Editing Romanization of Russian

{{short description|Romanization of the Russian alphabet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{For|the romanization of Russian used on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian}}

The [[romanization]] of the [[Russian language]] (the [[transliteration]] of Russian text from the [[Cyrillic script]] into the [[Latin script]]), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of [[typing]] rapidly using a [[Keyboard layout#Russian|native Russian keyboard layout]] ([[JCUKEN]]). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their [[keyboard layout]], such as for English [[QWERTY]] keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.[[File:Pavel_Datsyuk_2016.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[Pavel Datsyuk]] (Cyrillic: {{lang|ru|Павел Дацюк}}), a former NHL and international ice hockey player, wearing a sweater with Latin characters]]
[[File:Udaltsova Street sign.jpg|thumb|right|A street sign in Russia with the name of a street shown in Cyrillic and Latin characters]]

==Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin==
There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of [[Russian alphabet|Russian Cyrillic]], with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ivanov|first=Lyubomir|date=2017|title=Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098|journal=Contrastive Linguistics|location=Sofia|volume=XLII|issue=2|pages=66–73|issn=0204-8701|quote=In general, the present practice of Russian transliteration would seem fairly messy, inconsistent, and subject to not infrequent change.|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303150302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098_Streamlined_Romanization_of_Russian_Cyrillic|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Scientific transliteration===
{{Main article|Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic}}

Scientific transliteration, also known as the ''International Scholarly System'', is a system that has been used in [[linguistics]] since the 19th century. It is based on the [[Czech alphabet]] and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems.

===GOST===

====OST 8483====
OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vinogradov|first=N. V.|title=Karty i atlasy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|year=1941|language=ru|isbn=978-5-4475-6305-9|page=44|publisher=Directmedia |access-date=2017-03-09|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312124703/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|url-status=live}}</ref>

====GOST 16876-71 (1973)====
{{Main article|GOST 16876-71}}

Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the [[USSR Council of Ministers]], GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000.

====ST SEV 1362 (1978)====
This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the [[Comecon|COMECON]].

====GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)====
{{main|GOST 7.79-2000}}
GOST 7.79-2000 ''System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet'' is an adoption of [[ISO 9|ISO 9:1995]]. It is the official standard of both [[Russia]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).

====GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)====
GOST 52535.1-2006 ''Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports'' is an adoption of an [[ICAO]] standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ([[#2010–2013|see below]]). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the [[ICAO]] romanization ([[#After 2013|see below]]).

====Street and road signs====
Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized
according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical.

===ISO===
{{Main article|ISO 9}}

====ISO/R 9====
ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the [[scientific transliteration]] by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages.

====ISO 9====
ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language.

===United Nations romanization system===
The [[UNGEGN]], a Working Group of the [[United Nations]], in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of [[GOST 16876-71]]. It may be found in some international cartographic products.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zots |first=Ivan Vladimirovich |year=2020 |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1 |title=Modern Romanization of Russian Toponyms per UN Technical Reference: Phonological and Orthographic Analysis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919190758/https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |website=Preprints |id=2020060095 |doi=10.20944/preprints202006.0095.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Library of Congress (ALA-LC)===
{{Main article|ALA-LC romanization for Russian}}

[[American Library Association]] and [[Library of Congress]] (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in [[North America]]n libraries and in the British Library since 1975.

The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, [[Tie (typography)|two-letter tie character]]s, and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=J. Thomas|title=Transliteration of Modern Russian for English-Language Publications|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1967|location=Madison}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Guide to Style and Presentation of MSS|publisher=Slavonic and East European Review|year=c. 1966|type=Pamphlet}}</ref>

===British Standard===
''British Standard 2979:1958'' is the main system of the Oxford University Press,<ref>{{cite book|last=Waddingham|first=Anne|title=New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957002-7|page=240|access-date=2017-03-09|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312130558/https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The [[ALA-LC romanization for Russian|Library of Congress system]] (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Search for Cyrillic items in the catalogue|url=https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items|publisher=British Library|access-date=9 March 2017|date=2014|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150035/https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items|url-status=live}}</ref>

===BGN/PCGN===
{{Main article|BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian}}The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ''ë'' to ''yo'', simplifying ''-iy'' and ''-yy'' endings to ''-y'', and omitting apostrophes for ''ъ'' and ''ь''.  It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the [[interpunct]] character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity.

