Editing Robots and Empire

{{short description|Science fiction novel by the American author Isaac Asimov}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name         = Robots and Empire
| title_orig   =
| translator   =
| image        = RobotsAndEmpire.jpg
| caption = Cover of first edition (hardcover)
| author       = [[Isaac Asimov]]
| cover_artist = [[Barclay Shaw]]<ref>[http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?28377 Publication Listing]. Isfdb.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-02.</ref>
| country      = United States
| language     = English
| series       = [[Robot series|''Robot'' series]]
| genre        = [[Science fiction]] 
| publisher    = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday Books]]
| release_date = 20 September 1985
| media_type   = Print (hardback & paperback)
| pages        = 383  
| isbn         = 0-385-19092-1
| dewey= 813/.54 19
| congress= PS3551.S5 R64 1985
| oclc= 11728404
| preceded_by  = [[The Robots of Dawn]]
| followed_by  = [[The Stars, Like Dust]]
}}
'''''Robots and Empire''''' is a [[science fiction]] novel   by the American author [[Isaac Asimov]], published by [[Doubleday Books]] in 1985. It is part of Asimov's [[Robot series|''Robot'' series]], which consists of many [[short story|short stories]] (collected in ''[[I, Robot]]'', ''[[The Rest of the Robots]]'', ''[[The Complete Robot]]'', ''[[Robot Dreams (short story collection)|Robot Dreams]]'', ''[[Robot Visions]]'', and ''[[Gold (Asimov)|Gold]]'') and five novels (including ''[[The Positronic Man]]'', ''[[The Caves of Steel]]'', ''[[The Naked Sun]]'', and ''[[The Robots of Dawn]]'').

''Robots and Empire'' is part of Asimov's consolidation of his three major series of science fiction stories and novels into a single [[future history]]: his ''Robot'' series, his [[Galactic Empire series|''Galactic Empire'' series]] and his [[Foundation (book series)|''Foundation'' series]]. (Asimov also carried out this unification in ''[[Foundation's Edge]]'' and its [[Foundation and Earth|sequel]].)

In the novel, Asimov depicts the transition from his earlier [[Milky Way Galaxy]], inhabited by both human beings and [[positronic robot]]s, to his [[Galactic Empire (Asimov)|Galactic Empire]]. The galaxy of his earlier trilogy of ''Robot'' novels is dominated by the blended human/robotic societies of the fifty "Spacer" planets, dispersed through the near-Earth part of the Galaxy. While the Earth is much more populous than all of the Spacer planets combined, its people are looked down upon and treated almost as sub-human by the Spacers. For a long time, the Spacers have forbidden immigration of people from the Earth. But Asimov's later [[Galactic Empire (Asimov)|Galactic Empire]] is populated by many [[10^24|quadrillions]] of human beings on hundreds of thousands of habitable planets and by very few robots (such as [[R. Daneel Olivaw]]). Even the technology to maintain and upgrade robots exists on only a few out-of-the-way planets. Therefore, this novel attempts to describe how his earlier ''Robot'' series ultimately connects to his ''Galactic Empire'' series.

==Plot summary==
The Earthman [[Elijah Baley]] (the [[detective]] hero of the previous ''Robot'' books) has died nearly two centuries earlier. During these two centuries, Earth-people have overcome their [[agoraphobia]] and resumed [[space colonization]], using faster-than-light drive to reach distant planets beyond the earlier "Spacer" worlds. Their inhabitants, calling themselves "Settlers" rather than "Spacers", revere Earth as their mother-world.

Baley's memory remains in the mind of his former lover, [[Gladia Delmarre]], a long-lived "Spacer" who uncharacteristically relocated from the spacer world of [[Solaria (fictional planet)|Solaria]] to [[Foundation universe#Aurora|Aurora]]. Gladia's homeworld and the 50th-established of the Spacer planets, Solaria,  has become empty of all human inhabitants, although millions of robot servants remain. A seventh-generation descendant of Baley's, Daneel Giskard ('D.G.') Baley, gains Gladia's help in visiting Solaria, to investigate the destruction of several "Settler" [[spacecraft|spaceship]]s that made landings there and to capture the presumably unsupervised robots. Gladia is accompanied by the positronic robots [[R. Daneel Olivaw|R Daneel Olivaw]] and [[R. Giskard Reventlov|R Giskard Reventlov]], both the former property of their creator, Dr [[Han Fastolfe]], who bequeathed them to Gladia in his [[will (law)|will]]. R Giskard has secret [[telepathic]] powers of which only R Daneel knows.

At the same time, Daneel and Giskard are engaged in a struggle of wits with Fastolfe's rivals: The [[roboticist]]s Kelden Amadiro and [[Vasilia Aliena]], Fastolfe's estranged daughter. Frustrated by his series of failures, Amadiro accepts an ambitious and unscrupulous apprentice, Levular Mandamus, who plans to destroy the population of the Earth by a newly developed weapon, the "nuclear intensifier", with which to accelerate the natural [[radioactive decay]] in the upper crust of the Earth, thereby making the surface of the Earth radioactive. R Daneel and R Giskard discover the roboticists' plan and attempt to stop Amadiro; but are hampered by the [[First Law of Robotics]],

{{blockquote|A robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.}}

which prevents them from a direct attack on Amadiro. Daneel and Giskard, meanwhile, have inferred an additional [[Zeroth Law of Robotics#Zeroth Law added|Zeroth Law of Robotics]]:

{{blockquote|A robot may not injure humanity, or through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.}}

It might enable them to overcome Amadiro, if they can use their telepathic perception of humanity to quell the inhibitions of the first law. When Vasilia accuses Giskard of telepathy (earlier created by herself), Giskard is compelled to manipulate her mind to make her forget about his telepathic powers. The two robots locate Amadiro and Mandamus on Earth, at the site of [[Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station]] in [[Pennsylvania]]. After Amadiro admits their plans, Giskard alters Amadiro's brain (using the newly created Zeroth Law); but in so doing, threatens his own.

