Editing Rockefeller Center

{{Short description|Skyscraper complex in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Rockefeller Center
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = GE Building by David Shankbone.JPG
| caption = View from the northeast of [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] at the heart of the complex
| location = [[Manhattan]], New York
| nearest_city = [[New York City]]
| locmapin = <!--United States Manhattan#USA New York City#USA New York-->
| district_map = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=15 |height=250 |stroke-width=2 | {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|45|31|N|73|58|45|W|type:landmark_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{Convert|22|acre|ha}}
| built = 1930–1939
| architect = [[Raymond Hood]]{{efn|The actual architects are "Associated Architects", a consortium composed of [[Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray]]; [[Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux]]; and [[Reinhard & Hofmeister]].{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=334}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} Hood was considered the main architect,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=44}} and is noted as such on the NRHP nomination.<ref name="nhlsum"/>}}
| architecture = [[Modern architecture|Modern]], [[Art Deco]]
| designated_nrhp_type = December 23, 1987<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web| url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2027&ResourceType=Building| title=Rockefeller Center| date=September 18, 2007| work=National Historic Landmark summary listing| publisher=[[National Park Service]]| access-date=September 20, 2007| archive-date=October 11, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011225740/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2027&ResourceType=Building}}</ref>
| added = December 23, 1987<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| designated_other2_name = New York City Landmark
| designated_other2_date = April 23, 1985
| designated_other2_abbr = NYCL
| designated_other2_link = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
| designated_other2_number = 1446
| designated_other2_color = #ffe978
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 87002591
| mpsub =
| website = {{URL|https://www.rockefellercenter.com/}}
}}

'''Rockefeller Center''' is a complex of 19 [[commerce|commercial]] buildings covering {{Convert|22|acre|ha}} between [[48th Street (Manhattan)|48th Street]] and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]] in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]]. The 14 original [[Art Deco]] buildings, commissioned by the [[Rockefeller family]], span the area between [[Fifth Avenue]] and [[Sixth Avenue]], split by a large sunken square and a private street called Rockefeller Plaza. Later additions include [[75 Rockefeller Plaza]] across 51st Street at the north end of Rockefeller Plaza, and four [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] buildings on the west side of Sixth Avenue.

In 1928, [[Columbia University]], the owner of the site, leased the land to [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], who was the main person behind the complex's construction. Originally envisioned as the site for a new [[Metropolitan Opera]] building, the current Rockefeller Center came about after the Met could not afford to move to the proposed new building. Various plans were discussed before the current one was approved in 1932. [[Construction of Rockefeller Center]] started in 1931, and the first buildings opened in 1933. The core of the complex was completed by 1939. Described as one of the greatest projects of the [[Great Depression]] era, Rockefeller Center became a [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|New York City designated landmark]] in 1985 and a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1987. The complex and associated land has been controlled since 2000 by [[Tishman Speyer]], which bought the property for $1.85 billion.

The original center has several sections. Radio City, along Sixth Avenue and centered on [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]], includes [[Radio City Music Hall]] and was built for [[RCA]]'s radio-related enterprises such as [[NBC]]. The International Complex along Fifth Avenue was built to house foreign-based tenants. The remainder of the original complex originally hosted printed media as well as [[Eastern Air Lines]]. While 600 Fifth Avenue is at the southeast corner of the complex, it was built by private interests in the 1950s and was only acquired by the center in 1963. The complex is noted for the large quantities of art present in almost all of its buildings, its expansive underground concourse, its [[Ice rink|ice-skating rink]], and its annual lighting of the [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]].

==History==
{{For|more details on construction|Construction of Rockefeller Center}}

===Context===

The first private owner of the site was physician [[David Hosack]], who purchased twenty acres of rural land from New York City in 1801 and opened the country's first public [[botanical garden]], the [[Elgin Botanic Garden]], on the site.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dana Schulz|title=The Country's First Botanic Garden Was on 20 Wooded Acres at Today's Rockefeller Center|url=https://www.6sqft.com/nyc-had-the-countrys-first-botanic-garden-and-it-was-founded-by-alexander-hamiltons-doctor/|website=6sqft|access-date=September 1, 2016|date=March 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Buys-Realty-1928">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/12/28/95697717.pdf|title=Rockefeller Buys $100,000,000 Realty; Part For New Opera|date=December 28, 1928|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=8}} The gardens operated until 1811,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=12}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=9}} and by 1823 the property was under the ownership of [[Columbia University]].{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=9}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=8}} Columbia moved its main campus north to [[Morningside Heights]], in [[Upper Manhattan]], by the turn of the century.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=11–12}}{{sfn|Glancy|1992|p=427}}

[[File:Metropolitan opera 1905.jpg|thumb|alt=The old Metropolitan Opera House|Rockefeller Center originated as a plan to replace the [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|old Metropolitan Opera House]] (pictured).{{sfn|Radio City Music Hall Landmark Designation|1978|p=3}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=21}}]]

In 1926, the [[Metropolitan Opera]] started looking for locations for a new [[opera house]] to replace the [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|existing building]] at [[39th Street (Manhattan)|39th Street]] and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]].{{sfn|Radio City Music Hall Landmark Designation|1978|p=3}} By 1928, [[Benjamin Wistar Morris (architect)|Benjamin Wistar Morris]] and designer [[Joseph Urban]] were hired to come up with blueprints for the house.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=21}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=10}}  However, the new building was too expensive for the Met to fund by itself,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=13}} and [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] eventually gave his support to the project ([[John D. Rockefeller Sr.]], his father, was not involved).{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=31–32}} Rockefeller hired Todd, Robertson and Todd as design consultants to determine its viability.{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=33}} John R. Todd then put forth a plan for the Met.<ref name="NYTimes-Opera-Site-Dropped-1929">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/12/06/94215747.pdf|title=Rockefeller Site For Opera Dropped|date=December 6, 1929|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 10, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=33, map p.&nbsp;34}} Columbia leased the plot to Rockefeller for 87 years at a cost of $3 million per year,<ref name="NYTimes-Opera-Site-Dropped-1929" /> excluding some properties on Fifth Avenue and a strip on Sixth Avenue.<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Buys-Realty-1928" /><ref name="NYTimes-Engineers-Engaged-1929">{{Cite news |date=October 5, 1929 |title=Engineers Engaged For Opera Centre |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/10/05/91961261.pdf |access-date=November 10, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings, and constructing new buildings was estimated at $250 million.{{sfn|Seielstad|1930|page=19}}

Rockefeller hired [[Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray]]; [[Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux]]; and [[Reinhard & Hofmeister]], to design the buildings. They worked under the umbrella of "Associated Architects" so none of the buildings could be attributed to any specific firm.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=334}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}} The principal builder and "managing agent" was John R. Todd, one of the co-founders of Todd, Robertson and Todd.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=32}} The principal architect and leader of the Associated Architects was [[Raymond Hood]], a student of the [[Art Deco]] architectural movement.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=44}}<ref name="nhlsum"/> The other architects included [[Harvey Wiley Corbett]]{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=44}} and [[Wallace Harrison]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Goldberger | first=Paul | title=Wallace Harrison Dead At 86; Rockefeller Center Architect | work=The New York Times | date=December 3, 1981 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/03/obituaries/wallace-harrison-dead-at-86-rockefeller-center-architect.html | access-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> L. Andrew Reinhard and Henry Hofmeister had been hired by John Todd as the "rental architects", who designed the floor plans for the complex.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=58}} The [[Metropolitan Square Corporation]] (the precursor to Rockefeller Center Inc.) was formed in December 1928 to oversee construction.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=9}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=11}}

After the stock market [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|crash of 1929]], the Metropolitan Opera could not afford to move anymore.{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=11}} After the opera plans were canceled on December 6, 1929,<ref name="NYTimes-Opera-Site-Dropped-1929" />{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=11}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=48}} Rockefeller quickly negotiated with [[RCA|Radio Corporation of America (RCA)]] and its subsidiaries, [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company (NBC)]] and [[RKO Pictures|Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO)]], to build a [[mass media]] entertainment complex on the site.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=50}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=29}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=70}} By May 1930, RCA and its affiliates had agreed to develop the site.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=53}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=142}} Todd released a new plan "G-3" in January 1930, followed by an "H plan" that March.{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=11}} Another plan, announced in March 1931,{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=57}}{{sfn|Popular Mechanics|1932|pages=252–253}} received mostly negative feedback from the public.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=180–182}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=36}} The design of the complex was affected greatly by the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], which required [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to all high street-side exterior walls of New York City buildings in order to increase sunlight for city streets.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=16–17}}{{Efn|As per the 1916 Zoning Act, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportionate to the street's width, at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion. This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level's floor area was 25% that of the ground level's area. After that 25% threshold was reached, the building could rise without restriction.{{sfn|Kayden|Municipal Art Society|2000|p=8}} This law was superseded by the [[1961 Zoning Resolution]].{{sfn|Kayden|Municipal Art Society|2000|pp=11–12}}|name=zoning}} The plan also included rooftop gardens<ref name="NYSun-Plans-Revised-1931">{{cite news |date=August 24, 1931 |title=Plans Revised For Radio City |page=20 |work=The New York Sun |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25208099.pdf |access-date=November 16, 2017 |via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1931">{{Cite news |last=Hood |first=Raymond |date=August 23, 1931 |title=The Babylonian Dream Soon to Be Made Reality in Radio City Is Seen by the Architects as a Huge Experiment Holding the Possibility of a Completely Transformed Metropolis |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/08/23/118418603.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and a recessed central plaza.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=61–62}}<ref name="NYTimes-Roof-Bridges-1932">{{cite news |date=March 19, 1932 |title=Rockefeller Centre To Have Roof Bridges |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/03/19/100696666.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NYSun-Plans-Revised-1931" /> The International Complex, announced in 1931, replaced an earlier plan for an oval retail building;{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=92}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=44}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=59}} its name was derived by the British, French, and Italian tenants who eventually occupied it.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=87}}{{sfn|International Building Landmark Designation|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=69}}

During early planning, the development was often referred to as "Radio City",{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=11}} "Rockefeller City", or "Metropolitan Square" (after the Metropolitan Square Corporation).<ref name="The New York Times 1931">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/21/98091856.pdf|title=Radio City to Bear the Name of Rockefeller; Formal Title Will Be Chosen in a Few Days|date=December 21, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ivy Lee, the [[Rockefeller family]]'s publicity adviser, suggested changing the name to "Rockefeller Center". John Rockefeller Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, but was persuaded on the grounds that the name would attract far more tenants.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|page=258}} The name was formally changed in December 1931.<ref name="The New York Times 1931" /> Over time, the appellation of "Radio City" devolved from describing the entire complex to just the complex's western section,{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} and by 1937, only the [[Radio City Music Hall]] contained the "Radio City" name.<ref name=SRW-Radio-City-1937>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2520-%25206215.pdf|title=Mystery on Sixth Ave.|last=Miller|first=Moscrip|date=1937|work=[[Screen & Radio Weekly]] |access-date=November 10, 2017|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref>

===Construction===
For the project, 228 buildings on the site were razed and some 4,000 tenants relocated.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|Glancy|1992|p=428}} Demolition of the properties began in 1930.{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} All of the buildings' leases had been bought by August 1931,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/08/21/102256674.pdf|title=Radio City Hold-Out Won By Two Icemen; Pop Was Only Runner-Up In Old Tenants' Endurance Test, Final Count Reveals. Abdication Is Complete Rockefeller Interests Settle With Cellar Merchants And Wreckers Move On Last Stronghold.|date=August 21, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though there were some tenants on the western and southeastern edges of the plot who refused to leave their property, and Rockefeller Center was built around [[Rockefeller Center#Pre-existing buildings|these buildings]].{{sfn|Alpern|Durst|1996|pp=38, 40}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=93–94, map p.&nbsp;92}} Excavation of the Sixth Avenue side of the complex began in July 1931,<ref name="NYTimes-Digging-1931">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/07/26/118214933.pdf|title='Radio City' Digging To Begin Tomorrow|date=July 26, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and construction on the first buildings, Radio City Music Hall and the [[Center Theatre (New York City)|Center Theatre]], began later that year.{{sfn|Radio City Music Hall Landmark Designation|1978|p=4}}<ref name=NYSun-Roxy-New-Mood-1932>{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201932%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201932%2520-%25206106.pdf|title=Roxy Presents New Mood|last=Gilligan|first=Edmund|date=November 29, 1932|work=The New York Sun|access-date=November 11, 2017|page=20|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref> {{Convert|14,000,000|ft3|m3|disp=|spell=In}} of [[Indiana Limestone]] were ordered for the project in December 1931, the largest such order at the time.<ref name="NYTimes-Limestone-1931">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/24/98349941.pdf|title=Radio City Towers To Be Of Limestone|date=December 24, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Rockefeller Center, December 1933.jpg|thumb|Construction progress in December 1933]]

The RKO Building was the first structure to be completed, in September 1932,<ref name=TarrytownDN-RKO-Complete-1932>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FTarrytown%2520Ny%2520Daily%2520News%2FTarrytown%2520Ny%2520Daily%2520News%25201932%2FTarrytown%2520Ny%2520Daily%2520News%25201932%2520-%25202981.pdf|title=Nelson Rockefeller To Address Skyscraper Workers Tomorrow|date=September 19, 1932|work=Tarrytown Daily News|access-date=November 10, 2017|page=16|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref> followed by the Music Hall in December 1932<ref name=DailyArgus-Music-Hall-1932>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25200398.pdf|title=Mount Vernon Shares Glory At Opening Of Radio City Music Hall In New York|date=December 28, 1932|work=Daily Argus|location=[[Mount Vernon, New York]]|access-date=November 10, 2017|page=16|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Music-Hall-1932">{{cite news | title=Music Hall Marks New Era In Design; Many Traditions In Building Of Theatres Cast Aside For Modern Devices. Color Lighting Featured Effects Of Decorative Scheme Are Dependent On An Elaborate System Of Illumination. |work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 | date=December 28, 1932 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/12/28/105940014.pdf | access-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref> and the [[British Empire Building]] in April 1933.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=93}} The RCA Building's opening was delayed from May 1 to mid-May because of a controversy over ''[[Man at the Crossroads]]'', a painting in the building's lobby, which was later covered up and removed.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=185}}  A new street through the complex, Rockefeller Plaza, was constructed in stages between 1933<ref name=NYTimes-Rockefeller-Plaza-1933>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/01/16/105381760.pdf|title=' Rockefeller Plaza' Joins City Directory; Center's New Street and Promenade Named|date=January 16, 1933|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and 1937.<ref name="NYTimes-TimeLife-Opening-1937">{{cite news | title=Rockefeller Unit Ready For Opening | work=The New York Times | date=March 31, 1937 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/03/31/94347746.pdf | access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree|The complex's famed Christmas tree]] in the center of the plaza was erected for the first time in December 1933,<ref name="NYTimes-Tree-1934">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/12/19/94589225.pdf|title=Rockefeller Center Gets A 70-Foot Tree; Holiday Musical Programs To Be Presented At Huge Spruce Set Up In Plaza.|date=December 19, 1934|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the complex's [[Prometheus (Manship)|Prometheus]] statue was constructed in May 1934.<ref name="NYTimes-Prometheus-1934">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/01/10/94483422.pdf|title=Statue in Center Plaza; Giant Figure of Prometheus Set at Rockefeller Fountain.|date=January 10, 1934|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By July 1934, the complex had leased 80% of the available space in the six buildings that were already opened.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=88}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/07/27/95489927.pdf|title=Tenants Flock To 5th Av. Centre; Six Rockefeller Buildings In Big Development 80 Per Cent Rented. Forecast Is Exceeded Result Is Held to Show That Business Situation Is Fundamentally Sound.|date=July 27, 1934|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:Lunch atop a Skyscraper - Charles Clyde Ebbets.jpg|thumb|The iconic photograph ''[[Lunch atop a Skyscraper]]'' depicts workers resting for a meal during the construction of [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]].]]
Work on two more internationally themed retail buildings and a larger, 38-story, {{Convert|512|ft|m|adj=on}} "International Building", started in September 1934. One of the two small buildings was already rented to Italian interests.<ref name="NYTimes-Plans-1934">{{cite news | title=Rockefeller Units To Cost $8,000,000; Plans Filed For Buildings On Fifth Avenue Between 50th And 51st Sts. One Is 38-Story Edifice Foreign Groups Due To Occupy Twin Seven-Story Structures On Avenue Frontage.|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 | date=May 9, 1934 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/05/09/95045296.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref> The final small building would have been rented by Germany, but Rockefeller ruled this out in 1934 after noticing [[Nazism|National Socialist extremism]] from the country's government.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=205}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=69}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=283–284}} The empty office site was downsized and became the "International Building North", rented by various international tenants.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=129}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=285}} In April 1935, developers opened the International Building and its wings.{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}<ref name="NYTimes-Skyscraper-Record-1935">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/06/26/101514708.pdf|title=New Skyscraper Record; Rockefeller Center Units Notable for Construction Speed.|date=June 26, 1935|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201935%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201935%2520-%25202219.pdf|title=463 Leases in Center|date=June 1, 1935|work=New York Sun|access-date=November 11, 2017|page=43|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref>