This particular standard is part of the [[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN romanization system]] which was developed by the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] and by the [[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use]]. The portion of the system pertaining to the [[Russian language]] was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947.

===Transliteration of names on Russian passports===
In [[Soviet passport|Soviet international passport]]s, transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a {{ill|French-style system|fr|Transcription du russe en français|lt=French-style system.}}<ref name="Order No. 310">{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Internal Affairs|author-link1=Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|title=Order No. 310 (26 May 1997)|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111928/http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, with the introduction of new [[Russian passport]]s, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]],<ref name="Order No. 310" /><ref>{{cite news|author1=Ministry of Internal Affairs|author-link1=Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|title=Order No. 1047 (31 December 2003)|url=http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html|issue=3386|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=22 January 2004|language=ru|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925234657/http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but the system was also abandoned in 2010.

In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the [[Federal Migration Service]] of Russia approved Order No. 26,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Federal Migratory Service|author-link1=Federal Migratory Service (Russia)|title=Order No. 26 (3 February 2010)|url=https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html|issue=5125|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=5 March 2010|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044857/https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html|url-status=live}}</ref> stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013.

{{anchor|After 2013}}
In 2013, Order No. 320<ref>{{cite news|author1=Federal Migratory Service|author-link1=Federal Migratory Service (Russia)|title=Order No. 320 (15 October 2012)|url=https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html|issue=6041|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=27 March 2013|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044523/https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Federal Migration Service]] of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in the passports must be transliterated by using the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] [[ICAO romanization|system]], which is published in Doc 9303 "''Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3''". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: '''ц''' is transliterated into ''ts'' (as in pre-2010 systems), '''ъ''' is transliterated into ''ie'' (a novelty).<!-- The latter seems to be for Bulgarian. -->