Now alone with the robots, Mandamus claims that his intentions were to draw out the radioactive catastrophe over many decades, rather than the mere years that Amadiro wanted, and Giskard, believing it best for humanity to abandon the Earth, allows Mandamus to do this (resulting in the situation depicted in ''[[Pebble in the Sky]]''), and deprives Mandamus of the memory of doing so. Giskard predicts, correctly, that by forcing humanity into leaving the Earth, vigor will be reintroduced into humankind and the new Settlers will populate space until all the governments of the interstellar colonies form a "Galactic Empire". Under the stress of having violated the First Law (in accordance with the Zeroth Law, but with the predicted benefit to humanity being uncertain), R Giskard himself suffers a soon-fatal malfunction of his positronic brain, but manages to confer his telepathic ability upon R Daneel.

==Novel==
In his memoir ''I. Asimov'' (1994), Asimov explained that following his commercial and critical success with ''[[The Robots of Dawn]]'', he decided to write ''Robots and Empire'' with the intentions of making Daneel, "the real hero of the series", the novel's [[protagonist]], and that ''Robots and Empire'' would create a bridge to the later volumes of his future history. About this second aim, Asimov said that he was dissuaded by [[Lester del Rey]] and [[Judy-Lynn del Rey]], his long-time friends and the [[Editing|editors]] of [[Del Rey Books]], who thought that the fans of Asimov's series of novels would rather that Asimov kept the ''Robot'' and ''Empire''/''Foundation'' universes separate. On the other hand, his editors at [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], his hardcover book publisher, encouraged Asimov to do what deep down he wanted to do. From then on, Asimov proceeded with his plans for unifying the two series.

Asimov organized ''Robots and Empire'' [[nonlinear (arts)|nonlinear]]ly. (Other examples of nonlinear [[Plot (narrative)|plot]]ting in Asimov's novels can be found in ''[[The Gods Themselves]]'' and ''[[Nemesis (Isaac Asimov novel)|Nemesis]]''.) Flashbacks by the major characters alternate with the present-time storyline. The story starts on the Spacer planet Aurora, where the heart of Amadiro's [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] against Settler civilization is developing. Meanwhile, aboard a [[starship]], Gladia, Daneel, and Giskard visit the planets Solaria and [[Baleyworld]] before reaching the Earth, where this novel's climax takes place.

Asimov used a planet-hopping itinerary in most of the volumes of the [[Foundation (book series)|''Foundation'' series]] from ''[[Foundation and Empire]]'' onward. Unlike the [[detective fiction]] methods of the previous Robot novels,  where Baley assembles the clues to a crime that had been committed, in ''Robots and Empire'' a murderous conspiracy developing against the Earth, and its discovery by the robots, keep pace with each other right up through the final confrontation with Amadiro on the Earth. Then, the robots have only moments to spare in terminating Amadiro's plan for a quick death to all Earthlings.

As well as linking the two series into a single future history, the present book served to address a criticism levelled against the largely radioactive Earth depicted in ''[[Pebble in the Sky]]'' and mentioned in several other books. Though not explicitly stated, there was the clear implication that the world's being mostly radioactive with humans precariously surviving in limited uncontaminated areas was the result of a [[nuclear war]] hundreds or thousands of years before the time of the plot. This would have made ''Pebble in the Sky'' part of the post-nuclear war subgenre common in the 1950s. It was, however, pointed out by critics that such an extensive use of nuclear weapons as to leave persistent and widespread radiation even after centuries would have completely destroyed all life on Earth at the moment when it took place. Therefore, in the present book Asimov provided a different origin for the future Earth's radioactivity.

==Reception==
[[David Langford]] reviewed ''Robots and Empire'' for ''[[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]]'' #85, and stated that "Asimov always perks up when chopping logic with the Three Laws of Robotics, and here his robots come up with a Fourth, or rather Zeroth, Law. This works out approximately as 'the end justifies the means'. For some reason the author doesn't even seem mildly worried by the implications..."<ref name="WD85">{{cite magazine  | last =Langford | first =Dave | author-link =David Langford | title =Critical Mass  | magazine =[[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]]  | issue =85  | pages =8   | publisher =[[Games Workshop]]  | date = January 1987  }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISFDB title|id=1290}}
* {{OL work|id=46178W|cname=''Robots and Empire''}}
* [http://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=768 ''Robots and Empire''] at Worlds Without End

{{Robot series}}

{{Isaac Asimov novels}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robots And Empire}}
[[Category:1985 American novels]]
[[Category:American science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Foundation universe books]]
[[Category:Science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov]]
[[Category:Doubleday (publisher) books]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative novels]]