Description==
''Ribes'' species are medium shrub-like plants<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=42|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}}</ref> with marked diversity in flowers and fruit.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns.<ref name=":0" /> The [[sepal]]s of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube of saucer shape.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds.<ref name=":0" />

==Taxonomy==
''Ribes'' is the single genus in the [[Saxifragales]] [[Family (biology)|family]] Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of [[Saxifragaceae]] ''[[sensu|sensu lato]]'', it is now positioned as a [[sister group]] to Saxifragaceae ''sensu stricto''.{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}

===Subdivision===
First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907,{{sfn|Janczewski|1907}} the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions,{{sfn|Sinnott|1985}} and even in the era of [[molecular phylogenetics]] there has been contradictory evidence.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' (Berger 1924),{{sfn|Berger|1924}} the consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of [[subgenera]], the main ones of which are subgenus ''Ribes'' (currants) and subgenus ''Grossularia'' (gooseberries), further subdivided into sections.{{sfn|Sinnott|1985}} Janczewski (1907) considered six subgenera and eleven sections.{{sfn|Janczewski|1907}} Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera (see {{harvtxt|Senters|Soltis|2003}} Table 1) have subsequently been demoted to sections.{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Weigend (2007) elevated a number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; ''Ribes'' (sections ''Ribes'', ''Heretiera'', ''Berisia'') ''Coreosma'', ''Calobotrya'' (sections ''Calobotrya'', ''Cerophyllum''), ''Symphocalyx'', ''Grossularioides'', ''Grossularia'', ''Parilla''.{{sfn|Weigend et al|2002}}{{sfn|Weigend|2007}}

Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott (1985):{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}}
* Subgenus ''Ribes'' <small>L.</small> (currants) 8 sections
** Section ''Berisia'' <small>[[Édouard Spach|Spach]]</small> (alpine currants)
** Section ''Calobotrya'' <small>(Spach) [[Jancz.]]</small> (ornamental currants)
** Section ''Coreosma'' <small>(Spach) Jancz.</small> (black currants)
** Section ''Grossularioides'' <small>( Jancz.) Rehd.</small> (spiny or Gooseberry-stemmed currants)
** Section ''Heritiera'' <small>Jancz.</small> (dwarf or skunk currants)
** Section ''Parilla'' <small>Jancz.</small> (Andine or South American currants)
** Section ''Ribes'' <small>L.</small> (red currants)
** Section ''Symphocalyx'' <small>[[Berland.]]</small> (golden currants)
* Subgenus ''Grossularia'' <small>([[Mill.]]) [[Pers.]]</small> (Gooseberries) 4 sections
** Section ''Grossularia''<small> (Mill.) [[Nutt.]]</small>
** Section ''Robsonia'' <small>[[Berland.]]</small>
** Section ''Hesperia'' <small>[[A.Berger]]</small>
** Section ''Lobbia'' <small>A. Berger</small>

Some authors continued to treat ''Hesperia'' and ''Lobbia'' as subgenera.{{sfn|Messinger et al|1999}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus ''Grossularia'' was actually embedded within subgenus ''Ribes''.{{sfn|Senters|Soltis|2003}} Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus ''Grossularia'' as a [[monophyletic]] group, with two main lineages, sect. ''Grossularia'' and another [[clade]] consisting of [[glabrousness (botany)|glabrous]] gooseberies, including ''Hesperia'', ''Lobbia'' and ''Robsonia''. Other monophyletic groups identified were ''Calobotrya'', ''Parilla'', ''Symphocalyx'' and ''Berisia''. However, sections ''Ribes'', ''Coreosma'' and ''Heritiera'' were not well supported. Consequently, there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}}

===Species===
{{main|List of Ribes species}}

[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren.jpg|thumb|[[Blackcurrant]] (''Ribes nigrum'')]]
[[File:Ribes rubrum a1.jpg|thumb|[[Redcurrant]] (''Ribes rubrum'')]]
[[File:Grossulariaceae Fuchsia flowered Gooseberry Ribes speciosum.jpg|thumb|''[[Ribes speciosum]]'' (fuchsia-flowered gooseberry)]]