==Transliteration table==
{{sticky header}}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:center;" summary="Table of Cyrillic Russian letters, and their Latin transliterations in seven transliteration systems." class="Unicode wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+ Common systems for romanizing Russian
|- valign="top" style="background:silver;"
!scope="col" colspan=2 | Cyrillic
! Variants
!scope="col" width="7%" title="Traditional Scientific Transliteration"| Scholarly<br/>
<ref>{{cite book|last=Lunt|first=Horace Grey|title=Old Church Slavonic Grammar|edition=7|year=2001|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin, New York|pages=17–18|isbn=3-11-016284-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BXJgfIo_fYC&pg=PA17|access-date=2015-10-11|archive-date=2016-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430200721/https://books.google.com/books?id=7BXJgfIo_fYC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Timberlake|first=Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521772921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA25|access-date=2015-10-11|archive-date=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428131412/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA25|url-status=live}}</ref>
!scope="col" width="7%" title="ISO Scientific Transliteration (1968);"| ISO/R 9:1968
!scope="col" width="7%" title="GOST 16876-71, table 1 (with diacritics), 1971; United Nations Geographic Names"| GOST 16876-71(1);<br/>UNGEGN (1987)
!scope="col" width="7%" title="GOST 16876-71, table 2 (diacritic-free), 1971"| GOST 16876-71(2)
!scope="col" width="7%" title="ISO Scientific Transliteration (1995); GOST 7.79-2000, system A (with diacritics), 2002"| ISO 9:1995; GOST 7.79-2000(A)
!scope="col" width="7%" title="GOST 7.79-2000, system B (with digraphs), 2002"| GOST 7.79-2000(B)
!scope="col" width="7%" title="GOST R 52290-2004"| Road<br />signs
!scope="col" width="7%" title="American Library Association – Library of Congress"| ALA-LC
!scope="col" width="7%" title="British Standard 2979:1958"| BS 2979:1958
!scope="col" width="7%" title="United States Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use"| BGN/PCGN
!scope="col" width="7%" title="Order of the MIA of the Russian Federation No. 310 (1997)"| Passport (1997)
!scope="col" width="7%" title="Order of the FMS of the Russian Federation No. 26 (2010)"| Passport (2010) {{anchor|2010–2013}}
!scope="col" width="7%" title="Order of the FMS of the Russian Federation No. 320 (2013), International Civil Aviation Organization"| Passport (2013), ICAO
|-
! А !! а 
| a
| a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a
|-
! Б !! б 
| b
| b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b
|-
! В !! в 
| v
| v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v
|-
! Г !! г 
| g
| g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g
|-
! Д !! д 
| d
| d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d
|-
! Е !! е 
| e, ye
| e || e || e || e || e || e || e (ye){{efn|group="table"|1=е = ''ye'' initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.}} || e || e || e (ye){{efn|group="table"|name="BGNPCGN"|1=The [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] ''ye'' and ''yë'' are used to indicate [[iotation]] at the beginning of a word, after vowels, and after й, ъ or ь.}} || e (ye){{efn|group="table"|name="ye"|1=ye after ь.}} || e || e
|-
! Ё !! ё 
| ë, jo, yo, ye, yë
| ë || ë || ë || jo || ë || yo || e (ye, yo){{efn|group="table"|1=ё
:= ''ye'' after consonants except ч, ш, щ, ж (''ch, sh, shch, zh'');
:= ''e'' after ч, ш, щ, ж (''ch, sh, shch, zh'');
:= ''yo'' initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.}} || ë || ë{{efn|group="table"|name="diacritic"|Diacritics may be omitted when back-transliteration is not required.}} || ë (yë){{efn|group="table"|name="BGNPCGN"}} || e (ye){{efn|group="table"|name="ye"}} || e || e
|-
! Ж !! ж 
| ž, zh
| ž || ž || ž || zh || ž || zh || zh || zh || zh || zh || zh || zh || zh
|-
! З !! з 
| z
| z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z
|-
! И !! и 
| i
| i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i
|-
! Й !! й 
| j, y, ĭ, i
| j || j || j || j (jj){{efn|group="table"|1=''jj'' is accepted if reverse transliteration is needed}} || j || j || y || ĭ || ĭ{{efn|group="table"|name="diacritic"}} || y{{efn|group="table"|name="dot"|1= An optional [[middle dot]] (·) may be used to signify:
* non-digraphs (тс = ''t·s'', шч = ''sh·ch'');
* ''y·'' = й before а, у, ы, э (йа = ''y·a'', йу = ''y·u'', йы = ''y·y'', йэ = ''y·e'');
* ''y·'' = ы before а, у, ы, э (ыа = ''y·a'', ыу = ''y·u'', ыы = ''y·y'', ыэ = ''y·e'');
* ''·y'' = ы after vowels;
* ''·e'' = э after consonants except й.}} || y{{efn|group="table"|1=ий is either ''iy'' or ''y'', and ый is either ''y'' or ''yy''.}} || i || i
|-
! К !! к 
| k
| k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k
|-
! Л !! л 
| l
| l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l
|-
! М !! м 
| m
| m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m
|-
! Н !! н 
| n
| n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n
|-
! О !! о 
| o
| o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o
|-
! П !! п 
| p
| p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p
|-
! Р !! р 
| r
| r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r
|-
! С !! с 
| s
| s || s || s || s || s || s || s || s || s{{efn|group="table"|name="t-s"|1=тс is romanized ''t-s'' to distinguish it from ц = ''ts''.}} || s || s || s || s
|-
! Т !! т 
| t
| t || t || t || t || t || t || t || t || t{{efn|group="table"|name="t-s"}} || t || t || t || t
|-
! У !! у 
| u
| u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || u
|-
! Ф !! ф 
| f
| f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f