The underground pedestrian mall and ramp system between 48th and 51st streets was finished in early May.<ref name="NYTimes-Tunnels-1935">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/05/04/95502907.pdf|title=Rockefeller City Finishes Tunnels|date=May 4, 1935|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1936, an ice skating rink replaced the unprofitable retail space on the lower plaza, below ground level.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=358–359}}<ref name=pbs>{{Cite AV media|url=http://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-rockefellers/|title=WGBH American Experience . The Rockefellers|website=American Experience|access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes-Skating-Pond-1936>{{cite news | title=Skating Pond to Open On Rockefeller Plaza | work=The New York Times | date=December 10, 1936 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/10/85441848.pdf | access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>

The 36-story Time & Life Building,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=197}}{{efn|The "Time-Life Building" appellation would later apply to [[1271 Avenue of the Americas]], also located in the Rockefeller Center,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=112}} which opened in 1959.<ref name="NYTimes-Time-1959"/> Afterward, the original Time & Life Building became known as [[1 Rockefeller Plaza]].{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=112}}}} named for anchor tenant [[Time Inc.]],<ref name="NYTimes-Time-Moving-1938"/> was completed in November 1936,{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Steel Work Finished On Rockefeller Unit; Frame for 36-Story Building Is Completed in 43 Days, a Record for Speed. | work=The New York Times | date=November 28, 1936 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/11/28/93534140.pdf | access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> replacing an empty plot on the southern block that had been used for vehicle parking.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=219}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=338}} Eleven buildings had been completed by 1937 at a total cost of over $100 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/01/19/101018623.pdf|title=Rockefeller Will Finish Center At Once to Provide New Jobs|date=1938|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 14, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A building for [[Associated Press]] on the northern block's empty lot,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=94}} which had been reserved for the Metropolitan Opera house,<ref name=NYTimes-Abandons-Opera-1937>{{cite news | title=Rockefeller Center Abandons Opera Plans; To Build on Site Long Held for Metropolitan | work=The New York Times | date=May 11, 1937 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/05/11/94373567.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref> was topped out by June 1938<ref name="NYTimes-Steelwork-Finished-1938">{{cite news | title=Steel Work Finished; New 15-Story Unit in Rockefeller Center 'Topped Out' | work=The New York Times | date=June 17, 1938 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/06/17/98151818.pdf | access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> and occupied by December of that year.<ref>{{cite news | title=Associated Press Occupies New Home | work=The New York Times | date=December 19, 1938 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/12/19/98220019.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} The presence of Associated Press and Time Inc. expanded Rockefeller Center's scope from strictly a radio-communications complex to a hub of both radio and print media.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=210}} The Guild, a [[News cinema|newsreel theater]],{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=210}} opened in 1938 along the curve of the truck ramp below the Associated Press Building.<ref name="NYTimes-Film-House-Opens-19382">{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/12/02/98872206.pdf|title=Film House Opens Today; Fourth Unit in Newsreel Chain Is in Rockefeller Center|date=December 2, 1938|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> After Nelson Rockefeller became president of Rockefeller Center in 1938,{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=56}} he fired John Todd as the complex's manager and appointed Hugh Robertson in his place.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=56}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=384}} The Rockefeller family started occupying the 56th floor of the RCA Building,<ref name="Roberts 2014" /> though the offices would later expand to the 54th and 55th floors as well.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=386}}
[[File:1230 Avenue of the Americas.jpg|thumb|1230 Avenue of the Americas (originally the U.S. Rubber Company Building) is the most recently built structure in the original complex.]]
A proposed 16-story building in the center of the southernmost block was leased to [[Eastern Air Lines]] in June 1940.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=97}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Air Lines Taking New Office Space; Rickenbacker Signs Rockefeller Lease During Flight |work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331| date=June 13, 1940 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/13/113092407.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref> Excavation started in October 1938, and the building was topped out by April 1939.<ref>{{cite news | title=New Rockefeller Unit Is 'Topped Out'; Realty Board Foresees Higher Tax Rate|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331| date=April 7, 1939 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/04/07/91561838.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} At the same time, Rockefeller Center Inc. wanted to develop the western half of the southern plot, which was partially occupied by the Center Theatre.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=98}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=231}} The [[United States Rubber Company]] agreed to occupy the plot,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=98–99}} and excavation of the U.S. Rubber Company Building site commenced in May 1939.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/05/03/113345926.pdf|title=Sixth Avenue Corner Site Is Being Cleared For the Final Unit in Rockefeller Center|date=May 3, 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  John Rockefeller installed the building's ceremonial final rivet on November 1, 1939, marking the completion of the original complex.<ref name="NYTimes-Complete-1939">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/11/02/94732871.html|title=Rockefeller Center is Completed as its Creator Pleads for Peace|date=November 2, 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 14, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=393}} However, although the final rivet had been driven, the Eastern Air Lines Building was not completed until October 1940.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=97}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Airline Building Is Dedicated Here; Governors of 17 States Take Part by Pressing Keys | date=October 16, 1940 |work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/10/16/102265018.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref>

The construction of the project employed between 40,000 and 60,000 people.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=189–190}} The complex was the largest private building project ever undertaken in contemporary times.<ref name="roussel">{{harvnb|ps=.|Roussel|2006|page=11}}</ref> Architectural historian [[Carol Herselle Krinsky]] describes the center as "the only large private permanent construction project planned and executed between the start of the Depression and the end of the Second World War".{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=11}} According to writer [[Daniel Okrent]], Rockefeller Center was so extensive that it was said that "you could do anything you wanted except sleep (no hotels), pray (no churches), or not pay rent to [John Rockefeller Jr.]".{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=399}} By fall 1939, the complex had 26,000 tenants and 125,000 daily visitors. That year, 1.3 million people went on a guided tour of Rockefeller Center or visited the RCA Building's observation deck, while 6 million people visited the underground shopping mall, and 7 million saw a performance at Rockefeller Center.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=403}}

===World War II era===
Even before the U.S. officially entered [[World War II]] in 1941, Rockefeller Center was affected by the war.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=403}} The Dutch government had been slated to take up one-fifth of the space at 10 Rockefeller Plaza, but could not do so because of World War II.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=219}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=408}} Seven of the complex's eight travel agencies had to move elsewhere because of the war, and [[William Rhodes Davis]], a tenant who shipped oil to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, was denied a lease renewal in 1941.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=410}} After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, Rockefeller Center Inc. terminated all lease agreements with German, Italian, and Japanese tenants because their respective countries comprised the [[Axis powers]], whom the United States were fighting against.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=411}} Art on [[Palazzo d'Italia]] was taken down because they were seen as being fascist,{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=411}} and the [[Rainbow Room]] was closed to the public from 1943 to 1950.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=413}} Instructions for blackouts and sandbags for extinguishing fires were placed throughout the complex.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=412}} During the war, the RCA Building's Room 3603 became the primary location of the U.S. operations of [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Intelligence]]'s [[British Security Co-ordination]], organized by [[William Stephenson]]. It also served as the office of [[Allen Dulles]], who would later head the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=411}}<ref name="srodes">{{harvnb|ps=.|Srodes|1999|pages=207, 210}}</ref>

Rockefeller Center only became profitable after the last building in the original complex was completed. The complex had incurred $26 million in debt by 1935, which had increased to $39 million by 1940. However, the complex was already 87% rented by 1940, and by the next year, Rockefeller Center was nearly fully rented, making a profit for the first time in its history.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=100}} By 1944, the complex's existing rentable area totaled {{Convert|5,290,000|ft2|m2}}, with 99.7% of the space being leased.<ref name="NYTimes-Plans-Buildings-1944">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/05/04/88600495.pdf|title=Rockefeller Center Plans New Buildings After War; Rockefeller City Plans Expansion|date=May 4, 1944|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because the complex was almost completely rented, Rockefeller Center's managers kept waiting lists of potential tenants, and as a result of the waiting lists, the complex's office space became more desirable to these tenants.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=103}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=417}} Two years later, there were 400 companies who wanted to rent space in Rockefeller Center, and the complex's managers determined that they would need to add {{convert|1,000,000|ft2|m2}} of space in order to house all the prospective tenants. Rockefeller Center was also popular among visitors: for instance, the lines to enter one of the Music Hall's five daily shows stretched from Sixth Avenue and 50th Street to Fifth Avenue and 52nd Street, a distance of four blocks.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=417}}

In light of the abundance of possible renters, John Rockefeller Jr. transferred his ownership of the complex to his sons.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=418}} The father collected the $57.5 million loan that Rockefeller Center Inc. owed him, then distributed it to his sons in the form of a tax break. Rockefeller Center eventually became the family's "single largest repository" of wealth.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=422}} In 1950, Rockefeller Center Inc. paid the last installment of the $65 million mortgage owed to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Three years later, the complex was making $5 million per year in profit, excluding the tax breaks.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=424}}

=== Post-World War II expansion ===
[[File:75 Rockefeller Plaza.jpg|thumb|[[75 Rockefeller Plaza]], built in 1947]]
Rockefeller Center Inc. had started working on plans to expand the complex during World War II, even though the outbreak of the war had stopped almost all civilian construction projects.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=102–103}} In 1943, the complex's managers bought land and buildings on three street corners near the complex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/08/04/83933733.pdf|title=Rockefellers Buy 6th Ave. Buildings; Acquire 3 Valuable Corners Opposite Their Development, Besides Other Properties Deal Stirs Speculation Seen As Part Of Post-War Expansion Plans – Also Linked To Improvement Of Street|date=August 4, 1943|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rockefeller Center unveiled plans for expansion to the southwest and north in 1944.<ref name="NYTimes-Plans-Buildings-1944"/>

[[Esso]] (now Exxon) was one of the tenants who wanted to expand, and the company signaled that it would build its own office tower if Rockefeller Center's managers did not construct a building for them.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=103}} They were given land at the north end of Rockefeller Plaza.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=104}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=424}} In February 1947, the under-construction [[75 Rockefeller Plaza|Esso Building]], at the north end of the existing property, became part of Rockefeller Center after ownership of the building was transferred from the Haswin Corporation to Rockefeller Center, Inc.<ref name="NYTimes-Esso-Part-1947">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/02/05/87505458.pdf|title=Esso Building Is Part Of Rockefeller Center|date=February 5, 1947|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 23, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The building was topped out the next month.<ref name="NYTimes-Esso-Toppedout-1947">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/03/13/87509314.pdf|title=Old Glory 'Tops Out" A New Structure|date=March 13, 1947|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 23, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Hugh Robertson stepped down as manager the next year,{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=425}} and he was replaced by Gustav Eyssell.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=429}}

Some tenants, such as the [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]], indicated that they wanted to leave the complex after their leases expired in 1962–1963 because the original complex's buildings did not have [[air conditioning]], while newer office buildings did. As Columbia University still owned the land underneath the complex, they were tasked with installing air conditioning in the buildings. The new building would add emphasis to any north–south views of the center, since the existing complex's building only formed west–east axes.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=106–107}} Another problem befell Rockefeller Center's key tenants, NBC and RCA, who were approached by other developers with the promise of more leasable space, a commodity that was scarce in the fully leased complex.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=107}} These problems were pushed aside temporarily by the onset of the [[Korean War]] in 1950. By 1951, Columbia had acquiesced to reimbursing Rockefeller Center, Inc., for AC installation, while NBC and RCA were given permission to use the Center Theatre for extra broadcasting space.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=107}}

In 1949, in the face of a shrinking congregation, the St. Nicholas Church leased the church building to the [[Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company]], who then leased three contiguous plots from Rockefeller Center for a proposed 28-story building.{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=2}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=108}} The congregation was dispersed to other churches, and the old church building at Fifth Avenue and 48th Street was subsequently demolished.<ref name="NYTimes-Church-Razed-1949">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/04/01/84203520.pdf|title=St. Nicholas Church to Be Razed To Make W ay for Office Building; To Be Erected On Church Site Long Lease Closes St. Nicholas Fight|date=April 1, 1949|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Construction commenced on 600 Fifth Avenue in 1950, and the tower was completed by 1952.{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=2}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=108}} The building was named after the Sinclair Oil Company, who leased eight floors.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sinclair Is Moving to Skyscraper On Side of Old St. Nicholas Church; Leaving Rockefeller Center, Oil Concern Leases Eight Floors for 21 Years at a Reported Rental of $16,000,000 | work=The New York Times | date=August 4, 1950 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/08/04/305943872.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> As a result of Sinclair's relocation to 600 Fifth Avenue, as well as Esso's relocation to 75 Rockefeller Plaza, NBC and RCA could expand into the space that Sinclair and Esso formerly occupied in the original complex, and they moved out of the Center Theatre shortly after the Sinclair Oil Company moved into its own tower.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=108}} In mid-1953, Columbia bought all of the land along Sixth Avenue that had been owned by the Underel Corporation at a cost of $5.5 million. Rockefeller Center leased the land back from Columbia until 1973 for $200,000 a year.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=108–109}}<ref name=p1322504709>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1322504709}} |title=Columbia Buys Another Rockefeller Center Plot |date=August 13, 1953 |page=8 |work=New York Herald Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cooper|first=Lee E.|date=August 13, 1953|title=Columbia Adds $5,500,000 Land To Its Rockefeller Center Holding; Area Is Bought, Then Rented Back to Sellers, Who Also Get a Longer Lease|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/13/archives/columbia-adds-5500000-land-to-its-rockefeller-center-holding-area.html|access-date=February 14, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This allowed Columbia to install air conditioning, passing the costs on to the remaining tenants in return for lease extensions.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=108–109}}

The small Center Theatre was deemed redundant to the Radio City Music Hall, and in its final years, had been used as an NBC and RCA broadcasting space.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=107}} After NBC and RCA expanded into the floor area formerly occupied by Sinclair, the U.S. Rubber Company indicated that it wanted to expand its office building into the space that was taken up by the underused theater.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=108}} In October 1953, it was announced that the theater would be demolished.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cooper | first=Lee E. | title=Center Theatre to Be Torn Down; Office Building Set for Radio City; 19-Story Office Building to Replace Center Theatre RADIO CITY LOSING CENTER THEATRE | website=The New York Times | date=October 22, 1953 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/10/22/83822791.pdf | access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> It was demolished in 1954.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=424}}<ref name="NYTimes-Skyscraper-Stilts-1954"/>

Time-Life also wanted to expand, as its existing space in 1 Rockefeller Plaza was also becoming insufficient.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=417}}<ref name="NYTimes-Block-Sold-1953"/> In August 1953, Rockefeller Center, Inc., bought a tract of land on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 50th and 51st streets.<ref name="NYTimes-Block-Sold-1953">{{cite web | title=Midtown Block Is Sold; Rockefeller Center Adds '6th' Ave. Land to Holdings | website=The New York Times | date=August 10, 1953 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/08/10/84418200.pdf | access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> In 1956, two years after the demolition of the Center Theatre, officials announced the construction of a new tower, the Time-Life Building, on that plot. The {{convert|500|ft|m|adj=on}}, $7 million building would include connections to the existing passageway system and to Roxy's Theater directly to its west.<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Skyscraper-1956">{{cite news | last=Ennis | first=Thomas W. Jr. | title=Rockefeller Center To Add Skyscraper; 47-Story Building On 6th Ave. Is Set | work=The New York Times | date=December 14, 1956 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/12/14/86966875.pdf | access-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> Time Inc. and Rockefeller Center formed a [[joint venture]], Rock-Time Inc., which would share the tower's rent income between Time Inc. and Rockefeller Center.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=112}} Construction on the Time-Life Building's steelwork started in April 1958,<ref>{{cite news | title=Time-Life Building Gets First Steel | work=The New York Times | date=April 4, 1958 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/04/04/82682657.pdf | access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> and the structure topped out in November of that year.<ref name=NYTimes-Tops-Out-1958/> The building officially opened in December 1959.<ref name="NYTimes-Time-1959">{{cite web | title=Time's Tenants Begin Moving In; Finishing Touches Are Put on 48-Story Structure, Rising 587 Feet | website=The New York Times | date=December 22, 1959 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/22/archives/times-tenants-begin-moving-in-finishing-touches-are-put-on-48story.html | access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref>

