Editing Rolling paper

{{Short description|Paper used for making cigarettes}}
{{use mdy dates |date=August 2024}}
{{redirect|Cigarette papers|the 1996 book|The Cigarette Papers}}
'''Rolling paper''' is a specialty [[paper]] used for making [[cigarette]]s (commercially manufactured [[filter cigarette]]s and individually made [[roll-your-own]] cigarettes). [[List of rolling papers|Rolling papers]] are packs of several cigarette-size sheets, often folded inside a cardboard wrapper. They are also known as 'blanks', which are used to encase [[tobacco]] or [[cannabis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Are Rolling Papers? |url=https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/rolling-papers|access-date=2021-03-25|website=[[Weedmaps]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It may be flavoured.

Rolling papers are also used for rolling cannabis cigarettes called [[Joint (cannabis)|joint]]s.
[[Image:Cigarette diagram.svg|thumb|Filter cigarette: {{ordered list
    |1=[[Cigarette filter]]
    |2=Imitation cork tip paper
    |3=Cigarette paper
    |4=[[Tobacco]]
    |5=[[Capsule (pharmacy)|Capsule]] (optional, not shown)
    |6=[[Ink]] (not shown)
    |7=[[Cigarette glue|Glue]] (not shown)
}}]]

==History==
[[File:Riz Abadie Affiche (1898).jpg|thumb|1898 French cigarette paper advertisement poster]]
{{Further|Rizla#History}}Paper cigarettes became popular in the second half of the 19th century, displacing the more expensive cigars and cigarillos.

As cigars and cigarillos were expensive, the beggars of Spain would collect the cigar butts from the ground and roll them in pieces of paper to be smoked. During the [[Crimean War]] this culture became more prevalent and British soldiers learned how to roll tobacco in newspapers. Frequent use of rolling paper became a custom, and to fulfil the need, rolling paper companies [[Pay-Pay]], [[Smoking (rolling paper)|Smoking]], and [[Rizla]] emerged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolling Papers: The History Full Guide — My Rolling Tray|url=https://myrollingtray.com/blogs/news/rolling-papers-the-history-full-guide|access-date=2021-05-06|website=myrollingtray.com|date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Composition==
Cigarette paper is made from thin and lightweight "rag fibers" (nonwood plant fibers) such as [[flax]], [[hemp]], [[sisal]], [[rice straw]], and [[esparto]]. The paper is available in rolls and rectangular sheets of varying sizes, and has a narrow strip of glue along one long edge. It may be transparent, colored and flavored. It has a high filler content and a [[grammage|basis weight]] of 10-28&nbsp;g/m<sup>2</sup>. To control the smoking properties, this paper has a porosity that is suited to the type of tobacco and contains additives that regulate burning.<ref>{{citation |author1=Rudolf Patt |author2=Othar Kordsachia |author3=Richard Süttinger |author4=Yoshito Ohtani |author5=Jochen F. Hoesch |author6=Peter Ehrler |author7=Rudolf Eichinger |author8=Herbert Holik |author9=Udo Hamm |author10=Michael E. Rohmann |author11=Peter Mummenhoff |author12=Erich Petermann |author13=Richard F. Miller |author14=Dieter Frank |author15=Renke Wilken |author16=Heinrich L. Baumgarten |author17=Gert-Heinz Rentrop |contribution=Paper and Pulp |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |edition=7th |publisher=Wiley |year=2007 |pages=1–157 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a18_545 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 }}</ref> One critical paper characteristic is permeability; its primary physical influence is smoke dilution. Among the fillers used are [[calcium carbonate]] to influence the permeability and color, [[magnesium carbonate]] to improve ash color, or [[titanium oxide]] if a particularly white ash is required.<ref>{{citation |author=T. C. Tso |contribution=Tobacco |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |edition=7th |publisher=Wiley |year=2007 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_123|isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> [[Sodium potassium tartrate]] ([[Seignette's salt]]), [[Sodium citrate|sodium]] and [[potassium citrate]] are used as a combustion regulator in cigarette paper, increased levels result in faster burning papers.<ref>{{citation |author=Jean-Maurice Kassaian |contribution=Tartaric Acid |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |edition=7th |publisher=Wiley |year=2007 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_163|isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> [[Poly(vinyl alcohol)]] in aqueous solution is used for cigarette adhesives.<ref>{{citation |author=Manfred L. Hallensleben |contribution=Polyvinyl Compounds, Others |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |edition=7th |publisher=Wiley |year=2007 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a21_743|isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref>