|-
! Х !! х 
| x, h, kh, ch
| x (ch) || ch || h || kh || h || x || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh
|-
! Ц !! ц 
| c, cz, ts, t͡s, tc
| c || c || c || c || c || cz (c){{efn|group="table"|1=It is recommended to use ''c'' before ''i, e, y, j'', but ''cz'' in all other cases.}} || ts || t͡s || ts{{efn|group="table"|name="t-s"}} || ts{{efn|group="table"|name="dot"|1= An optional [[middle dot]] (·) may be used to signify:
* non-digraphs (тс = ''t·s'', шч = ''sh·ch'');
* ''y·'' = й before а, у, ы, э (йа = ''y·a'', йу = ''y·u'', йы = ''y·y'', йэ = ''y·e'');
* ''y·'' = ы before а, у, ы, э (ыа = ''y·a'', ыу = ''y·u'', ыы = ''y·y'', ыэ = ''y·e'');
* ''·y'' = ы after vowels;
* ''·e'' = э after consonants except й.}} || ts || tc || ts
|-
! Ч !! ч 
| č, ch
| č || č || č || ch || č || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch
|-
! Ш !! ш 
| š, sh
| š || š || š || sh || š || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh
|-
! Щ !! щ 
| ŝ, šč, shch, shh
| šč, ŝ || šč || ŝ || shh || ŝ || shh || shch || shch || shch || shch{{efn|group="table"|name="dot"}} || shch || shch || shch
|-
! Ъ !! ъ{{efn|group="table"|name="all"|1=Unicode recommends encoding the primes used for the soft and hard signs as {{unichar|2b9}} and {{unichar|2ba}},<!-- which may be entered with {{tl|softsign}} and {{tl|hardsign}},--> and the apostrophes for the same as the [[modifier letter apostrophe]]s, {{unichar|2bc}} and {{unichar|2ee}}.}} 
| ʺ, {{hamza}}, ˮ, ", ie
| <!-- These are U+02BA-->ʺ || ʺ || ʺ || ʺ || ʺ || ʺ || {{hamza}} || ʺ{{efn|group="table"|1=Before the 2012 revision of the table, ъ was not romanized at the end of a word. Since that date, it is always romanized.}} || ˮ<!-- U+02EE--> (<!--or loosely&nbsp;-->"){{efn|group="table"|1=ъ is not romanized at the end of a word.}} || ˮ<!-- U+02EE--> || ʺ<!-- U+02BA-->|| {{n/a|–}} || ie
|-
! Ы !! ы 
| y, y', ȳ, ui
| y || y || y || y || y || y' || y || y || ȳ (ui){{efn|group="table"|1=The British Library uses ы = ''ui'', ый = ''uy''.}} || y{{efn|group="table"|name="dot"}} || y || y || y
|-
! Ь !! ь{{efn|group="table"|name="all"}} 
| ʹ, {{hamza}}, '
| <!-- These are U+02B9-->ʹ || ʹ || ʹ || ʹ || ʹ || ʹ || {{hamza}} || ʹ || {{hamza}} (<!--or loosely&nbsp;-->'<!--ASCII-->) || {{hamza}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Э !! э 
| ė, è, eh, e, é
| è || è || ė || eh || è || e' || e || ė || é{{efn|group="table"|name="diacritic"}} || e{{efn|group="table"|name="dot"}} || e || e || e
|-
! Ю !! ю 
| û, yu, ju, i͡u, iu
| ju, û || ju || ju || ju || û || yu || yu || i͡u || yu || yu || yu || iu || iu
|-
! Я !! я 
| â, ya, ja, i͡a, ia
| ja, â || ja || ja || ja || â || ya || ya || i͡a || ya || ya || ya || ia || ia
|-
!scope="rowgroup" colspan="16" style="background:silver;"| Pre-1918 letters
|-
! І !! і 
| i, ì, ī, i'
| i || i || i || {{n/a|—}} || ì || i (i'){{efn|group="table"|1=In GOST 7.79-2000 Cyrillic ''і'' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] is always transliterated as Latin ''i'' as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case that it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ), it is transliterated with an apostrophe ''i{{'}}''.}} || {{n/a|—}} || ī || ī || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѳ !! ѳ 
| f, ḟ, f̀, fh, th
| f (th){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"|1=Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways.}} || ḟ || ḟ || {{n/a|—}} || f̀ || fh || {{n/a|—}} || ḟ || ḟ || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѣ !! ѣ 
| ě, ê, ye, i͡e
| ě || ě || ě || {{n/a|—}} || ě || ye || {{n/a|—}} || i͡e || ê || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѵ !! ѵ 
| i, ẏ, ỳ, y̆, yh, ü
| i (ü){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || ẏ || ẏ || {{n/a|—}} || ỳ || yh || {{n/a|—}} || ẏ || y̆ || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
!scope="rowgroup" colspan="16" style="background:silver;"| Pre-18th century letters
|-
! Є !! є 
| ê, ē, e, je
| ê (j)e{{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ē || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѥ !! ѥ 
| ẹ, i͡e
| ẹ{{Efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || i͡e || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѕ !! ѕ 
| ẑ, ż, ʒ, dz, js
| dz (ʒ){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ẑ || js || {{n/a|—}} || ż || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ꙋ !! ꙋ 
| ū, u
| u || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ū || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѡ !! ѡ 
| ô, ō, o
| ô (o){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ō || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѿ !! ѿ 
| ôt, ō͡t, ot 
| ôt (ot){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ō͡t || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѫ !! ѫ 
| ą, ǎ, u
| ą (u){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ǎ || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ą || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѧ !! ѧ 
| ę, ja
| ę (ja){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || ę || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѭ !! ѭ 
| ją, ju, i͡ą
| ją (ju){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || i͡ą || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѩ !! ѩ 
| ję, ja, i͡ę
| ję (ja){{efn|group="table"|name="Scholarly"}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || i͡ę || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѯ !! ѯ 
| x, k͡s
| x || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || k͡s || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|-
! Ѱ !! ѱ 
| ps, p͡s
| ps || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || p͡s || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}} || {{n/a|—}}
|}