Around 1960, Rockefeller Center, [[Uris Buildings Corporation]], and [[Webb and Knapp]] formed another joint venture, Rock-Uris Corp. Originally, the venture wanted to construct a hotel to the west of 75 Rockefeller Center, but ultimately, a glass-and-concrete 43-story office building was built on the site.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=114}} In 1961, the building was named after [[Sperry Corporation]], who leased eight floors in the future building.<ref>{{cite news | title=Building Is Named For Sperry Rand; Office Structure on 6th Ave. Will Be Called After Principal Lessee | work=The New York Times | date=March 13, 1961 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/03/13/101451043.pdf | access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> The hotel, [[New York Hilton Midtown|New York Hilton at Rockefeller Center]], was built two blocks north{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=114}} in 1963.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/26/81817110.pdf|title=New Hilton Hotel Will Open Today; 46-Story Building Added to Changing Midtown Face Other New Hiltons Opened|date=June 26, 1963|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 29, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:New York 2015 - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|[[1251 Avenue of the Americas]] (1965). [[1221 Avenue of the Americas|1221]] (1966) and [[1211 Avenue of the Americas|1211]] (1968) are visible to the left and far left, respectively.]]
600 Fifth Avenue was sold to Rockefeller Center's managers in 1963, thus officially becoming part of Rockefeller Center.<ref name="NYTimes-Sinclair-Sold-1963">{{cite web | title=Sinclair Building on 5th Ave. Sold; Rockefeller Center Buys Structure for 9 Million | work=The New York Times | date=May 16, 1963 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/16/84796606.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> The same year, officials from Esso (later renamed [[Exxon]]) proposed a new building for the complex because the company had outgrown the space in the buildings it already occupied.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Krinsky|1978|p=116}}</ref> Rockefeller Center's managers hired the architectural firm [[Harrison & Abramovitz]] to design three new towers on the west side of Sixth Avenue, with one tower on each block between 47th and 50th streets.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=117}} The Exxon Building, at [[1251 Avenue of the Americas]] between 49th and 50th streets, was formally announced in August 1967.<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Skyscraper-1967">{{cite web | title=Rockefeller Center To Add Skyscraper; Rockefeller Center to Get Skyscraper | work=The New York Times | date=August 30, 1967 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/08/30/90399002.pdf | access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> Three months later, officials also announced plans for a tower housing [[S&P Global|McGraw-Hill]], located one block south at [[1221 Avenue of the Americas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/11/28/140510322.pdf|title=McGraw-Hill Plans a 48-Story Tower; Razing Progresses A Publishing Giant|date=November 28, 1967|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 29, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Plans for a tower anchored by [[Celanese]], to be located at [[1211 Avenue of the Americas]] between 47th and 48th streets, would not be revealed until 1970.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/16/archives/celanese-to-build-skyscraper-in-rockefeller-center-complex.html|title=Celanese to Build Skyscraper In Rockefeller Center Complex|last=Fowler|first=Glenn|date=September 16, 1970|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 29, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Exxon Building opened in 1971, followed by the McGraw-Hill Building in 1973 and the Celanese Building in 1974.{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=127}} By the time all three of the new buildings were opened, Rockefeller Center contained 7% of [[Manhattan]]'s {{Convert|250,000,000|ft2|m2}} of leasable office space.<ref name=NYTimes-Expansion-1974/>

=== 1970s and 1980s ===
[[File:RockefellerLandmark.JPG|thumb|Rockefeller Center's landmark plaque]]
600 Fifth Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza received renovations in the early 1970s. Unlike in the rest of the complex, where different components were renovated one at a time to avoid disturbing tenants, the two structures were renovated all at once because their space was largely vacant.<ref name="Horsley 1973">{{cite web|last=Horsley|first=Carter B.|title=Two Buildings Get A Major Overhaul At Rockefeller Center|website=The New York Times|date=April 8, 1973|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/two-buildings-get-a-major-overhaul-at-rockefeller-center-2.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> Rockefeller Center Inc. renewed their lease on the complex in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaiser|first=Charles|title=The Truth Is, Columbia Owns Rockefeller Center Buildings, Too|website=The New York Times|date=March 21, 1976|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/21/archives/the-truth-is-columbia-owns-rockefeller-center-buildings-too.html|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

Through the 1960s, the Music Hall was successful regardless of the status of the city's economic, business, or entertainment sectors as a whole.  However, by the early 1970s, the proliferation of closed-captioned foreign movies had reduced attendance at the Music Hall. The first round of staff and performer firings began in 1972.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=429}} By January 1978, the Music Hall was in debt,<ref name="Oelsner 1978">{{cite web|last=Oelsner|first=Lesley|title=Efforts to Save-Music Hall Started|website=The New York Times|date=January 7, 1978|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/07/archives/efforts-to-save-music-hall-started-public-and-private-efforts-to.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Ferretti 1978">{{cite web|last=Ferretti|first=Fred|title=Agreement Reached on Radio City Tower|website=The New York Times|date=April 7, 1978|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/07/archives/agreement-reached-on-radio-city-tower-rentals-from-the-20story.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> and the hall's annual attendance had declined to 1.5 million visitors,{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=430}} down from 5 million in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shepard|first=Richard F.|title=Music Hall to Be Restored|website=The New York Times|date=April 19, 1979|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/19/archives/music-hall-to-be-restored-new-show-format-set-restoration-to-start.html|access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> Officials stated that it could not remain open after April.<ref name="Oelsner 1978" /> A [[grassroots lobbying|grassroots]] campaign formed the [[Showpeople's Committee to Save Radio City Music Hall]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grantz|first1=Roberta B.|last2=Cook|first2=Joy|title=Music Hall: Krupsak blames regime for woes|work=New York Post|page=8|date=March 14, 1978}}</ref> After several weeks of lobbying, the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) designated the theater as an interior city landmark in March,<ref>{{cite web|last=McDowell|first=Edwin|title=Interior of Music Hall Designated As Landmark Despite Objections|website=The New York Times|date=March 29, 1978|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/29/archives/interior-of-music-hall-designated-as-landmark-despite-objections.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> followed by a [[National Register of Historic Places]] listing in May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radio City In National Register|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/13/archives/radio-city-in-national-register.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 13, 1978|access-date=November 23, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The hall was set to close on April 12,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|title=About New York|website=The New York Times|date=March 1, 1978|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/01/archives/about-new-york-rockettes-alive-and-kicking-as-music-halls-end-nears.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> but five days before the planned closing date, the [[Empire State Development Corporation]] voted to create a nonprofit subsidiary to lease the Music Hall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agreement With U.D.C. Keeps Music Hall Open Indefinitely|website=The New York Times|date=April 13, 1978|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/13/archives/agreement-with-udc-keeps-music-hall-open-indefinitely.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref>

A ''New York Times'' report in 1982 stated that Rockefeller Center had been popular among tenants from its inception, being almost fully rented for much of the first half-century of its existence.<ref name="Prial 1982"/> The major exception was in the 1970s, when it was only 85&nbsp;percent rented.<ref name="Prial 1982"/><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 576"/> However, Rockefeller Center was not popular as an entertainment complex, having been used for mainly commercial purposes through its history.<ref name="Prial 1982">{{cite web|last=Prial|first=Frank J.|title=22 Acres Of Real Estate That Generate Millions|website=The New York Times|date=June 17, 1982|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/17/nyregion/22-acres-of-real-estate-that-generate-millions.html|access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> The LPC held hearings in 1983 to determine how much of Rockefeller Center should be protected as a landmark.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lake |first=Katharine |date=April 18, 1983 |title=Rockefeller Center landmarking proposed |page=106 |work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com  |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97567070/rockefeller-center-landmarking/ |access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> The Rockefeller family and Columbia University acknowledged that the buildings were already symbolically landmarks, but their spokesman [[John E. Zuccotti]] recommended that only a small section (including the RCA Building, Lower Plaza, and Channel Gardens) should be protected. By contrast, almost everyone else who supported Rockefeller Center's landmark status recommended that the entire complex be landmarked.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=September 21, 1983|title=Rockefeller Center: a 'Jewel' but Is All of It a Landmark?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/21/nyregion/rockefeller-center-a-jewel-but-is-all-of-it-a-landmark.html|access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wiener |first=Caryn Eve |date=September 21, 1983 |title=6-Block Landmark Viewed as Too Costly |page=25 |work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com  |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97567027/6-block-landmark-viewed-as-too/ |access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 576">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=576}}</ref> The LPC granted landmark status to the exteriors of all of the original complex's buildings, as well as the interiors of the International Building's and 30 Rockefeller Plaza's lobbies, on April 23, 1985.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 576"/>{{sfn|Glancy|1992|p=426}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=270–271}} In its approval of the complex's landmark status, the commission wrote, "Rockefeller Center ranks among the grandest architectural projects ever undertaken in the United States".{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=269}} The buildings became a [[National Historic Landmark]] two years later.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv">{{harvnb|ps=.|Pitts|1987}}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=87002591|photos=y}}| title=Rockefeller Center&nbsp;– Accompanying photos, c.1933 to c.1986| date=January 23, 1987| publisher=National Park Service| access-date=March 6, 2014}}</ref> The [[United States Department of the Interior]] wrote in its report that the center was "one of the most successful urban planning projects in the history of American architecture".{{sfn|Pitts|1987|p=3}}{{sfn|Glancy|1992|p=427}}

Columbia University was not making enough money from Rockefeller Center leases by the 1970s, since a series of negotiations with Rockefeller Center Inc. (now Rockefeller Group) had effectively reduced the annual lease payment to $11 million. The university's funds had dwindled so much that by 1972, their expenses were paid for by their endowment fund.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=428}}  In 1983, Columbia University started looking to sell the land beneath Rockefeller Center.<ref name="Dowd 1985"/> Two years later, Columbia agreed to sell the land to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million.<ref name="Dowd 1985">{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Columbia Is To Get $400 Million In Rockefeller Center Land Sale|work=The New York Times|date=February 6, 1985|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/06/nyregion/colombia-is-to-get-400-million-in-rockefeller-center-land-sale.html|access-date=December 11, 2017}}</ref> The Rockefeller Group immediately set out to modernize many aspects of the complex.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=431}} The Rainbow Room was closed for a $20 million restoration and expansion that brought the restaurant's floor area to {{convert|4500|sqft|m2}},<ref>{{cite news|last=Giovannini|first=Joseph|title=Rainbow Room: Re-creating the Glamour|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/07/style/rainbow-room-re-creating-the-glamour.html|access-date=November 3, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 7, 1987}}</ref> and it reopened in December 1987.<ref>{{Cite news|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/20/arts/architecture-view-the-new-rainbow-room-s-wonderful.html|title=Architecture View; The New Rainbow Room: S'Wonderful!|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=December 20, 1987|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 9, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The RCA Building's observation deck was subsequently closed because the Rainbow Room's expansion eliminated the only passageway to the observatory's elevator bank.<ref name="NYTimes-RCA-Summit-1986">{{Cite news|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/18/nyregion/a-quiet-place-at-rca-s-summit-drifts-onto-the-pages-of-the-past.html|title=A Quiet Place at Rca's Summit Drifts Onto the Pages of the Past|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=June 18, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 7, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In mid-1988, the RCA Building was renamed the GE Building.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 578"/><ref name="Hevesi">{{cite news|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|title=30 Rock? RCA? NBC? No, G.E.!|work=The New York Times|date=July 14, 1988|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/14/nyregion/30-rock-rca-nbc-no-ge.html|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> [[Mitsubishi Estate Co.|Mitsubishi Estate]], a real estate company of the [[Mitsubishi|Mitsubishi Group]], purchased the Rockefeller Group in 1989.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 578">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=578}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cole|first=Robert J.|title=Japanese Buy New York Cachet With Deal for Rockefeller Center|work=The New York Times|date=October 31, 1989|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/31/business/japanese-buy-new-york-cachet-with-deal-for-rockefeller-center.html|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref>

===1990s to present===
{{plain image with caption|Rockefeller Center logo.svg|Official logo of Rockefeller Center}}

The Rockefeller Group filed for bankruptcy protection in May 1995 after missing several mortgage payments.<ref name="p398480359">{{cite news |last1=Pacelle |first1=Mitchell |last2=Lipin |first2=Steven |date=May 12, 1995 |title=Japanese owner seeks court protection for Manhattan's Rockefeller Center |page=A3 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|398480359}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1995-05-12">{{Cite news |last=Hansell |first=Saul |date=May 12, 1995 |title=For the Rockefellers, a Deal Falls Short Only by Inches |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/12/business/for-the-rockefellers-a-deal-falls-short-only-by-inches.html |access-date=March 11, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That November, John Rockefeller Jr.'s son [[David Rockefeller|David]] and a consortium led by [[Goldman Sachs]] agreed to buy Rockefeller Center's buildings for $1.1 billion,<ref name="n97393958">{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Peter |date=November 8, 1995 |title=Rock Ctr. stays in family |pages=42, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97394035/ 43] |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97393958/rock-ctrpeter-grant/ |access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> beating out [[Sam Zell]] and other bidders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Peter |date=March 22, 1996 |title=Zell's Rock bid crumbles |page=671 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97393934/zells-rock-bid-crumblespeter-grant/ |access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> The consortium, which also included [[Gianni Agnelli]] and [[Stavros Niarchos]], finalized its acquisition in July 1996.<ref name=memoirs/> Before the sale was even completed, the consortium sold {{convert|1,600,000|ft2|m2}} of space in 30 Rockefeller Plaza to NBC, who had rented that space in the tower since the beginning.<ref name=NYTimes-NBC-Space-1996>{{cite web |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |title=NBC Will Buy Rockefeller Center Space |website=The New York Times |date=May 4, 1996 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/04/business/nbc-will-buy-rockefeller-center-space.html |access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> A preservation dispute arose in May 1998, when the owners announced plans to enlarge shop windows on the center's Fifth Avenue buildings to two stories.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 579">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=579}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=May 6, 1998 |title=Preservationists Criticize Rockefeller Center Renovation Plan |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/06/nyregion/preservationists-criticize-rockefeller-center-renovation-plan.html |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> These windows were reduced in size upon the LPC's request,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 580">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=580}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=David W. |date=July 1, 1998 |title=Concerns on Rockefeller Center Plans |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/01/nyregion/concerns-on-rockefeller-center-plans.html |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> and the modifications were approved in September 1998.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 580"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Monte |date=September 16, 1998 |title=Rockefeller Center Plans Approved |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/16/nyregion/rockefeller-center-plans-approved.html |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Due to the decline of the newsreel theater industry, the Guild was shuttered in late 1999 after Tishman Speyer decided not to renew its lease.<ref name=NYTimes-Closes-Theater-1999>{{cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |title=Rockefeller Center Quietly Closes Theater |website=The New York Times |date=October 19, 1999 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/19/nyregion/rockefeller-center-quietly-closes-theater.html |access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref>

