Editing Robots in literature

Artificial humans and autonomous artificial servants have a long history in human culture, though the term [[Robot]] and its modern literary conception as a mobile machine equipped with an advanced [[artificial intelligence]] are more fairly recent. The literary role of [[artificial life]] has evolved over time: early myths present animated objects as instruments of divine will, later stories treat their attempted creation as a blasphemy with inevitable consequences, and modern tales range from apocalyptic warnings against blind technological progress to explorations of the ethical questions raised by the possibility of sentient machines.

Recently, a popular overview of the history of [[android (robot)|android]]s, [[robots]], [[cyborgs]] and [[replicants]] from antiquity to the present has been published.<ref name="Glaser/Rossbach">{{Cite book|last=Glasjer, Horst Albert|first=Rossbach, Sabine|title=The Artificial Human|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publishing company)|Peter Lang]]|location=Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York|year=2011|isbn=978-3631578087}}</ref> Treated fields of knowledge are: [[history of technology]], [[history of medicine]], [[philosophy]], [[literature]], [[film]] and [[art history]], the range of topics discussed is worldwide.

==Early uses==
The earliest examples were all presented as the results of divine intervention and include: The dry bones that came to life in the Book of Ezekiel (Chapter 37); three-legged self-navigating tables created by the god Hephaestus (Iliad xviii); and the statue Galatea, brought to life by the prayers of her creator Pygmalion.

More recent humaniform examples include the brooms from the legend of the sorcerer's apprentice derived from a tale by [[Lucian of Samosata]] in the 1st century AD, the Jewish legend of the [[golem]] created like Adam from clay, and Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]''. These tales include an indictment of human folly at presuming to take on the role of creator.

Notable mechanical representations of humans include the life-sized singing puppet ''Olimpia'' in the short story "[[The Sandman (short story)|The Sandman]]" by [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]] in 1816 and a bipedal anthropomorphic mechanism in ''[[The Steam Man of the Prairies]]'' by [[Edward S. Ellis]] in 1868.<ref>37 original stories about anthropomorphic and zoomorphic machines appeared in dime novels between 1868 and 1899. See Dime Novel Robots by Joseph A. Lovece. https://www.amazon.com/Dime-Novel-Robots-1868-1899-Bibliography/dp/1511578661/</ref> These examples are stories about human-controlled mechanisms without autonomy or self-awareness.

In [[Lyman Frank Baum]]'s [[children's novel]] ''[[Ozma of Oz]]'', the first-ever introduction of a humanoid-appearance mechanical man that would satisfy the later "humanoid robot" definition occurred in 1907 - some fifteen years before the word "robot" was coined - with [[Tik-Tok (Oz)|Tik-Tok]], powered with a trio of clockwork movements for his thinking, movement and speech, none of which he could wind up himself.

In 1912,<ref>[https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LagerlofS/bibliografi Litteraturbanken]</ref> [[Selma Lagerlöf]] published the poem ''Slåtterkarlarna på Ekolsund''<ref>[https://runeberg.org/troll1/ekolsund.html ''Slåtterkarlarna på Ekolsund'']</ref> which was published in the first part of ''Troll och människor''. In the poem [[Christopher Polhem]] is hired to create mechanical mowers for a farmer.

==The modern "robot"==
The first use of the word "[[robot]]" was in [[Karel Čapek]]'s play ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]]'' written in 1920 and first performed in [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1921, in [[New York City]] in 1922 and an [[English language|English]] edition published in 1923. Čapek's Robots are artificially manufactured  from organic materials to labor for humans, and as the play progresses they revolt and overthrow their human creators. However, the play ends on an optimistic note: Robots' artificial biology causes a male and female Robot to fall in love, preserving the spirit of humanity as a result. ''R. U. R.'' and its Robots reflect contemporary anxieties about dehumanization amid the mass industrialization and militarism of the early twentieth century.<ref>Szollosy, M. (2017). Freud, Frankenstein and our fear of robots: projection in our cultural perception of technology. AI & Society, 32(3), 433+.</ref>

While Karel Čapek's play introduced the word "robot" into languages around the globe, he later wrote a letter to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] of etymology in which he named his brother, painter and writer [[Josef Čapek]], as its true inventor. In an article in the Czech [[Lidové noviny]] in 1933 he also explains that he originally wanted to call the creatures "laboři" from the Latin word ''labor''. Karel found the word too bookish and sought advice from Josef who suggested to call them "robots". The word, which is always capitalized in Čapek's play, derives from ''robota'' which means "drudgery" in [[Czech language|Czech]] and means "work" in [[Slovakian language|Slovak]].)

The theme of robots has been picked up by science fiction writers and many volumes are focused on robots and their interaction with the human species. Of particular note is the work of [[Isaac Asimov]] as a large part of his work centers on robots. Asimov is particularly known for his creation of the [[Three laws of robotics]] which that author uses in stories as both to define his robots and how these interact within the worlds he creates.<!--''Technically no - it does not sense nor have axes of movement nor is it autononmous - it does what it is told.'':  A modern type of robot used today is the [[computer]]. No need for a robot to be autonomous. Most extant robots are not. Computers still don't really qualify though, since they normally don't react to or interact with their environment. -->

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Glaser, Horst Albert and Rossbach, Sabine: The Artificial Human, Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York 2011 [https://www.amazon.com/The-Artificial-Human-Tragical-History/dp/3631578083/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335701088&sr=1-1 "The Artificial Human"]

==See also==
*[[List of fictional robots and androids]]
*[[Artificial intelligence in fiction]]
*[[List of fictional computers]]

{{Robotics}}

[[Category:Robots in literature| ]]
[[Category:Fictional robots| ]]
[[Category:Literature by topic|Robots]]