A study of commercially available rolling papers found that concentrations of several elements, particularly [[copper]], [[chromium]], and [[vanadium]] in some products, may present a hazard to frequent users.<ref name= Wright >{{cite journal |title=Elemental Composition of Commercially Available Cannabis Rolling Papers |journal=ACS Omega |date=2024 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.3c09580 |last1=Wright |first1=Derek |last2=Jarvie |first2=Michelle M. |last3=Southwell |first3=Benjamin |last4=Kincaid |first4=Carmen |last5=Westrick |first5=Judy |last6=Perera |first6=S. Sameera |last7=Edwards |first7=David |last8=Cody |first8=Robert B. |volume=9 |issue=17 |pages=19020–19030 |pmid=38708199 |pmc=11064008 }}</ref>  Of particular concern is the concentration of copper from pigments used in the papers might result in exposures as high as 4.5–11 times the maximum exposure limits.<ref name= Wright/>

Permeability is defined as the measure of the volume of air that flows through a specified area of cigarette paper in a given unit of time. It is measured in CORESTA units. US commercial filter cigarette brands have paper permeability between 14 and 51 CORESTA units. Increased cigarette paper permeability results in increased smoke dilution with air.<ref name="podraza">{{citation |author=Ken Podraza |title=Basic Principles of Cigarette Design and Function |publisher=Philip Morris USA |url=http://www.lsro.org/presentation_files/air/m_011029/podraza_102901.pdf}}</ref>

[[Fire safe cigarettes|Fire-resistant cigarettes]], which reduce the risk of fire from unattended cigarettes, are made with special paper that includes a plastic compound, [[ethylene vinyl acetate]]. If a cigarette made with this type of paper is left unattended, the plastic in the paper will help the cigarette self-extinguish.

Other specialty papers for tobacco products are:
* Imitation cork paper is a brownish yellow colored paper used for the production of cigarette tips. It has an imitation cork imprint and joins the filter to the tobacco stick.
* Filter encasing paper is used for the production of acetate or cellulose filters. The tip paper may be covered with [[polyvinyl alcohol]].<ref>{{citation|author=F. L. Marten|contribution=Vinyl Alcohol Polymers|title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology|edition=5th|publisher=Wiley|year=2002|page=26|doi=10.1002/0471238961.2209142513011820.a01.pub2|isbn=978-0-471-48494-3 }}</ref>
* Cigar or cigarillo casing paper holds the chopped tobacco together and serves as the inner casing.

==Consumption==
===United States===
[[File:Rukok Ôn.JPG|thumb|Rolling paper from ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'' leaf]]

In 2008, Tobacconist Magazine called [[roll-your-own]] (RYO) the tobacco industry's fastest growing segment. It estimates that 2–4% of cigarette smokers in the United States, or approximately 2.6&nbsp;million people, make their own cigarettes. Many of these smokers have switched in response to increasingly high taxes on manufactured cigarettes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/14/nyregion/roll-your-owns-cut-taxes.html | title=Roll-Your-Owns Cut Taxes | work=The New York Times |date=14 October 2002 |last1=Peterson |first1=Iver }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ttb.gov/statistics/200812tobacco.pdf TTB stats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512103513/http://www.ttb.gov/statistics/200812tobacco.pdf |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref>

===Canada===
In 2000, a Canadian government survey estimated that 9% of [[Canada]]'s six&nbsp;million cigarette smokers smoked hand-rolled cigarettes "sometimes or most of the time", 7% smoked roll-your-owns "exclusively", and over 90% of rolling papers sold in Canada were for tobacco consumption.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}{{Needs update|date=April 2023|reason=This study was performed before cannabis legalization, which resulted in an increase in cannabis consumption, and likely an decrease in the percentage of rolling paper purchased for use with tobacco instead of cannabis.}}  A more recent 2009 study has shown that approximately 925,000 Canadians roll their own cigarettes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The roll-your-own cigarette market in Canada: a cross-sectional exploratory study|first1=Scott T|last1=Leatherdale|first2=Murray|last2=Kaiserman|first3=Rashid|last3=Ahmed|date=16 March 2009|journal=Tob Induc Dis|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/1617-9625-5-5|pmid=19291309|pmc=2666659 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Packet of cigarette rolling papers from Lebanon.jpg|thumb|Ungummed rolling paper packet from Lebanon]]