[[Tishman Speyer]], led by David Rockefeller's close friend [[Jerry Speyer]] and the [[Lester Crown|Lester Crown family]] of Chicago, bought the original 14 buildings and land in 2000 for $1.85 billion.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 578"/><ref name=memoirs>{{harvnb|ps=.|Rockefeller|2002| page=479}}</ref><ref name="Bagli 2000">{{cite web |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |title=Era Closes at Rockefeller Center With $1.85 Billion Deal on Sale |website=The New York Times |date=December 22, 2000 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/nyregion/era-closes-at-rockefeller-center-with-1.85-billion-deal-on-sale.html |access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> With the sale, the Rockefeller family gave up its remaining interest in Rockefeller Center's operation.<ref name="Bagli 2000"/> Tishman Speyer also decided to renovate the complex's retail spaces and underground concourse.<ref name="Collins 1999"/> The Rainbow Room closed in 2009<ref>{{cite web |last=Dominus |first=Susan |title=Big City – Rockefeller Center Club Follows Rainbow Room in Closing |work=The New York Times |date=June 20, 2009 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/20/nyregion/20bigcity.html |access-date=February 19, 2018}}</ref> in preparation for an extensive renovation that started in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Rebecca |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2011/07/rainbow_room_ge.php |title=Somebody Is Finally Paying Attention to the Rainbow Room – New York Restaurants and Dining – Fork in the Road |publisher=Blogs.villagevoice.com |date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=May 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706232437/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2011/07/rainbow_room_ge.php |archive-date=July 6, 2012}}</ref> The restaurant reopened in October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/rainbow-room-reopens-top-30-rockefeller-plaza-article-1.1964362 |title=Rainbow Room reopens at top of 30 Rockefeller Plaza after five years |access-date=December 10, 2017 |date=October 5, 2014 |agency=Associated Press |location=New York}}</ref> The Rockefeller family moved out of their offices in the GE Building in 2014 due to rising rents. They re-settled in less expensive offices on 49th Street, near their old headquarters.<ref name="Roberts 2014">{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Sam |title=Why Are Rockefellers Moving From 30 Rock? 'We Got a Deal' |website=The New York Times |date=November 24, 2014 |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/nyregion/why-are-rockefellers-moving-from-30-rock-we-got-a-deal.html |access-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> The next year, in July 2015, the GE Building was renamed after [[Comcast]], the parent company of [[NBCUniversal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=30 Rock officially renamed Comcast Building |website=am New York |date=July 1, 2015 |url=https://www.amny.com/news/30-rock-officially-renamed-comcast-building-with-corporate-sign-to-light-up-wednesday-1.10600082 |access-date=December 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/comcast-building-30-rock-nbc-peacock-311241431.html |title=30 Rock Officially Renamed Comcast Building; NBC Peacock Lights Up NYC Skyline for First Time in History |publisher=NBCUniversal Media LLC |date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref> [[Future Green]] installed temporary artwork in the Channel Gardens in 2019 to celebrate the 250th anniversary of David Hosack's birth.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ochs |first1=Caitlin |last2=Libbey |first2=Peter |date=May 5, 2019 |title=Rockefeller Center Digs Up Its Bucolic Roots |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/05/arts/rockefeller-gardens.html |access-date=February 26, 2022}}</ref>

In January 2020, Tishman Speyer hired Gabellini Sheppard Associates to design a renovation for Channel Gardens, Rockefeller Plaza, and the Lower Plaza. These plans included modifications to lighting, planting, pathways, and facades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Sebastian |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Tishman Speyer and Gabellini Sheppard Associates Reimagine Rockefeller Plaza |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/01/tishman-speyer-and-gabellini-sheppard-associates-reimagine-rockefeller-plaza.html |access-date=March 16, 2022 |website=New York YIMBY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ricciulli 2020">{{cite web |last=Ricciulli |first=Valeria |title=Rockefeller Center's public plaza could get a major revamp |website=Curbed NY |date=January 15, 2020 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2020/1/15/21065977/rockefeller-center-nyc-renovation-landmarks-preservation-commission |access-date=March 16, 2022}}</ref> The plans were approved that April.<ref name="Gannon 2020">{{cite web |last=Gannon |first=Devin |title=Rockefeller Center revamp gets Landmarks approval |website=6sqft |date=April 28, 2020 |url=https://www.6sqft.com/rockefeller-center-revamp-gets-landmarks-approval/ |access-date=March 16, 2022}}</ref> Gabellini Sheppard also proposed renovating the International Building's lobby.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Sebastian |date=June 22, 2020 |title=Gabellini Sheppard Associates Reveals Next Phase of Renovations At 45 Rockefeller Plaza In Midtown, Manhattan |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/06/gabellini-sheppard-associates-reveal-next-phase-of-renovations-at-45-rockefeller-plaza-in-midtown-manhattan.html |access-date=March 16, 2022 |website=New York YIMBY |language=en-US}}</ref> A rooftop garden above Radio City Music Hall opened in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Park, an Idyllic Rooftop Garden, Opens Above Radio City Music Hall |website=Rockefeller Center |url=https://www.rockefellercenter.com/magazine/arts-culture/radio-park-an-idyllic-rooftop-garden-opens-above-radio-city-music-hall/ |first=Emily |last=Sokolow |date=September 15, 2021 |access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> Starting in 2022, a roller rink called [[Flipper's Roller Boogie Palace]] was set up in the Lower Plaza from April to October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yakas |first=Ben |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Get ready to boogie oogie oogie at Rockefeller Center's new roller rink |url=https://gothamist.com/ |access-date=March 16, 2022 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blasberg |first=Derek |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Rockefeller Center's Iconic Rink Flips to a Super-Luxe Roller-Skating Venue This Summer |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rockefeller-center-roller-skating-11647346373 |access-date=March 16, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In addition, 19 eateries opened within Rockefeller Center during the early 2020s, including 12 [[sit-down restaurant]]s.<ref name=nyt-2022-12-12>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Pete |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Rockefeller Center Is the New York Restaurant Event of the Year |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/dining/rockefeller-center-restaurants.html |access-date=December 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In April 2023, Tishman Speyer proposed renovating ten of 10 Rockefeller Plaza's upper stories into a 130-room hotel.<ref name="wsj-2023-04-17">{{Cite news |last=King |first=Kate |date=2023-04-17 |title=Rockefeller Center Strikes Deal for Luxury Hotel by Aspen Hospitality |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rockefeller-center-strikes-deal-for-luxury-hotel-by-aspen-hospitality-group-432029fe |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name="Rebong 2023">{{cite web |last=Rebong |first=Kevin |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Tishman Speyer Eyeing Luxury Hotel at Rockefeller Center |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2023/04/17/tishman-speyer-eyes-luxury-hotel-at-rockefeller-center/ |access-date=June 16, 2023 |website=The Real Deal}}</ref> At the time, 93 percent of the complex's office space was leased, but the offices were largely empty during workdays.<ref name="Rebong 2023"/> An event venue named Hero opened at Rockefeller Center that November.<ref name="Rahmanan 2023 c374">{{cite web |last=Rahmanan |first=Anna |title=Look inside the new immersive exhibition space under Rockefeller Center |website=Time Out New York |date=November 3, 2023 |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/look-inside-the-new-immersive-exhibition-space-under-rockefeller-center-110323 |access-date=November 4, 2023}}</ref> The Rockefeller Group also renovated the complex in the mid-2020s, adding restaurants and stores,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rockefeller Center Reinvention Aims to Buck Midtown Malaise |url=https://www.wsj.com/real-estate/commercial/rockefeller-center-reinvention-aims-to-buck-midtown-malaise-64b986b8 |first=Kate |last=King |date=Aug 20, 2024 |access-date=Aug 20, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> and Tishman Speyer refinanced Rockefeller Center in October 2024 with a $3.5 billion loan.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tishman snags $3.5B refi for Rockefeller Center | website=The Real Deal | date=October 21, 2024 | url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/10/21/tishman-snags-3-5b-refi-for-rockefeller-center/ | access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Elstein | first=Aaron | title=Rockefeller Center nears $3.5B refinancing at a steep price | website=Crain&#039;s New York Business | date=October 16, 2024 | url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/rockefeller-center-close-massive-mortgage-refinancing | access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref>

==Buildings==
{{Rockefeller Center map}}
The current complex is a combination of two building complexes and a standalone building: 13 of the original Art Deco office buildings from the 1930s, one building across 51st Street built in 1947, and a set of four [[International style (architecture)|International-style]] towers built along the west side of [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Avenue of the Americas]] during the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=325–327}} The center spans {{convert|22|acre|ha}} in total, with some {{Convert|17,000,000|ft2|m2}} in office space.<ref name="Prial 1982"/>

===Landmarked buildings===
The landmarked buildings comprise {{convert|12|acre|m2}} in Midtown, bounded by [[Fifth Avenue|Fifth]] and [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Sixth]] avenues between 48th and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st]] streets.<ref>{{cite book | last=Stewart | first=J. | title=Gotham Rising: New York in the 1930s | publisher=I. B. Tauris, Limited | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-78453-529-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxG3DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 | access-date=November 23, 2017 | page=xviii}}</ref> Built as a cohesive unit,{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=334}} the buildings have been owned by Tishman Speyer since 2000.<ref name="Bagli 2000"/> The buildings are spread along six blocks, with three blocks facing each avenue. These six blocks are the size of three standard blocks.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=4}} One of the landmark buildings' defining features is the Indiana limestone facade possessed by all 14 structures, as specified in the original plans.<ref name="NYTimes-Limestone-1931"/>{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=325}} All of the structures were designed by Associated Architects,{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=334}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}}{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=12}} with Raymond Hood as the principal architect,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=44}} and are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nhlsum"/>

====Radio City====
{{for|more details on the individual buildings|Center Theatre (New York City)|30 Rockefeller Plaza|Radio City Music Hall}}
[[File:GE Building Oct 2005.jpg|thumb|30 Rockefeller Plaza and its former "[[General Electric|GE]]" neon sign]]
The east side of Sixth Avenue, officially known as Avenue of the Americas,<ref>{{cite streetbook|page=24}}</ref> contains most of the buildings that were built specifically for the proposed radio complex. These buildings, which comprise "Radio City", are 1230 Avenue of the Americas, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Radio City Music Hall and 1270 Avenue of the Americas.{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=332}}<ref name=SRW-Radio-City-1937/> The idea for an integrated media complex somewhere came in 1920, when [[Owen D. Young]], the chairman of RCA parent [[General Electric]], suggested that RCA combine its then-disparate offices into one location.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|pp=20–21}}

<span class="anchor" id="1230 Avenue of the Americas"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S. Rubber Company Building"></span><span class="anchor" id="Simon & Schuster Building"></span>The western half of the southernmost block of the complex along Sixth Avenue, between 48th and 49th streets, contains the former U.S. Rubber Company Building (now Simon & Schuster Building) at 1230 Avenue of the Americas.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=326, 327}} The last structure in the original complex to be built,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=98–99}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=231}} it was topped out in November 1939.<ref name=NYTimes-Complete-1939/> The 23-story building contains two 7-story wings on its north and south sides.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=237}} It was renamed after [[Uniroyal]] in 1967,<ref>{{cite news | title=Now it's Uniroyal | work=The New York Times | date=February 28, 1967 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/02/28/83582264.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> and again after [[Simon & Schuster]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sterne | first=Michael | title=Simon & Schuster Takes New Lease on New York | website=The New York Times | date=July 8, 1976 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/08/archives/simon-schuster-takes-new-lease-on-new-york.html | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> 1230 Avenue of the Americas was expanded to the east in 1954 after the [[Center Theatre (New York City)|Center Theatre]] adjacent to it was demolished.<ref name=NYTimes-Skyscraper-Stilts-1954>{{cite news | title=Skyscraper Stands on Stilts Over Wreckers | work=The New York Times | date=October 9, 1954 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/10/09/87483057.pdf | access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> The 19-story annex, designed by Wallace Harrison and [[Max Abramovitz]], had a glass facade on the lowest two stories—reflecting the design of the former American Airlines Building across Sixth Avenue—and a limestone facade above the second story. It is aligned with the axis of [[10 Rockefeller Plaza]] on the eastern side of the block,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=231}} and its northern and southern elevations contain five setbacks.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=237}} The exterior also houses an abstract bas-relief created by [[Naum Gabo]].{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=425}}

<span class="anchor" id="Center Theatre"></span>The Center Theatre, at 1236 Sixth Avenue, was the only structure in the original Rockefeller Center to be demolished.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=326, 327}} Originally the "RKO Roxy Theatre", it was renamed after Fox Theatres sued Roxy Rothafel over the naming rights to the nearby [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]], which Rothafel had originally managed.<ref name="NYTimes-Roxy-Name-1933">{{cite web | title=Old Roxy Keeps Right To Its Name; Circuit Court In 2-To-1 Decision Orders Radio City Theatre To Drop Word. New Appeal Is Planned Rko Permitted To Advertise Its Employment Of Rothafel, But Without Causing Confusion. | work=The New York Times | date=May 16, 1933 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/05/16/105795341.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> The 3,700-seat Center Theatre had a short [[massing]] (general shape) in place due to height restrictions at the time, which prohibited construction above theater auditoriums.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=46}} The theater's stage was enlarged for musicals in 1936, and four years later, 380 seats were removed in order to make way for an ice rink for skating spectaculars.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=231}} It showed film, musicals, ice-skating competitions, and television through its 21-year existence. Due to its duplication of the larger Radio City Music Hall's activities, it was deemed uneconomical almost from its opening,{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=339}} and was considered redundant by the 1950s.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=51}} In 1954, it was replaced by the expansion of 1230 Avenue of the Americas.<ref name=NYTimes-Skyscraper-Stilts-1954/>{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=327}}

<span class="anchor" id="30 Rockefeller Plaza"></span><span class="anchor" id="30 Rockefeller Plaza"></span>The block immediately to the north, on Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets, is occupied by [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] and its western annex at 1250 Sixth Avenue.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The 70-floor, {{convert|872|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building anchors the entire complex, and is located on the eastern side of the block.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=4}} Opened in 1933 as the RCA Building,<ref name="NYTimes-RCA-Ready-1933">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/04/30/105128980.pdf|title=Two Skyscrapers Will Open This Week; RCA and John Street Buildings Ready|date=April 30, 1933|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the building has been renamed multiple times, first to the GE Building in 1988, after [[General Electric]] bought RCA,<ref name="Hevesi"/> and then to the Comcast Building in 2014 after [[Comcast]]'s purchase of NBCUniversal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/06/18/bid_farewell_to_30_rocks_ge_sign_comcast_will_top_the_tower.php#more |title=Bid Farewell to 30 Rock's GE Sign; 'Comcast' Will Top the Tower |date=June 18, 2014 |website=Curbed }}</ref><ref name="Roberts 2014"/> 30 Rockefeller Plaza was built as a single structure occupying the entire block between Sixth Avenue and Rockefeller Plaza, and its design was influenced by John Todd's desire for the building to use its [[air rights]] to their maximum potential.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=59}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=53}} It has three main segments: the 66-story tower rising from the eastern part of the base with the famous [[Rainbow Room]] restaurant on the 65th floor,{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=325}} and, formerly, the Rockefeller family office;<ref name="Roberts 2014"/> a windowless segment in the middle of the base that houses [[NBC Studios (New York City)|NBC Studios]];<ref>{{cite web | title=Contact Us | website=NBCUniversal | url=http://www.nbcuniversal.com/contact-us | access-date=November 16, 2017 | archive-date=September 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903185619/http://www.nbcuniversal.com/contact-us  }}</ref> and a shorter 16-story tower on the western part of the base at 1250 Avenue of the Americas.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=59}} As an icon of the complex, 30 Rockefeller Plaza's architecture influenced the design of the rest of the complex,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=61}} with its limestone facade and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-inspired four-leafed [[spandrel]]s.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=138}}{{sfn|Karp|Gill|1982|p=62}}
[[File:Radio City Music Hall, New York, Manhattan, USA.jpg|thumb|The southwest corner of [[Radio City Music Hall]], as seen diagonally across the intersection of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street]]
<span class="anchor" id="Radio City Music Hall"></span>[[Radio City Music Hall]] at 1260 Avenue of the Americas, occupying the southwestern portion of the block between 50th and 51st streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=325, 326}} The only remaining theater in the complex,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=40}} it was similar in style to the Center Theatre, but at a larger scale.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=46}} Construction started in December 1931,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=40}} and the hall opened in December 1932.<ref name="NYTimes-Music-Hall-1932"/><ref name=DailyArgus-Music-Hall-1932/> The {{convert|121|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} Music Hall seats 6,000 people,<ref name="NYTimes-LastStoneMusicHall-1932">{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/08/11/100787345.pdf|title=Facade 'Topped Out' In Rockefeller Unit; Last Stone Laid On Exterior Of Music Hall – Work On Other Buildings Speeded.|date=August 11, 1932|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> and since opening has seen over 300 million visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Sanfilippo | first=Mike | title=Radio City Music Hall | magazine=New York Magazine | date=November 14, 2017 | url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/radio-city-music-hall/ | access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> Located in a [[niche (architecture)|niche]] adjacent to the neighboring 1270 Avenue of the Americas, the Music Hall is housed under the building's seventh-floor setback.{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=53–54}}