There are around 200 species of ''Ribes''.{{r|powo}} Selected species include:
*''[[Ribes alpinum]]''
*''[[Ribes aureum]]''
*''[[Ribes cereum]]''
*''[[Ribes divaricatum]]''
*''[[Ribes glandulosum]]''
*''[[Ribes hirtellum]]''
*''[[Ribes hudsonianum]]''
*''[[Ribes inerme]]''
*''[[Ribes lacustre]]''
*''[[Ribes laurifolium]]''
*''[[Ribes lobbii]]''
*''[[Ribes montigenum]]''
*''[[Ribes maximowiczii]]''
*''[[Ribes nevadense]]''
*''[[Ribes nigrum]]''
*''[[Ribes oxyacanthoides]]''
*''[[Ribes rubrum]]''
*''[[Ribes sanguineum]]''
*''[[Ribes speciosum]]''
*''[[Ribes triste]]''
*''[[Ribes uva-crispa]]''

==Distribution and habitat==
''Ribes'' is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Species can be found in meadows or near streams.<ref name=":0" />

==Ecology==
Currants are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species.

==Cultivation==
The genus ''Ribes'' includes the edible currants: [[blackcurrant]], [[redcurrant]], and [[white currant]], as well as the European gooseberry, ''[[Ribes uva-crispa]],'' and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the [[Zante currant]], a small-fruited [[cultivar]] of the grape ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. ''Ribes'' gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial [[Ribena]].

The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, ''[[Ribes sanguineum|R.&nbsp;sanguineum]]''.

=== United States ===
There are restrictions on growing some ''Ribes'' species in some U.S. states, as they are the main alternate host for [[white pine blister rust]].
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Restrictions on cultivation of ''Ribes'' in the United States:
|-
! State !! Restrictions
|-
| Connecticut{{r|ct}} || No longer restricted 
|-
| Delaware{{r|de}} || ''R. aureum'' and ''R. nigrum'' prohibited entirely. Shipment, transport, or propagation of all other ''Ribes'' species require a permit.
|-
| Maine{{r|me}} || Planting or possession of ''R. nigrum'' prohibited statewide. All other ''Ribes'' species prohibited in certain counties and towns.
|-
| Maryland || No restrictions found; state agricultural extension service provides advice on currant and gooseberry culture.{{r|md}}
|-
| Massachusetts{{r|ma}} || Transport of ''R. nigrum'' prohibited throughout the Commonwealth. Other species of ''Ribes'' require a permit, with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the Commonwealth.
|-
| Michigan || ''R. nigrum'' prohibited statewide.{{r|mi1}} Other species of ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' require a permit in the blister rust control area, which includes the entirety of the Upper Peninsula and the northern and western portions of the Lower Peninsula.{{r|mi2}}
|-
| New Hampshire{{r|nh}} || All ''Ribes'' species prohibited without a permit. Permits are sometimes issued for rust-resistant cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust in NH {{!}} NH Division of Forests and Lands |url=https://www.nh.gov/nhdfl/community/forest-health/white-pine-blister-rust-in-nh.htm |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.nh.gov |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| New Jersey{{r|nj}} || Possession or transport of ''R. nigrum'' requires a permit statewide. Possession or movement of all ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' species is prohibited in certain municipalities in Sussex, Passaic and Morris Counties. ''Grossularia'' and ''Ribes'' other than ''R. nigrum'' otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock.
|-
| New York{{r|ny}} || All ''Ribes'' species are prohibited in nine counties of the Adirondack Mountains, and in many townships in the Adirondacks and Catskills. ''R. nigrum'' is prohibited throughout the state, except that cultivars known to be immune to ''Cronartium ribicola'', the white pine blister rust, may be grown wherever other ''Ribes'' species are permitted.
|-
| North Carolina{{r|nc}} || All ''Ribes'' species prohibited. The North Carolina Forest Service maintains an active eradication program for ''Ribes'' in the western part of the state.{{r|nc2}}
|-
| Ohio{{r|oh}} || Possession, transport, planting, propagation, sale or offering for sale of ''R. nigrum'' is prohibited. Cultivars known to be immune to ''Cronartium ribicola'', the white pine blister rust, are exempt. The law does not prohibit other ''Ribes'' species.
|-
| Pennsylvania || PennState Extension states:{{r|pa}} "In 1933, Pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas; however, the law is not enforced. Therefore, all Ribes can be grown in the state."
|-
| Rhode Island{{r|ri}} || ''R. nigrum, R. aureum, and R. odoratum'' are prohibited throughout the state. Other ''Ribes'' species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities, or within 900 feet of a stand of five-leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five-leaved pines.
|-
| Vermont || New England Small Fruit Management Guide{{r|vt}} asserts that there are "No regulations at present."
|-
| Virginia{{r|va}} || ''R. nigrum'' plants may not be moved to any destination in Virginia.
|-
| West Virginia{{r|wv}} || ''R. nigrum'' plants may not be moved to any destination in West Virginia. Other ''Ribes'' species are prohibited in 23 counties. 
|-
|}

==Uses==
A number of species produce edible berries, some of which are categorized as currants and [[gooseberries]].