===United Kingdom===
According to ''The Publican'', "Low price RYO has seen an astonishing rise of 175% in [2007] as cigarette smokers look for cheaper alternatives and to control the size of their smoke".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thepublican.com/story.asp?sectioncode=7&storycode=55450&c=1 |work=The Publican |title=Tobacco sales drop in Scotland }}</ref> The [[National Health Service]] has reported that roll-your-own use has more than doubled since 1990, from 11% to 24%. Many of these smokers apparently believe that hand-rolled cigarettes are less harmful than manufactured products,<ref>{{cite web |work=BBC News |title=Smoker poll reveals roll-ups myth |date=May 30, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5031088.stm |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> although it is equally possible that the increase is due to the steep rise in prices since the early-1990s to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nicare-ecigarettes-direct.co.uk/cigarette-prices-have-risen-by-80-since-1990/|title=Shop For E-Cigs, E-Liquids & Vapes with free UK delivery}}</ref>

===Thailand===
In [[Thailand]], smokers of roll-your-own cigarettes have long outnumbered smokers of manufactured brands.<ref>''"Cigarette Consumption"'', Thailand Health Promotion Institute [http://www.thpinhf.org/Cigarette_consumption.pdf PDF document] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721183425/http://www.thpinhf.org/Cigarette_consumption.pdf |date=2006-07-21 }}.</ref> A 2008 survey found that 58% of surveyed smokers in Thailand rolled their own cigarettes, compared to just 17% in neighbouring Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=David |last2=Yong |first2=Hua-Hie |last3=Borland |first3=Ron |last4=Ross |first4=Hana |last5=Sirirassamee |first5=Buppha |last6=Kin |first6=Foong |last7=Hammond |first7=David |last8=O'Connor |first8=Richard |last9=Fong |first9=Geoffrey |date=May 2008 |title=Prevalence and correlates of roll-your-own smoking in Thailand and Malaysia: Findings of the ITC-South East Asia Survey |url=https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-lookup/doi/10.1080/14622200802027172 |journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research |language=en |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=907–915 |doi=10.1080/14622200802027172 |pmid=18569766 |issn=1462-2203|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===New Zealand===
The [[New Zealand]] [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]] reported in 2005 that: 'The ratio of roll-your-own to manufactured or tailor-made cigarettes consumed by New Zealanders has risen over (at least) the past decade, perhaps reflecting price differences between these products, and currently approaching 50 percent overall.'<ref>Ministry of Health, ''"Seeing through the Smoke: Tobacco Monitoring in New Zealand"'', Public Health Intelligence: Occasional Bulletin (26), 2005 [http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/EE0D7A5314318292CC257014000078DF/$File/seeingthroughthesmoke.pdf PDF document].</ref>

===India===
As the prices of cigarettes rise year after year, roll-your-own is becoming a trend among Indian smokers. Rolling papers and rolling tobacco are now easily accessible and can be bought at almost any Pan Shops in India.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Taxation==
Consumers' switching to roll-your-own has led to a response among certain tax authorities. In the United States, [[Indiana]] and [[Kentucky]] tax rolling papers. Kentucky set its tax at $0.25 per pack (for up to 32 leaves, larger packs are taxed at $0.0078 per leaf) in 2006 despite complaints from manufacturers. Louisiana Revised Statute 47:338.261 allows up to $1.25 per pack at retail.

==Regulation==
===United States===
The [[FDA]] stated in 2011 that every brand (including private labels) of cigarette rolling papers sold in the US must submit their ingredients and seek agency approval or withdraw from the marketplace by March of that year if they had not been sold in the US before February 15, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM239021.pdf |title=Section 905(j) Reports: Demonstrating Substantial Equivalence for Tobacco Products |date=5 January 2011 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=2019-12-16 |archive-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222022243/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM239021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rolling papers]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cigarette rolling papers}}

{{Cannabis}}
{{Cigarettes}}
{{Paper}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolling Paper}}
[[Category:Cigarette rolling papers| ]]
[[Category:Paper products]]
[[Category:Cannabis smoking]]
[[Category:Drug paraphernalia]]
[[Category:Tobacco accessories]]