<span class="anchor" id="RKO Building"></span><span class="anchor" id="1270 Avenue of the Americas"></span>The other building on the block between 50th and 51st streets is 1270 Avenue of the Americas,{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=325, 326}} a 31-story structure with a setback on the sixth floor.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=40}} Originally named the RKO Building for [[RKO Pictures]], it was built over the Music Hall,{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=337}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=35}} and shares many of the same exterior architectural details.<ref name=DailyArgus-Music-Hall-1932/> Construction of the building started in 1931,<ref name="NYTimes-Digging-1931"/> and the building was complete by September 1932.<ref name=TarrytownDN-RKO-Complete-1932/>{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=35}} [[Henry Hofmeister]] designed the building, as well as several other office buildings in the city that were built over theaters.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=35}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=35}} The building's entrance design, blending in with that of the other buildings in the Radio City section, is marked by three sculptural [[bas-relief]]s created by [[Robert Garrison (sculptor)|Robert Garrison]] for each of the building's three bays, signifying muses of Contemporary Thought, Morning, and Evening.<ref name="NYTimes-Recent-Installations-1933">{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/12/24/105835510.pdf | title=At Rockefeller Center; A Survey of the Recent Installations – Murals and Architectural Sculpture | work=The New York Times | date=December 24, 1933 | access-date=November 14, 2017 | last=Allan Jewell |first=Edward}}</ref>{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=36}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=9}} In 1990, [[Robert Kushner]] created three bronze sculptures of winged spirits for the lobby.{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=10}} The RKO Building served as headquarters for its namesake company in the 1930s, and was renamed for the [[American Metal Climax Company]] (AMAX), its new owners, in the early 1960s.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=37}}

====International complex====
{{about||details on the International Building, International Building North, and Palazzo d'Italia|International Building (Rockefeller Center)|details on the other two buildings|British Empire Building|and|La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)|}}
[[File:New York City (New York, USA), Rockefeller Center -- 2012 -- 6413.jpg|thumb|The Channel Gardens between the British and French buildings, facing the  [[Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store|Saks Fifth Avenue flagship]]]]
The International Complex is along Fifth Avenue, with the 41-story International Building and four smaller country-themed structures with retail outlets.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=332}}{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The tower and the two southern retail buildings—were planned after the cancellation of the incongruously designed oval retail building in 1931, while the two retail wings east of the International Building were designed later.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=92}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=59}} The low rectangular structures that replaced the oval building were seen as a more suitable design for the avenue. The current international theme was decided on due to a lack of American tenants willing to rent there; eventually, the structures were occupied by British, French, and Italian interests,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=87}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=69}} although the Italian interests ultimately were the only foreign tenants who rented for the long term.{{sfn|International Building Landmark Designation|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=42}}

All four retail the structures have identical limestone facades, roof gardens, and ground-floor storefronts, but differ in the artworks with which they were decorated. Contemporary advertisements for shopping on Fifth Avenue touted the complex's proximity to the [[Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store]] and [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]]. When viewed from Fifth Avenue, the buildings provide a foreground for the taller 30 Rockefeller Plaza building behind them.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=88}} The [[Channel Gardens]] separate the British Empire Building and La Maison Francaise.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|pp=334–335}}
[[File:Rockefeller Center Maison Francaise Janniot Sculpture 2021-05-13 17-27.jpg|thumb|"Gallic Freedom" by [[Alfred Janniot]], decorates [[La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)|La Maison Francaise]]]]
The southernmost of the four retail buildings is [[La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)|La Maison Francaise]] (literally "the French House") at 610 Fifth Avenue,{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} which opened in October 1933.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=107}} It is a six-story standalone building with a limestone facade with a sixth-story setback, as well as a partial {{frac|1|1|2}}-story penthouse on the west half of the seventh story and a garden on the east side of the seventh-story roof.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=96}} Immediately across the Channel Gardens to the north of La Maison Francaise is its twin, the [[British Empire Building]] at 620 Fifth Avenue,{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} which opened in April 1933.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=93}} It is also a standalone building, with exactly the same massing asLa Maison Francaise, down to the setback, rooftop garden, and half-penthouse.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=96}}

The {{convert|512|ft|m|adj=on}} [[International Building (Manhattan)|International Building]] has the address 630 Fifth Avenue to its east, or 45 Rockefeller Plaza to its west.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The tower stands at 41 stories high, including mechanical floors.{{sfn|International Building Landmark Designation|1985|p=9}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=137}} One of two skyscrapers that opened in Manhattan in 1935, it was noted for its short 136-day duration of construction,<ref name="NYTimes-Skyscraper-Record-1935"/> as well as the construction quality, overall design, and materials used.{{sfn|International Building Landmark Designation|1985|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=137}} The building, located in the middle of the block between Rockefeller Plaza and Fifth Avenue, contains a central plaza on its east, facing the Fifth Avenue entrance, which contains the famous statue of Atlas.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=151}} The Palazzo d'Italia and International Building North serve as six-story retail wings of the International Building.<ref>{{cite news | title=New Units Rushed in Fifth Av. Center; Rockefeller International and Italian Buildings to Be Ready by May 1. Frontage Now Complete; Promenade to Link Lobbies of Twin Structures in Novel Shopping Arcade. | work=The New York Times | date=March 4, 1935 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/03/04/97145720.pdf | access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> The Palazzo d'Italia is at 626 Fifth Avenue, on the south side of the plaza, while International Building North is at 636 Fifth Avenue, north of the plaza.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}}

====Other buildings====
{{for|details on the individual buildings|1 Rockefeller Plaza|10 Rockefeller Plaza|50 Rockefeller Plaza}}
The 36-story tower at 1 Rockefeller Plaza, on the east side of the plaza between 48th and 49th streets,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=197}} is the original Time & Life Building that was opened in April 1937.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=54}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=93}}{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} Time Inc. itself did not move into the building for another year after its completion.<ref name="NYTimes-Time-Moving-1938">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/05/02/98130355.pdf|title=Business Moving Marked By Speed|date=May 2, 1938|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 7, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1960, the building was renamed for [[General Dynamics]] after Time Inc. had moved into 1271 Avenue of the Americas, the new Time-Life Building located three blocks away.<ref>{{cite news | title=Radio City Lease Takes in 6 Floors; General Dynamics Is Lessee and Gives Name to Old Time-Life Building | work=The New York Times | date=January 12, 1960 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/01/12/105174509.pdf | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref> The tower was renamed for its street address after General Dynamics moved to [[St. Louis]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shipler | first=David K. | title=General Dynamics Moving Headquarters Out of City | website=The New York Times | date=February 11, 1971 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/11/archives/general-dynamics-moving-headquarters-out-of-city.html | access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref>

10 Rockefeller Plaza is located opposite 1 Rockefeller, on the west side of the plaza.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} Its planning name was the Holland House,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=96}} but the Dutch government did not sign on, so the building became the [[Eastern Air Lines]] Building instead.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=97}} 10 Rockefeller was built as a 16-story slab, basically a miniature version of 1 Rockefeller.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=225}} 10 Rockefeller's six-story parking garage was the first in Rockefeller Center.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=55}} Notable modern tenants include the ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today Show]]'' studios,<ref name=today>* {{cite web | title=Visit the TODAY plaza: What you need to know | website=NBC News | date=September 12, 2014 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/visit-today-plaza-what-you-need-know-f6C10518085 | access-date=November 21, 2017 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/29055142/|title=About TODAY|publisher=Today|website=msn.com|access-date=March 6, 2014|archive-date=August 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819135917/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/29055142/}}</ref> and since 2005, the [[Nintendo New York]] store.<ref>{{cite web|first=Marc-André |last=Sarrazin |date=April 21, 2005 |title=Nintendo World Store Opening Party — Nintendo Spin |url=http://www.nintendospin.com/news/nintendo-world-store-opening-party/ |work=NintendoSpin.com |access-date=August 10, 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714185247/http://www.nintendospin.com/news/nintendo-world-store-opening-party/ |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>

50 Rockefeller Plaza, formerly the [[Associated Press]] Building, is located on the west side of Rockefeller Plaza between 50th and 51st streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} It was constructed in the spring of 1938.<ref name="NYTimes-Steelwork-Finished-1938"/> The only building in the Center built to the outer limits of its lot line, the 15-story building took its shape from Associated Press's need for a single, undivided, loft-like newsroom as large as the lot could accommodate—namely, a {{convert|200|by|187|ft|m|adj=on}} blocky structure with no setbacks.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=94}}

<span class="anchor" id="600 Fifth Avenue"></span>600 Fifth Avenue is located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 48th Street and was built after the other buildings in the main complex, opening in 1952.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|pp=326, 327}} The 28-story tower was once also known as the Sinclair Oil Building and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company Building.{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=2}} Its L-shaped footprint surrounds another building at the corner of 49th Street and Fifth Avenue,{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=1}}<ref name="NYTimes-Sinclair-Sold-1963"/> such that it fronts {{convert|200|ft|m}} on 48th Street, {{convert|100|ft|m}} on Fifth Avenue, but only {{convert|63|ft|m}} midblock on 49th Street.<ref name="NYTimes-Sinclair-Sold-1963"/> [[Carson and Lundin]] designed 600 Fifth Avenue, along with [[666 Fifth Avenue]] three blocks north, to complement the Rockefeller complex between the two towers.{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=2}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=426}}<ref name="NYTimes-Sinclair-Sold-1963"/> 600 Fifth Avenue contains a limestone facade, consistent with that of the original complex, as well as a seventh-story setback on its Fifth Avenue side and rooftop gardens on its setbacks. The building contains a main lobby at 48th Street, a service entrance to the same street, and a connection to 1 Rockefeller Plaza at its west end.{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=4}} Unlike other buildings in the complex, 600 Fifth Avenue's  ground level only contained one public entrance to maximize the ground-floor retail space,{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=3}} which was originally leased by Swiss interests<ref>{{cite web | last=Cooper | first=Lee E. | title=Large Space in Fifth Ave. Area Leased For Development of Swiss Trade Center | website=The New York Times | date=January 11, 1951 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/01/11/87047815.pdf | access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> and [[Pan Am Airlines]].{{sfn|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985|p=3}}

===Later buildings===
[[File:1221 Avenue of the Americas.jpg|thumb|Looking up the facade of [[1221 Avenue of the Americas]]. [[1211 Avenue of the Americas|1211]] and [[1251 Avenue of the Americas|1251]] are visible to the left and right, respectively.]]
The buildings subsequently added are separately owned by multiple owners. <span class="anchor" id="75 Rockefeller Plaza"></span>The first subsequent building to be built was [[75 Rockefeller Plaza]], at 51st Street on the north end of the complex, was built in 1947.<ref name="NYTimes-Esso-Toppedout-1947"/> The building contains a low base that is level with the rooftops of the low-rise buildings on 51st and 52nd Street, as well as a tall slab rising from the base, aligned in a north–south direction.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=104}}  It was originally built privately, but ownership was transferred to Rockefeller Center in February 1947.<ref name=NYTimes-Esso-Part-1947/> The 33-story, {{Convert|400|ft|m|adj=on}} building was originally called the Esso Building.<ref name="NYTimes-Esso-Toppedout-1947"/> It was the headquarters of [[Standard Oil Company of New Jersey]] (later [[Exxon]]) until the early 1970s.<ref name="Horsley 1973"/> The Esso Building was later renamed after [[Warner Communications]], [[Time Warner]] and [[AOL Time Warner]]. It is owned by the estate of [[Mohamed Al Fayed]], who died in 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2012/01/25/75-rockefeller-plaza-needs-tenants-manager-in-2014/|title=75 Rockefeller Plaza – Time Warner Lease – Mohamed Al-Fayed|date=January 25, 2012|work=The Real Deal New York}}</ref> and managed by [[RXR Realty]] under a 99-year lease that began in 2013.<ref name="The Real Deal 2013 q062">{{cite web | title=Breaking down RXR Realty's $500 million gamble at 75 Rockefeller Plaza| website=The Real Deal | date=February 19, 2013 | url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2013/02/19/breaking-down-rxr-realtys-500-million-gamble-at-75-rockefeller-plaza/ | access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-14/rxr-said-to-buy-99-year-leasehold-at-75-rockefeller-plaza|title=RXR Said to Buy 99-Year Leasehold at 75 Rockefeller Plaza|first=David M.|last=Levitt|date=January 15, 2013|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>

The other four buildings were built as part of a single project on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 47th and 51st streets.<ref name="NYTimes-Splendor-1971">{{cite web | last=Schumach | first=Murray | title=Touches of Sidewalk Splendor Planned for Midtown | website=The New York Times | date=August 6, 1971 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/06/archives/touches-of-sidewalk-splendor-planned-for-midtown-promenades-are.html | access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> Erected from 1958 through 1974, they were all built by the same firm, [[Harrison & Abramovitz|Harrison, Abramovitz & Harris]].{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=117}} The $300 million project was part of a drive to get large companies such as [[Celanese Corporation]], [[S&P Global|McGraw-Hill]], Exxon, and Time Inc. to invest in the center.<ref name="NYTimes-Splendor-1971"/> The new project added a combined {{convert|6,100,000|ft2|m2}} of space to the existing center when it was completed, and was attractive to potential tenants because of this.<ref name="NYTimes-Expansion-1974">{{cite web | last=Horsley | first=Carter B. | title=Rockefeller Center's Expansion Unaffected by Vacant Offices | website=The New York Times | date=August 12, 1974 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/12/archives/rockefeller-centers-expansion-unaffected-by-vacant-offices-further.html | access-date=November 23, 2017}}</ref> Four buildings are part of the newer Sixth Avenue expansion:{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}}
* [[1211 Avenue of the Americas]], the former Celanese Building, is located between 47th and 48th streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The {{convert|592|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} tower opened in 1974.{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=127}} Now the News Corp Building,<ref>{{cite news |last=Cuozzo |first=Steve | title=Fox and News Corp. to keep, expand Midtown headquarters | work=New York Post | date=January 17, 2017 | url=https://nypost.com/2017/01/17/fox-and-news-corp-to-keep-expand-midtown-headquarters/ | access-date=December 4, 2017 |quote=The News Corporation building at 1211 Sixth Ave}}</ref> it is owned by an affiliate of [[Beacon Capital Partners]], and leasing is managed by [[Cushman & Wakefield]].<ref name=1211ave>{{cite web| publisher=1211 Avenue of the Americas| url=http://1211.com/ownership.html| title=Ownership| access-date=March 6, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010122846/http://www.1211.com/ownership.html| archive-date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>
* [[1221 Avenue of the Americas]], the former McGraw-Hill Building, is located between 48th and 49th streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The {{convert|674|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building opened in 1973{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=127}} and is owned by the [[Rockefeller Group]].<ref name="Rockefeller Group">{{cite web | title=Portfolio | website=Rockefeller Group | date=February 6, 2012 | url=https://www.rockefellergroup.com/portfolio/ | access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref>
* [[1251 Avenue of the Americas]], the former Exxon Building, is located between 49th and 50th streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} This {{convert|750|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building was built from 1967<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Skyscraper-1967"/> to 1971.{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=127}} Exxon's corporate headquarters moved into the structure in 1972, with co-ownership with Rockefeller Center's managers, and held an ownership stake there until 1986, when Mitsui & Company purchased the building.<ref>{{cite news| title=Mitusi Unit Gets Exxon Building| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/11/business/mitsui-unit-gets-exxon-building.html| last=Scardino| first=Albert| date=December 11, 1988| work=The New York Times| access-date=March 6, 2014 }}</ref> Exxon moved its headquarters to Texas in 1989, vacating all of the space in 1251 Avenue of the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pearson|first1=Anne|first2=Ralph|last2=Bivins. |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_659330 |title=Exxon moving corporate headquarters to Dallas|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=October 27, 1989|page=A1|access-date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>
* [[1271 Avenue of the Americas]], the former Time & Life Building, is located between 50th and 51st streets.{{sfn|White|Willensky|Leadon|2010|p=326}} The {{convert|587|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building was completed in 1958 Construction on the Time-Life's Building's steelwork started in April 1958,<ref name=NYTimes-Tops-Out-1958>{{cite news | title=Time-Life Building Tops Out at 587-Ft. With a Yule Tree | work=The New York Times | date=November 25, 1958 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/11/25/82217749.pdf | access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> and is owned by the Rockefeller Group.<ref name="Rockefeller Group"/>

==Other architectural elements==
[[File:Rockefeller Center Christmas 2020 Snowstorm December (50733449647).jpg|thumb|The [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]] is placed annually in Rockefeller Center at the end of November.]]