===Table notes===
{{noteslist|group="table"}}

==Latin script==
{{main article|Russian Latin alphabet}}
In a second sense, the '''romanization''' or '''Latinization of Russian'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wellisch|first=Hans H.|title=The Conversion of Scripts, Its Nature, History, and Utilization|publisher=Wiley|year=1978|isbn=0471016209|location=New York}}</ref> may also indicate the introduction of a dedicated [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era.

The most serious possibility of adoption of a Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the [[Latinisation (USSR)|campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR]], when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1301421/print |title="О латинизации русского алфавита" |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830042640/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1301421/print |language=ru |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Latin letter names in Russian===
The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from [[French language|French]] and/or [[German language|German]]):<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A42Jbep0sU Russian names of Latin Letters]</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* A: ''a'' ({{lang|ru|а}})
* B: ''be'' ({{lang|ru|бэ}})
* C: ''ce'' ({{lang|ru|цэ}})
* D: ''de'' ({{lang|ru|дэ}})
* E: ''je'' or ''e'' ({{lang|ru|е}}) or ({{lang|ru|э}})
* F: ''ef'' ({{lang|ru|эф}})
* G: ''ge'' or ''že'' ({{lang|ru|гэ}}) or ({{lang|ru|жэ}})
* H: ''aš'' or ''ha'' ({{lang|ru|аш}}) or ({{lang|ru|ха}})
* I: ''i'' ({{lang|ru|и}})
* J: ''jot'' or ''ži'' ({{lang|ru|йот}}) or ({{lang|ru|жи}})
* K: ''ka'' ({{lang|ru|ка}})
* L: ''elʹ'' ({{lang|ru|эль}})
* M: ''em'' ({{lang|ru|эм}})
* N: ''en'' ({{lang|ru|эн}})
* O: ''o'' ({{lang|ru|о}})
* P: ''pe'' ({{lang|ru|пэ}})
* Q: ''ku'' ({{lang|ru|ку}})
* R: ''er'' ({{lang|ru|эр}})
* S: ''es'' ({{lang|ru|эс}})
* T: ''te'' ({{lang|ru|тэ}})
* U: ''u'' ({{lang|ru|у}})
* V: ''ve'' ({{lang|ru|вэ}})
* W: ''dublʹ-ve'' ({{lang|ru|дубль-вэ}})
* X: ''iks'' ({{lang|ru|икс}})
* Y: ''igrek'' ({{lang|ru|игрек}}) or ''ipsilon'' ({{lang|ru|ипсилон}})
* Z: ''zet'' ({{lang|ru|зет}})
}}