[[Blackfoot]] people used blackcurrant root (''[[Ribes hudsonianum]]'') for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The [[Cree]] used the fruit of ''[[Ribes glandulosum]]'' as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West |first=Gregory L. |last=Tilford |date=1997 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing |place=Missoula |isbn=978-0-87842-359-0}}</ref>

European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Pehr|author-link=Pehr Kalm|title=Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects |publisher=T. Lowndes |year=1772|location=London|translator=Johann Reinhold Forster |page=[https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/67/mode/1up 67] |url= |language=en |oclc=1083889360 |isbn=9780665515002 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Ribes'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002461-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=ct>{{cite web |title=''Currant (Ribes)'' |url=https://portal.ct.gov/CAES/Plant-Pest-Handbook/pphC/Currant-Ribes |website=The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=de>{{cite web |title=803 Rules and Regulations for the Control and Suppression of the White Pine Blister Rust |url=https://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title3/800/803.shtml |website=Delaware General Assembly: Delaware Regulations |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=ma>{{cite web |title=330 CMR 9.00: Plant quarantines |url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/330-cmr-9-plant-quarantines/download |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=me>{{cite web |title=Quarantine Information |url=https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_health/quarantine_information.html#wpbr |website=Maine Forest Service |publisher=State of Maine |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=md>{{cite web |title=Growing Small Fruits |url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/growing-small-fruits |website=University of Maryland Extension |publisher=State of Maryland |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=mi1>{{cite web |title=286.104 Cultivated black currant declared public nuisance; destruction. |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(neoupc5njylrfn2nub0oac0a))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-286-104 |website=Michigan Legislature: Michigan Compiled Laws |publisher=State of Michigan | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=mi2>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust Resistant Currant and Gooseberry Varieties |url=https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/White_Pine_Blister_Rust_Resistant_Currant_and_Gooseberry_Varieties_489802_7.pdf |website=Michigan Department of Agriculture |publisher=State of Michigan |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=nh>{{cite web |title=227-K:6 White Pine Blister Rust Control Areas |url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XIX-A/227-K/227-K-6.htm |publisher=State of New Hampshire |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=nj>{{cite web |title=Department of Agriculture : Plant Pest Survey |url=https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/pi/prog/plantpest.html#quarantine |publisher=State of New Jersey |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=nc>{{cite web |title=02 NCAC 48A .0401 Currant and Gooseberry Plants |url=http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2002%20-%20agriculture%20and%20consumer%20services/chapter%2048%20-%20plant%20industry/subchapter%20a/02%20ncac%2048a%20.0401.html |publisher=State of North Carolina |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=nc2>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust |website=Plant Industry - Plant Protection Section |publisher=North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services |url=http://www.ncagr.gov/plantindustry/plant/disease/48A-04.htm |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=ny>{{cite web |title=Crop Profile: Currants in New York |publisher=Cornell Cooperative Extension |url=http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/fqpa/crop-profiles/currant.html |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=oh>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust on Currants and Gooseberries |last1=Ellis |first1=Michael A. |last2=Horst |first2=Leona |website=Ohioline |publisher=Ohio State University Extension |url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-3205 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=pa>{{cite web |title=Home Fruit Plantings: Gooseberries and Currants |publisher=PennState Extension |url=https://extension.psu.edu/home-fruit-plantings-gooseberries-and-currants |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=ri>{{cite web |title=250-RICR-40-10-2 Rules and Regulations Governing the Suppression of White Pine Blister Rust |publisher=Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management |url=http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/agric/pinebls2.pdf |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=va>{{cite web |title=2VAC5-450-40. European black currant plants |publisher=Commonwealth of Virginia |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter450/section40/ |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=vt>{{cite web |title=Currants and Gooseberries |website=NE Small Fruit Management Guide |date=22 June 2015 |publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Amherst |url=https://ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=wv>{{cite web |title=West Virginia White Pine Blister Rust Quarantine |publisher=West Virginia Department of Agriculture |url=https://agriculture.wv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/WV_Blister_Rust_Quarantine.pdf |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
====Books and theses====
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=James N.|last=Brennan|first=Rex M.|title=Fruit Breeding. II: Vine and small fruits|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXMckUtHLV8C|date=1996|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=191–298|isbn=978-0-471-12670-6}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Paull|editor-first2=Robert E.|title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC|year=2008|publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]]|last=Brennan|first=Rex M.|chapter=Currants and gooseberries|chapter-url=http://archive.northsearegion.eu/files/repository/20131121174401_UK-Enclosure44.pdf|isbn=978-0-85199-638-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hancock|editor-first=Jim F.|title=Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=322hHeocPa0C|last=Brennan|first=R. M.|chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=177–196|date=2008|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9_6|isbn=978-1-4020-6907-9}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Dixon|editor-first1=Geoffrey R.|editor-last2=Aldous|editor-first2=David E.|last=Brennan|first=R M|display-authors=etal|chapter=Berries: Currants and gooseberries|pages=313–317|title=Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 1: Production Horticulture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6nIAwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-94-017-8578-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=156–166}}
* {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=231–244|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1 }}
** {{cite book |first=M |last=Weigend |title=Grossulariaaceae |pages=168–176|date=2007}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|2007}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Messinger |first1=Wes |title=Molecular Systematic Studies in the Genus Ribes (Grossulariaceae) |url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/2j62s722h|date=1995 |publisher=Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, [[Oregon State University]]}}