===Lower Plaza===
At the front of 30 Rock is the Lower Plaza, located in the very center of the complex and below ground level.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=64}}<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Plaza-1932">{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/06/10/100759216.pdf|title=Rockefeller City to Have Big Plaza|date=June 10, 1932|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The center plaza was part of the plans for the canceled Metropolitan Opera House. Although the opera house was canceled in 1929, the plaza was retained in subsequent plans.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=167}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=40}} Originally, the plaza would have been located at ground level with a promenade called Channel Gardens, which led westward from Fifth Avenue to the plaza.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=40}} In the March 1931 revision to the complex's blueprint, the center plaza was enhanced and sunken.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=167}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=56}} The sunken plaza was originally supposed to be oval-shaped,{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=40}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=62–63}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=56}} but the plaza was later changed to a rectangular shape.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=64}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=57}}<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Plaza-1932"/> The sunken rectangular plaza, planted with shrubs, provided a sense of privacy and enclosure when it was originally built.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=42}}

The plaza's main entrance is through the Channel Gardens, a {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}}, {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} planted pedestrian esplanade running westward from Fifth Avenue between the British Empire Building and La Maison Francaise.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=159}}{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|pp=334–335}}  The steeply sloping promenade was originally furnished with six narrow pools in the center of the space, each surrounded by hedges. The pools are topped with fountain heads designed by [[Rene Chambellan]], each representing a different attribute: leadership, will, thought, imagination, energy, and alertness.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=159}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=97}} Chambellan also designed the fountains' drain covers with various bronze depictions of sea creatures such as turtles and crabs.{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=99}} During the winter, the Channel Gardens' fountains were shut off and decorated with [[Valerie Clarebout]]'s sculptures of angels. The twelve sculptures, each measuring {{convert|8|ft|m}} tall, have been placed in the gardens every winter since 1954.{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=102}} At the western end of the promenade is a plaque commemorating the original Elgin Gardens, as well as a bronze monumental plaque to John D. Rockefeller Jr (see [[#Plaque|below]]). From there, a flight of the steps descends toward the rink, then splits into two different stairs heading both north and south.{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=160–161}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=56}}

The western end of the plaza contains [[Paul Manship]]'s 1934 masterwork, ''[[Prometheus (Manship)|Prometheus]]''.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=336}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=64}}<ref name="NYTimes-Prometheus-1934" />{{sfn|Roussel|2006|pp=101, 105}}  The statue stands in a {{convert|60|by|16|ft|m|adj=on}} fountain basin in front of a grey rectangular wall.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=168}} The [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]] is placed above the statue from November to January every year; it is usually put in place and lit the week after [[Thanksgiving]], and taken down the week after [[New Year's Day]].<ref name=6sqft-History-2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-the-rockefeller-center-christmas-tree-a-nyc-holiday-tradition/|title=The History of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, a NYC Tradition|work=www.6sqft.com|date=November 29, 2016}}</ref> The first tree was erected in 1934,<ref name="NYTimes-Tree-1934"/> and as successive trees received more lavish decorations, the tradition gradually became known worldwide.<ref name=6sqft-History-2016/>
[[File:New York Christmas tree and skating-rink.jpg|thumb|The ice rink and Christmas tree]]
Much of the plaza's outdoor section is occupied by an [[ice rink]]. Installed in 1936, it replaced unprofitable retail space that had been constructed as part of the original center.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=92–93}} Originally intended as a "temporary" measure,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=93}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=360}}<ref name=pbs/> the rink became an immediate tourist attraction upon opening, becoming one of the world's most famous skating rinks in later years.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=93}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/26/travel/beautiful-ice-rinks/index.html|title=What are the world's best ice skating rinks?|first1=Laura |last1=Ma |first2=Jason |last2=Kwok|website=CNN|date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes-Skating-Pond-1936/> In 1939, a permanent {{convert|120|by|60|ft|m|adj=on}} rink was installed, which necessitated the replacement of the center staircase from Channel Gardens.<ref>{{harvnb|Adams|1985|p=169}}.
* For a reference to the roller skating rink's opening, see: {{cite news | title=Trees and Birds Stir in 6th Ave. | work=The New York Times | date=April 18, 1940 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/04/18/92942721.pdf | access-date=November 25, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=42}} Its popularity inspired the construction of a skating rink in the former Center Theatre, and for a short time, there were also proposals to convert the lower plaza's ice rink to a [[roller skating rink]] during the springtime.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=169}}
[[File:ROCKFELLER CENTER NEW YORK (14606671466).jpg|thumb|Flagpoles at the Lower Plaza]]
<span class="anchor" id="Flags"></span>The northern, southern, and eastern sides of the plaza are surrounded by a walkway that is several steps below street level, with staircases at either western end as well as at the plaza's Channel Gardens entrance. Some 200 flagpoles surround the plaza's perimeter at ground level, installed at regular intervals along the walkway and Rockefeller Plaza.{{Sfn|Adams|1985|pp=169–170}} The poles were installed in 1942 and were originally intended to be temporary.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=416}}<ref name="NYTimes-Vista-1942">{{cite news | title=Vista for Easter | work=The New York Times | date=April 4, 1942 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/04/04/88501467.pdf | access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> The flags later became permanent installations, fitting in with the nearby International Complex.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=169}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=416}} The poles originally displayed the flags of the [[United Nations]]' [[United Nations member states|member countries]],{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=169}} although in later years they also carried flags of the [[U.S. state]]s and [[United States territory|territories]], or decorative and seasonal motifs.<ref name=virtual/> Originally, there were 26 flags for each of the members of the United Nations,<ref name="NYTimes-Vista-1942"/> but as more countries became UN members, additional rows of poles were added on the north and south sides of the plaza.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=170}} During national and state holidays, every pole carries the [[flag of the United States]].<ref name=virtual>{{cite web| url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/New_York_State/New_York_City-841252/Things_To_Do-New_York_City-Rockefeller_Center-BR-3.html |title=Rockefeller Center, New York City |publisher=VirtualTourist |date=March 13, 2008| access-date=March 6, 2014}}</ref> The flags' ropes are secured with locks to prevent people from tampering with the flags.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kilgannon | first=Corey | title=Questions Fly Over a Flag Flown Upside Down | website=City Room | date=January 17, 2012 | url=//cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/questions-fly-over-a-flag-flown-upside-down/ | access-date=February 19, 2018}}</ref>

<span class="anchor" id="Plaque"></span>In July 1962, two years after John Rockefeller Jr.'s death, the center's management placed a plaque at the plaza, containing a list of ten principles in which he believed. The creed was first expressed in 1941. Rockefeller's beliefs include "the supreme worth of the individual and in his right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" (the first principle) and "truth and justice are fundamental to an enduring social order" (the sixth principle).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/07/17/82055501.pdf|title=John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Creed Is Unveiled in a Memorial Here; Ten Beliefs Inscribed on a Marble Slab Dedicated in Rockefeller Plaza by Governor and Two Brothers|date=July 17, 1962|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 30, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The architect [[I.&nbsp;M. Pei]] praised Rockefeller Center's lower plaza as being "perhaps the most successful open space in the United States, perhaps in the world", due to its success in drawing visitors.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=170}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=223}} The plaza has also inspired similar developments around the world.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=170}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=7}}

===Rockefeller Plaza===
[[File:Rockefeller Plaza facing northeast.jpg|thumb|Rockefeller Plaza]]
Rockefeller Plaza is a pedestrian street running through the complex, parallel to Fifth and Sixth avenues. This street was also part of the original plans for the Metropolitan Opera,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|pp=32–33}} and Benjamin Morris originally intended for the road to stretch from 42nd to 59th streets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/05/08/92146398.pdf|title=New Avenue From 42nd to 59th St. Urged To Cut Through Radio City on Three Levels|date=May 8, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Only the {{convert|720|ft|m|adj=on}} section between 48th and 51st streets was built,{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}} and the road was open in its entirety by 1937.<ref name="NYTimes-TimeLife-Opening-1937"/> The road was given the name "Rockefeller Plaza" in 1933,<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Plaza-1933"/> despite the potential confusion with the Lower Plaza, because it was believed that the "Plaza" in the road's name would emphasize its "spatial unity" with the Lower Plaza and Channel Gardens.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}} The original intention of the street's construction was to enhance the shopping district of Fifth Avenue, to its east,<ref name="NYTimes-Rockefeller-Plaza-1933"/> but this never happened, and Rockefeller Plaza now primarily serves as a pedestrian passage that connects all of Rockefeller Center's separate components.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=178}}

As with most numbered crosstown streets in Manhattan, Rockefeller Plaza is {{convert|30|ft|m}} wide with [[curb]]s on either side of an [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] surface. However, the sidewalks are much wider than on typical streets.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}} In addition, Rockefeller Plaza is supported by a multi-level steel skeleton underneath, which houses the underground mall, storage rooms, and the complex's shipping and loading center.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}}<ref name="NYTimes-Robot-City-1944">{{cite news | title=The Robot City Nobody Sees | work=The New York Times Magazine | date=June 18, 1944 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/06/18/85158745.pdf | access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> As such, it contains a {{convert|14.5|in|cm}} layer of waterproofing.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=177}} The surface of Rockefeller Plaza outside Radio City Music Hall, between 50th and 51st Street, contains small bronze circles for theatergoers to stand on while waiting to enter the hall. Until the 1980s, the plaza contained plaques that affirmed Columbia University's ownership of Rockefeller Center, but these were removed with the 1985 sale of the complex to the Rockefeller Group.{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=178–179}} Since Rockefeller Plaza is technically a purely private property to which the public is welcome, the plaza is closed for part of one day every year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/nyregion/lever-house-closes-once-a-year-to-maintain-its-ownership-rights.html|title=Lever House Closes Once a Year to Maintain Its Ownership Rights|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=October 28, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=There is another significant hybrid: purely private space to which the public is customarily welcome, at the owners' implicit discretion. These spaces include Lever House, Rockefeller Plaza and College Walk at Columbia University, which close for part of one day every year.}}</ref>

===<span class="anchor" id="Gardens"></span>Rooftop gardens===
[[File:Rockefeller Center Rooftop Gardens 2 by David Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Gardens on the roofs of Rockefeller Center's International Complex, as viewed from the International Building]]
The gardens atop Rockefeller Center's roofs were designed by [[Ralph Hancock (landscape gardener)|Ralph Hancock]] and Raymond Hood.<ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1934">{{cite news | title=Gardens of the World Atop Radio City; New York Watches the Growth of a New Venture in the Realm of Horticulture | work=The New York Times| date=September 2, 1934 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/09/02/93765284.pdf | access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ATU-Hanging-Gardens-1934>{{cite news | title=New York's "Hanging Gardens" | work=Albany Times-Union| date=1934 | url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201934%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201934%2520a%2520-%25201291.pdf | access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> They came about because both Hood and Todd believed that rooftop gardens would enhance the complex's beauty;{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=183}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=58}} in particular, Hood compared the presence of rooftop gardens to the plants around a house.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=185}}<ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1931"/> Originally, the gardens were supposed to be all interconnected via bridges between the roofs of each building.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=51}}{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=62}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=57}}<ref name="NYTimes-Roof-Bridges-1932"/> However, after Hood's death in 1935, the garden plan fell apart, as most of the complex's final buildings were built without provisions for gardens.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=52}} The Associated Press Building's 15th-story roof, as well as the isolated location of the International Building and the high cost of these gardens, made this system infeasible.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=94}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=59}} Ultimately, gardens were installed on 10 Rockefeller Plaza;{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=52}}<ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1939">{{cite news | title=3 New Rooftop Gardens; Rockefeller Center Unit Will Open Terrace Displays | work=The New York Times | date=September 28, 1939 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/09/28/167826492.pdf | access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> 30 Rockefeller Plaza;<ref name=NYPost-Gardens-1935/> the four International-themed retail buildings;{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=186}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=52}}{{sfn|Weisman|1959|p=58}} the Center Theatre;<ref name=NYTimes-2Theatre-Gardens-1937/> and Radio City Music Hall.<ref name=NYTimes-2Theatre-Gardens-1937>{{cite news | title=2 Radio City Theatres To Build Roof Gardens | work=The New York Times | date=January 30, 1937 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/01/30/94330744.pdf | access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name=SRW-Radio-City-1937/>{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=52}} The gardens started running a $45,000-per-year deficit by 1937 due to various expenses as well as a lack of interest among tourists.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=356}}

The largest and most grand of the gardens was the {{convert|0.75|acre|ha|adj=on}} "Garden of the Nations" (alternatively "Gardens of the Nations"), which was installed on the eleventh-floor roof of 30 Rockefeller Plaza and opened in April 1935.<ref name=NYPost-Gardens-1935>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252011%2FNew%2520York%2520Evening%2520Post%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201935%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201935%2520Grayscale%2520-%25202418.pdf%|title=Babylon Outdone by RCA's Gardens|work=New York Post|page=7|date=April 16, 1935|access-date=November 20, 2017|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=61}}{{sfn|Balfour|1978|pp=125–137}} The construction effort involved {{convert|3,000|ST|LT}} of soil; {{convert|100|ST|LT}} of rock from as far as England; 100,000 bricks; 2,000 trees and shrubs; 4,000 small plants; and 20,000 [[Ornamental bulbous plant|bulbs]] for flowers.<ref name=ATU-Hanging-Gardens-1934/> They were originally composed of thirteen nation-specific gardens whose layouts were inspired by the gardens in the respective countries they represented. Each of the nation-themed gardens were separated by barriers.<ref name=NYPost-Gardens-1935/> There was an "International Garden", a [[rock garden]], in the center of the thirteen nation-themed gardens,<ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1934"/> which featured a meandering stream and 2,000 plant varieties.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=53}} The Garden of the Nations also contained a children's garden, a modern-style garden, and a shrub-and-vegetable patch.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=52}} Upon opening, the Garden of the Nations attracted many visitors because of its collection of exotic flora,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=91}} and it became the most popular garden in Rockefeller Center.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=355}} In its heyday, the Center charged admission fees for the Garden of the Nations. However, all of the nation-themed gardens were eventually removed, and the rock garden was left to dry up, supplanted by flower beds that were no longer open to the public.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=186}}