==See also==
*[[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic]]
*[[Romanization of Belarusian]]
*[[Romanization of Bulgarian]]
*[[Romanization of Macedonian]]
*[[Romanization of Serbian]]
*[[Romanization of Ukrainian]]
*[[Faux Cyrillic]]
*[[Russian Latin alphabet]]
*[[wikt:Template:ru-IPA|Template:ru-IPA]] for the [[Wiktionary]] template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040604071405/http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20170312041508/http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/russian.pdf Russian] (2012)
**[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/churchsl.pdf Church Slavonic] (2011)
*British Academy. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t1pg1sg5p&view=1up&seq=5 Transliteration of Slavonic: Report of the Committee for the Transliteration into English of Words Belonging to Russian and Other Slavonic Languages.] Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. VIII (2017). 20&nbsp;pp.
*Gerych, G. [https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/22477/1/EC56137.PDF Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets.] Ottawa University, April 1965. 126&nbsp;pp.
*{{cite web|title=GOST 7.79-2000. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet|url=http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=130715|publisher=Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology|date=2002|language=ru}}
*{{cite web|title=GOST R 52290-2004. Traffic control devices. Traffic signs. General technical requirements|url=http://protect.gost.ru/v.aspx?control=8&id=121750&pageK=9EF2044A-C910-4729-B6F3-D777AF90441E|publisher=Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology|date=2006|page=111|language=ru}}
*{{cite web|title=GOST R 52535.1-2006. Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports|url=http://protect.gost.ru/v.aspx?control=8&id=120830&pageK=FEBC4724-215A-4FD6-BEA9-8F7E37C5F7E1|publisher=Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology|date=2007|page=9|language=ru}}
*{{Cite web|date=February 2011|title=IIHF Transcription of Russian|url=http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/TranscriptionRUS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142753/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/TranscriptionRUS.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-04|access-date=2021-03-09|website=International Ice Hockey Federation}}
*{{cite book|url=http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf|title=Machine Readable Travel Documents, Doc 9303, Part 3|publisher=ICAO|year=2015|edition=7th|pages=33–34}}
*{{cite web|last1=Pedersen|first1=Thomas T.|title=Summary of romanization systems for Russian|url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Russian.pdf|publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language|date=2006}}
*{{cite web|author=[[UNGEGN]] Working Group on Romanization Systems|title=Russian|url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ru.pdf|publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language|date=2016}}
*{{cite book|author=[[United States Board on Geographic Names|U.S. Board on Geographic Names]] Foreign Names Committee Staff|title=Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions|date=1994|pages=93–94|url=https://libraries.ucsd.edu/bib/fed/USBGN_romanization.pdf}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=ONLINE transliteration of the text from Cyrillic to Latin|website=Cyrillic → Latin transliteration (LC)|url=http://www.cesty.in/azb-en#azbuka_anglicka_latinka_cyrillic_latin_transliteration_lc|publisher=Cestovatelské stránky}}
*{{cite web|title=Foreign geographical names|website=Place Names Database|url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/p_mm_en.htm|publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language}}
*[http://www.russki-mat.net/trans.htm Comparative transliteration of Russian] into various European languages, Morse, Braille, Georgian and Arabic

{{Romanization}}

[[Category: Romanization of Cyrillic|Russian]]
[[Category: Russian language]]
[[Category: Russian-language computing]]