====Articles====
* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=A |title=A taxonomic review of currants and gooseberries |journal=Bulletin of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station |date=1924 |issue=109 |pages=1–118}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2=J. W. |author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=James W. Byng|name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |publisher=Magnolia Press |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hummer |first1=Kim E. |last2=Barney |first2=Danny L. |title=Crop Reports: Currants |journal=HortTechnology |date=July–September 2002 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.12.3.377 |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/2674/w.2002.hummer.barney.hortechnology.2002.12.377.pdf|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Janczewski |first1=Edward |author-link=Edward Janczewski|title=Monographies des groseilliers, Ribes L. |journal=Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève |date=1907 |volume=35 |pages=199–517}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messinger |first1=Wes |last2=Hummer |first2=Kim |last3=Liston |first3=Aaron |title=Ribes (Grossulariaceae) phylogeny as indicated by restriction-site polymorphisms of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=1999 |volume=217 |issue=3–4 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1007/BF00984364|jstor=23643670|bibcode=1999PSyEv.217..185M |s2cid=20696263 |ref={{harvid|Messinger et al|1999}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Schultheis |first1=Lisa M. |last2=Donoghue |first2=Michael J. |title=Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ribes (Grossulariaceae), with an Emphasis on Gooseberries (subg. Grossularia) |url=https://donoghuelab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/134_schultheis_systbot04.pdf|journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=1 January 2004 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1600/036364404772974239|s2cid=85938994 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Senters |first1=Anne E. |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis|title=Phylogenetic Relationships in Ribes (Grossulariaceae) Inferred from ITS Sequence Data |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=2003 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51–66 |doi=10.2307/3647301 |jstor=3647301 |issn=0040-0262}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sinnott |first1=Quinn P. |title=A revision of Ribes L. subg. Grossularia (Mill.) Pers. sect. Grossularia (Mill.) Nutt. (Grossulariaceae) in North America |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488241|journal=[[Rhodora (journal)|Rhodora]] |date=1985 |volume=87 |issue=850 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488241/page/n191 189]–286 |jstor=23314591 |issn=0035-4902}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Weigend |first1=Maximilian |last2=Mohr |first2=Oliver |last3=Motley |first3=Timothy J. |title=Phylogeny and classification of the genus ''Ribes'' (Grossulariaceae) based on 5S-NTS sequences and morphological and anatomical data |journal=[[Botanische Jahrbücher]] |date=1 August 2002 |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=163–182 |doi=10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0163|ref={{harvid|Weigend et al|2002}}}}

====Websites====
* {{cite web|last=Morin|first=Nancy R|website=[[Flora of North America]] vol. 8|title=Ribes Linnaeus|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128544|year=2008|access-date=12 November 2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|pages=8, 9, 10, 44}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Currant|short=x}}
* {{cite web |title=Introduction to blackcurrant |url=http://www.fruitgateway.co.uk/intro_to_blackcurrant.asp |website=FruitGateway |publisher=[[The James Hutton Institute]] |location=Aberdeen}}
* [http://www.uga.edu/fruit/ribes.html Entry on ''Ribes'' at Mark Rieger's UGa fruit crops site]

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Ribes|''Ribes''}}

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22691}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ribes|Ribes]]
[[Category:Saxifragales genera]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Shrubs]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
[[Category:Butterfly food plants]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Melliferous flowers]]