The International complex's gardens fared better. Hancock developed the British Empire Building and La Maison Francaise's gardens, while [[A.M. van den Hoek]] designed the gardens atop the other two buildings. The British and French gardens both contain a lawn and pool surrounded by hedges, while the other two gardens atop the International Building's wings include ivy lawns surrounded by hedges. The Italian garden also contained a cobblestone walkway and two plaques from the [[Roman Forum]], while International Building North's garden has a paved walkway with steps.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=188}} The roof gardens of the International Building's wings were restored in 1986 for $48,000 each, followed by the gardens on the British and French buildings, which were restored the next year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/29/realestate/prospects-roof-garden-restorations.html|title=PROSPECTS; Roof-Garden Restorations|date=June 29, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 23, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Tishman Speyer]] submitted proposals for a {{Convert|24000|ft2|adj=on}} rooftop terrace on Radio City Music Hall, as well as a pedestrian bridge to 50 Rockefeller Plaza. These plans dated from an original proposal for the theater that was never carried out.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holaday|first=Carsen|date=March 18, 2021|title=A public park atop Radio City Music Hall? Developers get approval for 'Spectacular' idea|url=https://www.amny.com/real-estate/a-public-park-atop-radio-city-music-hall-developers-get-approval-for-spectacular-idea/|access-date=March 19, 2021|website=amNewYork|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318191043/https://www.amny.com/real-estate/a-public-park-atop-radio-city-music-hall-developers-get-approval-for-spectacular-idea/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Weaver|first=Shaye|date=March 17, 2021|title=See the lush rooftop park and sky bridge coming to Radio City Music Hall |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/see-the-lush-rooftop-park-and-sky-bridge-coming-to-radio-city-music-hall-031721|access-date=March 19, 2021|website=Time Out New York|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317171242/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/see-the-lush-rooftop-park-and-sky-bridge-coming-to-radio-city-music-hall-031721|url-status=live}}</ref> The garden opened in September 2021<ref>{{cite web | title=Radio Park, an Idyllic Rooftop Garden, Opens Above Radio City Music Hall | website=Rockefeller Center | url=https://www.rockefellercenter.com/magazine/arts-culture/radio-park-an-idyllic-rooftop-garden-opens-above-radio-city-music-hall/ | first=Emily | last=Sokolow | date=September 15, 2021 | access-date=January 26, 2022 | archive-date=January 26, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126010437/https://www.rockefellercenter.com/magazine/arts-culture/radio-park-an-idyllic-rooftop-garden-opens-above-radio-city-music-hall/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and is formally known as Radio Park.<ref name="Conklin 2023 i240">{{cite web | last=Conklin | first=Emily | title=HMWhite designs Radio Park atop Radio City Music Hall | website=The Architect's Newspaper | date=November 6, 2023 | url=https://www.archpaper.com/2023/11/hmwhite-radio-park-atop-radio-city-music-hall/ | access-date=March 22, 2024}}</ref> Designed by the firm of HMWhite, the slightly sloped garden includes birch trees, a set of bleachers, and various pathways.<ref name="Conklin 2023 i240"/>

===Underground concourse===
[[File:47 50 Streets entrance 2010 vc.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Exit from the concourse to the subway station]]

A series of shop-and-restaurant-filled pedestrian passages stretch underground from 47th to 51st streets between Fifth and Seventh avenues. The pedestrian tunnel system was part of the updated 1931 plan for the center,{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=57}} and formal proposals for the system were submitted in 1933. It was supposed to comprise a system that stretched over {{Convert|0.75|mi|km}}, all air-conditioned and lined with shops. Meanwhile, the pair of four-lane roadways was supposed to be located underneath the pedestrian mall, with delivery ramps leading to a {{Convert|320|by|180|ft|adj=on|m}} central loading area {{Convert|34|ft|m}} below ground.<ref name="NYSun-Underground-1933">{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201933%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201933%2520-%25209248.pdf|title=Underground Traffic Planned|date=October 6, 1933|work=New York Sun|access-date=November 10, 2017|page=20|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref> Later plans also included a [[people mover]].<ref name="NYTimes-Tunnels-1931">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/04/112694013.pdf|title=Radio City to Build Tunnels for Public|date=December 4, 1931|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref>

Ultimately, the people mover was not built, but the 25-space mall opened in May 1935.<ref name="NYTimes-Tunnels-1935" /> The complex's owner Tishman Speyer renovated the concourse in 1999 in an effort to make the underground retail space more noticeable and attract more upscale tenants.<ref name="Collins 1999" />{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=432}} The original bronze ornaments and lighting were replaced, air-conditioning was installed, two passageways were demolished, and both ground-level and underground retail spaces were refurbished as part of the renovation.<ref name="Collins 1999">{{cite web | last=Collins | first=Glenn | title=Bringing Up the Basement; Rockefeller Center Is Turning Its Underground Concourse Into a Shiny New Shopping Zone. Lost in the Bargain, Preservationists Say, Is an Art Deco Treasure. | website=The New York Times | date=February 21, 1999 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/bringing-up-basement-rockefeller-center-turning-its-underground-concourse-into.html | access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>

The concourse is the uppermost level of the complex's four basement levels, as well as the only basement level open to the public.<ref name="NYTimes-Robot-City-1944"/> The lower three levels are home to storage rooms and the complex's shipping center,<ref name="NYTimes-Robot-City-1944"/> the latter of which is accessed by a delivery ramp at 50th Street.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=209}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/05/22/97304121.pdf|title=Rockefeller City Gets a Huge Ramp; It Will Take Trucks 34 Feet Underground to Help Solve Traffic Problem. To Serve 3-Block Area; All Deliveries Will Be Made Below the Surface and Transferred to Elevators.|date=May 22, 1934|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Access is via lobby stairways in the six landmark buildings, through restaurants surrounding the concourse-level skating rink, and via elevators to the north and south of the rink. There is also a connection to the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center]] station, serving the {{NYCS trains|Sixth}}.{{sfn|Jackson|2010|p=1115}}<ref name="NYTimes-Expansion-1974"/><ref name="Concourse Directory">{{cite web | title=The Concourse at Rockefeller Center: Directory | website=Rockefeller Center | date=January 14, 2018 | url=https://d1v5vpeyrmf36z.cloudfront.net/ui/1/downloads/Rockefeller%20Center%20Concourse%20Map.8d2c33bf35c22c421c6eab11aaf4bdef.pdf | access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, the largest retailer in the concourse is [[Banana Republic]].<ref name="Concourse Directory"/>

===Pre-existing buildings===
Two small buildings abut the north and south corners of the [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] annex.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|p=339}} These buildings exist as a result of two tenants who refused to sell their rights to Rockefeller [[Construction of Rockefeller Center#Land acquisition and clearing|during construction]]. The grocer John F. Maxwell would only sell his property at Sixth Avenue and 50th Street if he received $1 million in return. However, Rockefeller's assistant [[Charles O. Heydt]] mistakenly said that Maxwell would never sell, and Maxwell himself said that he had never been approached by the Rockefellers. Consequently, Rockefeller Center did not purchase Maxwell's property until 1970.{{sfn|Alpern|Durst|1996|p=38}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=93–94, map p.&nbsp;92}} Maxwell's demand paled to that of Daniel Hurley and Patrick Daly, owners of a speakeasy who, since 1892, had leased a property at 49th Street. They would sell for $250 million, roughly the cost of the entire complex. They initially gained a lease extension until 1942, but ended up leasing their property until 1975, and was built around Maxwell's and Hurley and Daly's properties.{{sfn|Alpern|Durst|1996|pp=38, 40}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=93–94, map p.&nbsp;92}}

On the southeast corner of the complex, on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th streets, there were also two pre-existing buildings. [[Robert Walton Goelet]] owned a lot at 2–6 West 49th Street and wished to develop it;{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=97}} the lot was developed as [[608 Fifth Avenue]], which was completed in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1810.pdf|title=Goelet Building|date=January 14, 1992|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=January 2, 2020|page=2}}</ref> The [[St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church|St. Nicholas Church]], located on 48th Street behind Goelet's land, also refused to sell the property despite an offer of up to $7 million for the property.<ref name="NYT-Church-Wont-Sell-1929">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/01/24/95713809.pdf|title=Church Won't Sell Site to Rockefeller|date=1929|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The church was razed in 1949 to make way for 600 Fifth Avenue.<ref name="NYTimes-Church-Razed-1949"/>

{{Clear}}

==Art==
[[File:Isamu Noguchi statue Rockefeller Ctr.jpg|thumb|right|''News'' by [[Isamu Noguchi]]]]
In November 1931, John Todd suggested the creation of a program for placing distinctive artworks within each of the buildings.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=110}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=21}} [[Hartley Burr Alexander]], a noted mythology and symbology professor, was tasked with planning the complex's arts installations.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=110}}<ref name="NYTimes-Radio-City-Art-1931">{{cite news | title=Outline is Drawn of Radio City Art |work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331| date=December 6, 1931 | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/06/121612844.pdf | access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref> Alexander submitted his plan for the site's artwork in December 1932. As part of the proposal, the complex would have a variety of sculptures, statues, murals, friezes, decorative fountains, and mosaics.<ref name="NYTimes-Radio-City-Art-1931"/> In an expansion of Hood's setback-garden plan, Alexander's proposal also included rooftop gardens atop all the buildings,<ref name="NYTimes-Radio-City-Art-1931"/> which would create a "[[Hanging Gardens of Babylon|Babylonian garden]]" when viewed from above.<ref name="Statesman-Gardens-1931">{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FYonkers%2520NY%2520Statesman%2FYonkers%2520NY%2520Statesman%25201931%2FYonkers%2520NY%2520Statesman%25201931%2520-%25204243.pdf|title=Babylonian Gardens To Blossom 60 Stories Above Street In 'Radio City'|date=August 20, 1931|work=Yonkers Statesman|access-date=November 11, 2017|page=11|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Gardens-1931"/>

At first, Alexander suggested "Homo Fabor, Man the Builder" as the complex's overarching theme, representing satisfaction with one's occupation rather than with the wage.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=137}}{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=93}} However, that theme was not particularly well received by the architects, so Alexander proposed another theme, the "New Frontiers"; this theme dealt with social and scientific innovations and represented the challenges that humanity faced "after the conquest of the physical world".{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=21}} In theory, this was considered a fitting theme, but Alexander had been so specific about the details of the necessary artworks that it limited the creative license for any artists who would be commissioned for such works, so he was fired.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=137}} It took several tries to agree on the current theme, "The March of Civilization", at which point some of the art had already been commissioned, including those which Alexander had proposed.{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=93}}

The art that currently exists within Rockefeller Center was inspired by Professor Alexander's arts program.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=110}}<ref name="NYTimes-Radio-City-Art-1931"/> Sculptor [[Lee Lawrie]] contributed the largest number of individual pieces&nbsp;– twelve, including the [[Atlas (statue)|''Atlas'' statue]] facing Fifth Avenue and the conspicuous [[frieze]]s of Wisdom above the main entrance to 30 Rockefeller Plaza.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=260}} [[Edward Trumbull]] coordinated the colors of the works located inside the buildings, and [[Léon-Victor Solon]] did the same job for the exterior pieces.{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=6}} [[Isamu Noguchi]]'s gleaming stainless steel [[bas-relief]], ''News'', over the main entrance to [[50 Rockefeller Plaza]] (the [[Associated Press]] Building) was, at the time of commissioning, the largest metal bas-relief in the world.{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=211–212}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=141}} The complex's other sculptors included [[Rene Chambellan]], [[Leo Friedlander]], [[Robert Garrison (sculptor)|Robert Garrison]], [[Alfred Janniot]], [[Carl Paul Jennewein]], [[Gaston Lachaise]], [[Leo Lentelli]], [[Paul Manship]], [[Giacomo Manzù]], [[Hildreth Meiere]], and [[Attilio Piccirilli]].{{sfn|Adams|1985|pp=252–267}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|loc="Artists' Biographies and Locations of Art", pp. 144–157}} Other artists included [[Carl Milles]], [[Margaret Bourke-White]], and [[Dean Cornwell]], who executed the mural ''[[The History of Transportation]]'' in the lobby of the [[Eastern Airlines]] building (today [[10 Rockefeller Plaza]]).{{sfn|Roussel|2006|loc="Artists' Biographies and Locations of Art", pp. 144–157}} Radio City Music Hall architect [[Donald Deskey]] commissioned many Depression-era artists to design works for the interior of the hall,<ref name="NYTimes-Music-Hall-Art-1932">{{cite news |title=Native Art to Lead in New Music Hall; Rockefeller Centre Unit Will Offer Striking Display of Modern Decorations |work=The New York Times |date=October 3, 1932 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/10/03/100857112.pdf | access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref> including [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]]'s 1932 mural ''[[Men Without Women (mural)|Men Without Women]]'', named after the short story collection by [[Ernest Hemingway]] that had been published the same year.{{sfn|Radio City Music Hall Landmark Designation|1978|p=14}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=47}}<ref>See:
* {{Cite news|last=Kramer|first=Hilton|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/13/archives/art-view-is-a-museum-the-only-place-for-art.html|title=Art View|date=April 13, 1975|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 2, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{cite web |title=Stuart Davis at the Whitney – The painter behind a prized Radio City mural |url=https://www.rockefellercenter.com/blog/2016/08/30/stuart-davis-whitney/ |date=August 30, 2016 |website=Rockefeller Center |access-date=March 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301135408/https://www.rockefellercenter.com/blog/2016/08/30/stuart-davis-whitney/  }}</ref> One of the center's more controversial works was ''[[Man at the Crossroads]]'', created by [[Diego Rivera]], which was originally commissioned for 30 Rockefeller Plaza's lobby but was demolished before it could be completed.{{sfn|Smith|2014|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=302}}<ref name="NYTimes-Mural-Cut-1934"/>

===Statues===
[[File:NYC - St Patrick Cathedral - Facade and Atlas.jpg|thumb|''[[Atlas (statue)|Atlas]]'' (1936) faces [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]]]]

====''Atlas''====
{{Main|Atlas (statue)}}
Commissioned in 1936 and executed by Lee Lawrie and Rene Chambellan, the ''Atlas'' statue is located in the International Building's courtyard. It faces eastward toward St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue. The statue depicts [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] the titan, with exaggerated muscles, supporting the celestial vault on his shoulders.{{sfn|Krinsky|1978|p=151}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=139}}

==== ''Prometheus'' ====
{{Main|Prometheus (Manship)}}
[[File:Rockefeller Center 2 (New York) (44331718505).jpg|thumb|''[[Prometheus (Manship)|Prometheus]]'' (1934)]]
Paul Manship's highly recognizable bronze [[gilding|gilded]] ''Prometheus'' statue, commissioned in 1934, is located at the western end of the sunken plaza.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=167}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=105}} It stands {{Convert|18|ft|m}} high and weighs {{Convert|8|ST|LT}}.<ref name="NYTimes-Prometheus-1934" /> The statue depicts the Greek legend of the Titan [[Prometheus]] recumbent, bringing fire to mankind. The statue is flanked by two smaller gilded representations of Youth and Maiden, which were relocated to Palazzo d'Italia from 1939 to 1984 because Manship thought the representations did not fit visually.{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=168}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=101}}<ref>{{cite news | last=Teltsch | first=Kathleen | title=2 WORKS TO REJOIN PROMETHEUS AFTER 50 YEARS | work=The New York Times | date=April 8, 1984 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/nyregion/2-works-to-rejoin-prometheus-after-50-years.html | access-date=December 11, 2017}}</ref> The model for Prometheus was Leonardo (Leon) Nole,<ref>{{cite web | last=Thomas | first=Robert McG. Jr. | title=Leonardo Nole, 91, Prometheus Statue's Model | website=The New York Times | date=February 27, 1998 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/27/nyregion/leonardo-nole-91-prometheus-statue-s-model.html | access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref> and the inscription, a paraphrase from [[Aeschylus]], on the granite wall behind, reads: "Prometheus, teacher in every art, brought the fire that hath proved to mortals a means to mighty ends."{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=168}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|p=105}}

===''Man at the Crossroads''===
[[File:Libro Los Viejos Abuelos Foto 68.png|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Man at the Crossroads|Man, Controller of the Universe]]'', a recreation of the destroyed ''Man at the Crossroads'' mural in 30 Rockefeller Plaza's lobby]]
{{Main|Man at the Crossroads}}
In 1932, the Mexican socialist artist [[Diego Rivera]] (whose sponsor was the [[Museum of Modern Art]] and whose patron at the time was [[Abby Aldrich Rockefeller]], the wife of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.), was commissioned by their son Nelson to create a color [[fresco]] for the {{convert|1071|sqft|m2|0|adj=on}} wall in the lobby of the then-RCA Building. This came after Nelson had been unable to secure the commissioning of either [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]] or [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]].{{sfn|Smith|2014|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=302}} Previously Rivera had painted a controversial fresco in Detroit titled ''[[Detroit Industry]]'', commissioned by Abby and John's friend, [[Edsel Ford]], who later became a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art.{{sfn|Smith|2014|p=92}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=302}}

