Editing Rio Protocol

{{Short description|1942 treaty between Ecuador and Peru}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Rio Protocol (1934)|1934 treaty]]}}
{{POV|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                 = Rio Protocol
| long_name            = 
| image                = Protocolo de Río.jpg
| image_width          = 200px
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = The signing of the Rio Protocol
| type                 = Bilateral treaty
| context              = 
| date_drafted         = 
| date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1942|1|29}}
| location_signed      = [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro city]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| date_sealed          = 
| date_effective       = 
| condition_effective  = 
| date_expiration      = 
| date_expiry          = 
| mediators            = 
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]]
| negotiators          = 
| original_signatories = 
* {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]
* {{flagicon|Peru|1825}} [[Peru]]
| signatories          = 
| parties              = 
| ratifiers            = 
* Ecuador
* Peru
| depositor            = 
| depositories         = 
| citations            = 
| language             = 
| languages            = 
| wikisource           = es:Protocolo de Paz, Amistad y Límites de Río de Janeiro
| wikisource1          =
| footnotes            =
}}
The '''Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador''', or '''Rio Protocol''' for short, was an international agreement signed in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, on January 29, 1942, by the foreign ministers of [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]], with the participation of the [[United States]], [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]], [[Chile]], and [[Argentina]] as guarantors. The Protocol was intended to finally resolve the long-running [[History of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries, and brought about the official end of the [[Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]] of 1941–1942. Nevertheless, the Protocol was incomplete, and war broke out between Peru and Ecuador twice more, in [[Paquisha War|1981]] and in [[Cenepa War|1995]], before the signing of the Itamaraty Peace Declaration which brought final resolution to the dispute.

==History==

In May 1941, as tensions at the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border mounted and war was imminent, the governments of the United States, Brazil, and Argentina offered their services in aiding in the mediation of the dispute. Their efforts failed to prevent the outbreak of hostilities on July 23, 1941, but the diplomatic intervention led to a definitive cease-fire being put into place on July 31. Despite this, limited [[skirmish]]es continued to occur through the months of August and September in the Ecuadorian provinces of [[El Oro Province|El Oro]] and [[Loja Province|Loja]], as well as in the Amazonian lands. Ecuador accused Peru of continuing its advances into the highland province of [[Azuay Province|Azuay]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

On October 2, with military observers from the three mediating countries serving as witnesses, Ecuador and Peru signed the '''Talara Accord''', which created a demilitarized zone inside the provinces of El Oro and Loja, pending the signing of a definitive [[peace treaty]]. Diplomatic efforts continued, with the mediating countries being joined by Chile.

With its recent entry into [[World War II]], the United States was eager to present a united American continent.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} At the third Pan-American Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the United States encouraged a settlement between the two countries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

On January 29, 1942, on the final day of the third Pan-American Summit, held in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the foreign ministers of Ecuador and Peru, [[Julio Tobar Donoso]] and [[Alfredo Solf y Muro]], signed a "Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries", known as the '''Rio de Janeiro Protocol'''. The observers from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile co-signed the document, becoming "Guarantors of the Protocol".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks27/appndx1_27.html |title=Territorial Disputes and Their Resolution: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace |accessdate=2005-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122235546/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks27/appndx1_27.html |archivedate=2005-11-22 }}</ref> The Rio Protocol was subsequently ratified by each country's congress on February 26, 1942.

By the terms of the Protocol, Ecuador agreed to withdraw its long-standing claim for rights to direct land access to the [[Marañon River|Marañon]] and [[Amazon River|Amazon]] rivers; Peru agreed to withdraw Peruvian military forces from Ecuadorian territory. An area of {{convert|200,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of hitherto disputed territory in the Maynas region of the Amazonian basin was awarded to Peru, which had been established to be the ''de facto'' possessor of the land since the end of the 19th century. The ''status quo'' line defined in the 1936 Lima Accord was used as the basis for the definitive border line; the previous border recognized current possessions, but not [[sovereignty]]. Relative to the 1936 line, Ecuador ceded 18,552&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of previously possessed territory to Peru, while Peru ceded 5,072&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of previously possessed territory to Ecuador.<ref>Julio Tobar Donoso, ''La Invasión Peruana y el Protocolo de Rio. Antecedentes y Explicación Histórica''. Quito, Banco Central del Ecuador, 1982 (1st Ed. 1945). P. 462.</ref>

During the 1960s, the Ecuadorian government alleged that the Protocol was invalid, because it had been signed under [[coercion]] while foreign troops were stationed on Ecuadorian soil.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} This stance was modified by subsequent governments, but was never officially reverted until the resolution of the dispute in 1995.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

The intended goal of the Rio Protocol was not fulfilled until the signing of the '''Itamaraty Peace Declaration''' in 1995. Between the signing of the two treaties, the [[Paquisha Incident]] and the [[Cenepa War]] rekindled the dispute.

{{wikisource}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151223132753/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks27.pdf Territorial Disputes and Their Resolution: The Case of Ecuador and Peru]
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/node/963 Text of the Rio Protocol]

[[Category:Peace treaties]]
[[Category:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]]
[[Category:1942 in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Ecuador–Peru border]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1942]]
[[Category:20th century in Rio de Janeiro]]
[[Category:January 1942 in South America]]
[[Category:1942 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Ecuador–Peru relations]]
[[Category:Military history of Rio de Janeiro (city)]]