As expected, his ''Man at the Crossroads'' became controversial, as it contained Moscow May Day scenes and a clear portrait of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], which had not been apparent in initial sketches.{{sfn|Smith|2014|p=97}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=304}}  After Nelson issued a written warning to Rivera to replace the offending figure with an anonymous face, Rivera refused (after offering to counterbalance Lenin with a portrait of [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]).{{sfn|Smith|2014|p=97}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=312}} As per Nelson's orders, Rivera was paid for his commission and the mural was papered over.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=313}} Nine months later, after all attempts to save the fresco were explored—including relocating it to Abby's [[Museum of Modern Art]]—it was destroyed as a last option.<ref name="NYTimes-Mural-Cut-1934">{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/02/13/93750328.pdf|title=Rivera RCA Mural Is Cut From Wall; Rockefeller Center Destroys Lenin Painting At Night And Replasters Space. Vandalism,' Says Artist Sloan, Urging Boycott, Says He Will Never Exhibit There – Protest Meetings Called.|date=February 13, 1934|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 11, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2014|p=98}}<ref name=kert>{{harvnb|ps=.|Kert|1993|pages=352–365}}</ref><ref name=reich>{{harvnb|ps=.|Reich|1996|pages=105–111}}</ref> (Rivera would later partially recreate the work as ''[[Man, Controller of the Universe]]'', using photographs taken by an assistant, [[Lucienne Bloch]].)<ref>{{cite web | title=Destroyed By Rockefellers, Mural Trespassed On Political Vision | website=NPR | date=March 9, 2014 | url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/09/287745199/destroyed-by-rockefellers-mural-trespassed-on-political-vision | access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> Rivera's fresco in the center was replaced with a larger mural by the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] artist [[Josep Maria Sert]], titled ''American Progress'', depicting a vast allegorical scene of men constructing modern America. Containing figures of [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], it wraps around the west wall of 30 Rockefeller Plaza's Grand Lobby.{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=319}}{{sfn|Roussel|2006|pages=94–107}}

==Reception==
===Contemporary commentary===
In its earliest years, Rockefeller Center received largely negative and pessimistic reviews from architectural critics. The most cynical opinion came from architectural scholar [[Lewis Mumford]], who so hated the "weakly conceived, reckless, romantic chaos" of the March 1931 plans for Rockefeller Center that he reportedly went into exile in [[upstate New York]].{{sfn|Okrent|2003|pp=180–182}} He blamed John Rockefeller Jr. for the complex's "inability to consider a new type of problem in any form except the skyscraper stereotype". Mumford's view of the complex was only marginally less negative when he revisited the issue in December 1933: he said that it could be "large, exciting, [and] romantic" at night, but that "a mountain or ash heap of the same size would do the trick almost as well, if the lights were cleverly arranged".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=215}} [[Ralph Adams Cram]], who adhered to a more classical architectural style, also had a pessimistic view of the plans unveiled in March 1931. He called the plan for Rockefeller Center "an apotheosis of megalomania, a defiant egotism" arising from an ostentatious display of wealth, and said that "the sooner we accomplish the destiny it so perfectly foreshadows, the sooner we shall be able to clear the ground and begin again".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|pp=213–214}}{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=182}} [[Douglas Haskell]], who formerly edited ''[[Architectural Forum]]'' magazine, wrote that Rockefeller Center's ambiance was "gray, unreal, baleful".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=223}}

The urban planner [[Le Corbusier]] had a more optimistic view of the complex, expressing that Rockefeller Center was "rational, logically conceived, biologically normal, [and] harmonious".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=215}}{{sfn|Le Corbusier|1947|p=62}} He wrote that although Rockefeller Center would inevitably be disorganized in its earliest years, it would eventually adhere to a certain "order",{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=216}}{{sfn|Le Corbusier|1947|p=54}} and he also praised the complex for being a paragon of "noble" and "efficient" construction.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=217}}{{sfn|Le Corbusier|1947|p=58}} The writer [[Frederick Lewis Allen]] took a more moderate viewpoint, saying that negative critics had "hoped for too much" precisely because Rockefeller Center had been planned during an economically prosperous time, but was constructed during the Depression.<ref name="Allen 1938">{{cite magazine | last=Allen | first=Frederick Lewis | title=Look at Rockefeller Center | magazine=Harper's Magazine | date=October 1938| volume=October 1938 | url=https://harpers.org/archive/1938/10/look-at-rockefeller-center/ | access-date=December 7, 2017 |pages=506–513}}</ref>{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=217}} Even though Allen thought that the art was mediocre and the opportunities for a less lively complex were wasted, he stated that Rockefeller Center had an aura of "festivity" around it, unlike most other office buildings in America.<ref name="Allen 1938"/>{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=218}} [[Sigfried Giedion]] wrote in his book ''[[Space, Time and Architecture]]'' that Rockefeller Center's design was akin to a "civic center" whose design represented the 1930s version of the future.<ref>{{cite book | last=Giedion | first=Sigfried | title=Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=1941 | isbn=978-0-67483-040-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHZnmKxkGMwC | access-date=December 7, 2017 | pages=845–853}}</ref>{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=220}} [[Henry Luce]], the founder of [[Time Inc.]], said in 1941 that Rockefeller Center represented "the true world of tomorrow", as opposed to the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], whose "World of Tomorrow" representations "are today junk piles under the winter snow".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=221}} Novelist [[Gertrude Stein]] said in 1935, "The view of Rockefeller Center from Fifth Avenue is the most beautiful thing I have ever seen."{{sfn|Okrent|2003|p=190}}

===Retrospective commentary and impact===
By the 1940s, most critics had positive views of Rockefeller Center.{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=221}} Even Mumford praised the complex, lamenting in 1947 that the new [[headquarters of the United Nations]] on First Avenue had no "human scale" or "transition from the intimate to the monumental", whereas Rockefeller Center's buildings "produce an aesthetic effect out of all proportion to their size".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=222}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Mumford | first=Lewis | title=From the ground up: observations on contemporary architecture, housing, highway building, and civic design | publisher=Harcourt, Brace | series=Harvest book | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmhTAAAAMAAJ | access-date=December 7, 2017 | page=25| isbn=978-0-15-634019-9 }}</ref> Haskell wrote in 1966 that Rockefeller Center's designers "seemed to have regarded urban life as an enhanceable romance".{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=223}} In 1969, the art historian [[Vincent Scully]] wrote, "Rockefeller Center is one of the few surviving public spaces that look as if they were designed and used by people who knew what stable wealth was and were not ashamed to enjoy it."{{sfn|Balfour|1978|p=224}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Scully | first=Vincent | title=American Architecture and Urbanism | publisher=Trinity University Press  | year=1969 | isbn=978-1-59534-180-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0rpCAAAQBAJ | access-date=December 7, 2017 | page=154}}</ref>

The [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] commissioned a report in 1974 titled "Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-Critical Estimate of Their Significance", in which they concluded that Rockefeller Center, along with [[Central Park]] and [[Grand Central Terminal]], were the only three developments that could slow down Manhattan's "remorseless process of expansion and decay".{{sfn|Fitch|Waite|1974|p=1}} In 1976, ''New York Times'' architectural critic [[Paul Goldberger]] wrote, "What makes Rockefeller Center work is that it is at once a formal Beaux‐Arts‐influenced complex of dignified towers and a lively, utterly contemporary amalgam of shops, plazas and street life. It is as natural a home for a 1970's street festival as for a 1930's movie about cafe society: few designs can join such disparate worlds so comfortably."<ref>{{cite web | last=Goldberger | first=Paul | title=Rockefeller Center Design: A Triumph for 30's and 70's | website=The New York Times | date=July 14, 1976 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/14/archives/rockefeller-center-design-a-triumph-for-30s-and-70s-design-of.html | access-date=February 19, 2018}}</ref> The [[American Institute of Architects]]' 2007 survey ''[[America's Favorite Architecture|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]'' ranked the Rockefeller Center complex among the top 150 buildings in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|website=FavoriteArchitecture.org|publisher=AIA|url=http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|title=List of America's Favorite Architecture|year=2007|access-date=September 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510113118/http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|archive-date=May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-05-27">{{Cite news |last=Kugel |first=Seth |date=2007-05-27 |title=The List: 33 Architectural Favorites in New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/travel/27Bweekend.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120163218/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/travel/27Bweekend.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several later buildings were inspired by Rockefeller Center and its constituent buildings. [[525 William Penn Place]] in Pittsburgh, also designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, includes limestone piers and steel fins that were inspired by 30 Rockefeller Plaza's design.<ref name="Newhouse 1989 p. ">{{cite book | last=Newhouse | first=Victoria | title=Wallace K. Harrison, Architect | publisher=Rizzoli | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-8478-1071-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-NHPgAACAAJ | language=en | page=150 |postscript=none}}, cited in {{cite report|url=https://apps.pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/Pittsburgh_Central_Downtown_NR_Nomination-4.pdf|title=Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District (Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation)|date=May 2, 2013|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|page=10|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref> In the 1960s, [[David Rockefeller]] developed the [[Embarcadero Center]] in San Francisco, which was nicknamed "Rockefeller Center West".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Daryl E.|last=Lembke|date=1967-02-19|title='Rockefeller West' Proposed for S.F. Embarcadero Area|pages=J1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-rockefeller-west/136906415/ J2]|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-rockefeller-west/136906383/|access-date=2023-12-16}}</ref><ref name="Interior Design Division of Whitney Communications Corporation 2006 p. ">{{cite book | title=Interior Design | publisher=Interior Design Division of Whitney Communications Corporation | volume=77 |issue= 1–2 | year=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQY4AQAAIAAJ | page=212}}</ref> [[Postmodern architecture|Postmodern]] skyscrapers based on Rockefeller Center include the [[NBC Tower]] in Chicago<ref name="Gapp Architecture critic 1989 c416">{{cite web | last=Gapp | first=Paul | title=NBC's 40-story Peacock | website=Chicago Tribune | date=April 23, 1989 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-04-23-8904060535-story.html | access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref> and the [[Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo Center]] in Minneapolis.<ref name="Lileks 2015 j206">{{cite web | last=Lileks | first=James | title=Streetscapes: These unbuilt buildings would have changed the Minneapolis skyline | website=Star Tribune | date=October 25, 2015 | url=https://www.startribune.com/streetscapes-these-unbuilt-buildings-would-have-changed-the-skyline/336321091/ | access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=1989-01-15|title=Architecture View; Cesar Pelli Seeks the Perfect Skyscraper|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/15/arts/architecture-view-cesar-pelli-seeks-the-perfect-skyscraper.html|access-date=2023-12-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><!-- The [[Georgia-Pacific Tower]] in Atlanta was also inspired.-->

{{wide image|NYC Top of the Rock Pano.jpg|900px|View of New York City looking south from 30 Rockefeller Plaza's observatory, [[Top of the Rock]], in December 2005}}

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|National Register of Historic Places|New York City}}
* [[Architecture of New York City]]
* [[Early skyscrapers]]
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite report |url=http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1985RockefellerCenter.pdf |title=Rockefeller Center Designation Report |year=1985 |publisher=[[Government of New York City|City of New York]]; [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |last=Adams |first=Janet |access-date=November 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113311/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1985RockefellerCenter.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Alpern |first1=Andrew |last2=Durst |first2=Seymour B. |title=New York's Architectural Holdouts |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-48629-425-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa9aAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Balfour |first=Alan |title=Rockefeller Center: Architecture as Theater |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-07003-480-8}}
* {{Cite fednyc}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/grandcentralterm00fitc |title=Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance |last1=Fitch |first1=James Marston |last2=Waite |first2=Diana S. |year=1974 |publisher=The Division |location=Albany, New York |language=en }}
* {{cite magazine |title=Preserving Rockefeller Center |url=http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1320&context=facpubs |last=Glancy |first=Dorothy J. |date=January 1, 1992 |magazine=24 Urb. Law. 423 |publisher=[[Santa Clara University School of Law]] }}
* {{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1449.pdf |title=International Building |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |date=April 23, 1985 |ref={{harvid|International Building Landmark Designation|1985}} }}
* {{Cite enc-nyc2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karp |first1=Walter |last2=Gill |first2=Brendan |title=The Center: A History and Guide to Rockefeller Center |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company, Inc. |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-44224-748-5}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpeNSAfYASoC&pg=PA9 |title=Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience |last=Kayden |first=Jerold S. |author2=The Municipal Art Society of New York |publisher=Wiley |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-47136-257-9 |ref={{harvid|Kayden|Municipal Art Society|2000}} }}
* {{cite book |first=Bernice |last=Kert |title=Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family |location=New York |publisher=Random House |date=October 12, 1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/abbyaldrichrocke00kert |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-39456-975-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Krinsky |first=Carol H. |author-link=Carol Herselle Krinsky |title=Rockefeller Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-19502-404-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xlDAQAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Le Corbusier |translator-last=Hyslop |translator-first=F.E. |title=When the Cathedrals Were White: A Journey to the Country of Timid People |publisher=Routledge |year=1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u10VAAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1447.pdf |title=Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company Building (formerly 600 Fifth Avenue Building) |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |date=April 23, 1985 |ref={{harvid|600 Fifth Avenue Landmark Designation|1985}} }}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/manhattanskyscra00nash_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/manhattanskyscra00nash_0/page/63 63] |title=Manhattan Skyscrapers |last1=Nash |first1=Eric |last2=McGrath |first2=Norman |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-568-98181-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Okrent |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Okrent |title=[[Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center]] |publisher=Penguin Book |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-142-00177-6}}
* {{cite report |url={{NHLS url |id=87002591}} |first=Carolyn |last=Pitts |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination |date=January 23, 1987 |publisher=National Park Service }}
* {{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0995.pdf |title=Radio City Music Hall |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |date=March 28, 1978 |ref={{harvid|Radio City Music Hall Landmark Designation|1978}} }}
* {{cite book |first=Cary |last=Reich |title=The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908–1958 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |date=October 1, 1996 |isbn=978-0-385-24696-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofnelsonaroc00reic |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Rockefeller |title=Memoirs |location=New York |publisher=Random House |date=October 15, 2002 |isbn=0-679-40588-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Christine |last=Roussel |title=The Art of Rockefeller Center |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoartofr00chri |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |date=May 17, 2006 |isbn=978-0-39306-082-9 }}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=Radio City to Cost $250,000,000 |last=Seielstad |first=B.G. |magazine=[[Popular Science|Popular Science Monthly]] |date=September 1930 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Richard Norton |title=On His Own Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller |publisher=Random House |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-37550-580-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzeODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=James Srodes |first=James |last=Srodes |title=Allen Dulles: Master of Spies |location=Washington |publisher=Regnery Publishing, Inc. |date=June 25, 1999 |isbn=978-0-89526-314-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIaw7GYDFmwC }}
* {{Cite NY2000}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Weisman |first=Winston R. |year=1959 |title=The First Landscaped Skyscraper |jstor=987977 |magazine=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.2307/987977}}
* {{Cite aia5|pages=325–327}}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=World's Largest Theater in Rockefeller Center Will Seat Six Thousand Persons |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=August 1932 |ref={{SfnRef|Popular Mechanics|1932}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Loth | first=David G. | title=The city within a city: the romance of Rockefeller Center | publisher=W. Morrow | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/citywithincityt00loth | url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-19985-910-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Paquette |first=Catha |title=At the Crossroads: Diego Rivera and his Patrons at MoMA, Rockefeller Center, and the Palace of Fine Arts |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4773-1100-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rockefeller |first1=John D. Jr. |author-link1=John D. Rockefeller Jr. |last2=Rockefeller |first2=Nelson A. |author-link2=Nelson Rockefeller |last3=Butler |first3=Nicholas Murray |author-link3=Nicholas Murray Butler |last4=Sarnoff |first4=David |author-link4=David Sarnoff |last5=Murray |first5=Thomas A. |last6=LaGuardia |first6=Fiorello H. |author-link6=Fiorello H. La Guardia |title=The Last Rivet: The story of Rockefeller Center, a city within a city, as told at the ceremony in which John D. Rockefeller, Jr., drove the last rivet of the last building, November 1, 1939 |date=1940 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-1-25815-535-3}}
* {{Cite NY1930}}
* A more extensive list of sources can be found in {{harvnb|Adams|1985|pp=273–274}}; {{harvnb|Balfour|1978|p=243}}; {{harvnb|Krinsky|1978|pp=213–214}}; and {{harvnb|Okrent|2003|pp=473–480}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rockefeller Center}}
* {{Official website|http://www.rockefellercenter.com}}
* [http://www.rockefellergroup.com/ The Rockefeller Group]
* [https://therinkatrockcenter.com/ The Rink at Rockefeller Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404170542/https://therinkatrockcenter.com/ |date=April 4, 2017 }}
**  [https://workspaces.nyc Workspace by Rockefeller Group]

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