Editing Roquepertuse

{{Short description|Human settlement}}
[[File:Roquepertuse-Guerriers.jpg|thumb|250px|Roquepertuse. The pillars of the ''portico'', with cavities designed for receiving skulls. III-II B.C. Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne in [[Marseille]].]]

'''Acropolis Roquepertuse''' is an ancient [[Celts|Celtic]] religious center. It is located near the city of [[Velaux]], north of [[Marseille]]  16 miles west of [[Aix-en-Provence]], in the [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] [[région|region]] of southern France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morestin |first1=H. |editor1-last=Stillwell |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=MacDonald |editor2-first=William L. |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Marian Holland |editor4-last=MacDonald |editor4-first=Richard |editor5-last=Holland |editor5-first=Marian |title=The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites |date=1976 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |page=959 |isbn=9780691035420 |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo00stil/page/958/ |language=en}}</ref> The site was first recorded in the [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] civil statistics in 1824 when a partially buried statue of a cross-legged warrior was discovered in the garden of the parish priest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Celtic Culture: Celtomania-Fulup, Marc'harid |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |page=1541 |language=en|volume=2|series=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, John T. Koch}}</ref> The structure was destroyed by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] in 124 BC and re-discovered in 1860 when a partially uncovered statue was fully excavated.<ref name="Gérin-Ricard">{{cite journal |last1=Lescure |first1=Brigitte |last2=Gantes |first2=Lucien-François |title=Nouvelle approche des collections de Roquepertuse: l'étude du mobilier ancien (fouilles Henri de Gérin-Ricard) |trans-title=A New Approach to the Roquepertuse Collections: Study the Ancient Furnishings (Excavations of Henri de Gérin-Ricard)|journal=Documents d'archéologie méridionale |date=1991 |volume=14 |issue=14 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.3406/dam.1991.1025 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dam_0184-1068_1991_num_14_1_1025 |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Most of the [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] were done in 1923 by [[:fr:Henry_de_Gérin-Ricard|Henri de Gérin-Ricard]].<ref name="Gérin-Ricard"/>

==Excavations==
[[File:Seated warrior 8270 from Roquepertuse - front (Marseille, Mus d'arch med).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Seated warrior from Roquepertuse]]
[[File:Two-headed 'herm' 6017 from Roquepertuse (Marseille, Mus d'arch med).jpg|thumb|Three-headed sculpture from Roquepertuse]]

The accidental discovery of the first sculptures in the 19th century<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Fabienne Gateau 
|author2=Frédéric Trément 
|author3=Florence Verdin 
|title=L'Étang-de-Berre 
|location=Paris 
|publisher=Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres |work=Carte archéologique de la Gaule 
|number=13/1 
|year=1996 
|pages=379  
|isbn=978-2-87754-041-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNkTWc3ujvgC}}</ref> triggered the first excavation of the site by Count {{ILL|Henry de Gérin-Ricard|fr}}. A series of excavations then took place over the next ten years, from 1917 to 1927, and brought to light structures identified as a sanctuary attributed to the Celto-[[Ligures]], initially dated to just before the Roman conquest.

Officially, the relics have now been dated to the 3rd century BC, based on [[Celt]]ic expansion into the area at the time. However, the clothing and gestures of certain statues found at the site suggest that they date from the 5th or 6th century BC. These statues are distinguished by their cross-legged seated position.

A platform of 50 m by 22 m paved with flat stones including a couple of reused headstones, was discovered, divided in the middle by a staircase made of large blocks of stone. Stone walls to the left and to the right of the stairs formed a terrace, probably one of several which the complex originally had.

On the platform was what has variously been called a portal, door frame, and portico with pillars, carved of limestone. Its columns have cavities in which human stone masks, and human skulls, had been placed. Its lintel was carved with the heads of four horses, and additional decoration in paint. At the top of the lintel was a limestone statue of a bird of 60&nbsp;cm by 60&nbsp;cm which has been called a goose, but is now thought more likely to depict a raptor.

A two-faced androgynous sculpture of limestone (0.2 m high and 30&nbsp;cm long) was also found, as well as two statues of  figure sitting cross-legged(0.62 m high).

The first interpretation of archaeologists was that this was a secluded sanctuary. The latest findings from various multidisciplinary studies{{what|date=July 2023}} suggest that it was an agglomeration of about 0.5 hectares with a sanctuary to the north, as well as a [[bastion|bulwark]] for protection.

The site is important in part because it provides evidence for the [[Celtic head cult]] described in Greek and Roman accounts.

The site is near another Celtic-Roman site at [[Entremont (oppidum)|Entremont]], which had similar relief sculpture of severed human and horse heads, as well as skull niches carved into pillars. Nearby archaeological sites include several [[oppidum|oppida]] from approximately the same period. Roquepertuse was declared a [[monument historique]], or protected historical site, in 1967.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00081491|Site archéologique de Roquepertuse}}</ref>

Roquepertuse had no domicile available for worshippers and has been used as a sanctuary where only priests may have lived permanently.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''Le sanctuaire préromain de Roquepertuse à Velaux'', by Henri de Gérin-Ricard ([[Marseille]], 1929)

* ''Le sanctuaire préromain de Roquepertuse à Velaux (Bouches-du-Rhône) (The Pre-Roman Sanctuary of Roquepertuse in Velaux (Bouches-du-Rhône)'', Henri de Gérin-Ricard Marseille, Société de statistique d'histoire et d'archéologie de Marseille et de Provence, 1927
* Brigitte Lescure, 'Roquepertuse", in ''Voyage en Massalie: 100 ans d'archéologie en Gaule du Sud (Travel to Massalia: 100 Years of Archaeology in South Gaul)'', Marseille, Musées de Marseille/Édisud, 1990 (ISBN 2-85744-496-6), p. 165-171
* ''L'art primitif méditerranéen de la vallée du Rhone'' (Primitive Mediterranean Art of the Rhone Valley), by {{ILL|Fernand_Benoit|fr}} (1955)
* ''Art et dieux de la Gaule (Art and Gods of Gaul)'', by Fernand Benoit (1969) ''(in English)''
* "The Celtic Realms: The History and the Culture of the Celtic Peoples from Pre-History to the Norman Invasion", by Myles Dillon & Nora Chadwick (1967), pages 294-297.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Roquepertuse}}
* In-depth description and pictures of findings: "Roquepertuse et les celto-ligures" on the Velaux city website [http://www.velaux.net/article.php3?id_article=59]
* Description:  [https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&dq=Roquepertuse+et+les+Celto-Ligures&pg=PA1541 Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia By John T. Koch]
* Current location of findings:   Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne in Marseille  [[:fr:Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne#Roquepertuse]]
* Current reconstruction of placement in museum: http://pcturismo.liberta.it/asp/Dettaglio.asp?IDGruppo=46250&ID=8927 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041230/http://pcturismo.liberta.it/asp/Dettaglio.asp?IDGruppo=46250&ID=8927 |date=2011-07-22 }}
* Other possible reconstructions of the poses of the seated figures, i.e. holding skulls, holding weapons: [http://147732.aceboard.fr/147732-601-7130-0-Ligures-Celto-Ligures.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720203357/http://147732.aceboard.fr/147732-601-7130-0-Ligures-Celto-Ligures.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}
* A similarly seated figure sculpture is shown on this Spanish webpage on Gauls and Celts, without identification of its origin [Celts of the Gallic Lands | http://webs.advance.com.ar/cernunnosgb/problema.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223437/http://webs.advance.com.ar/cernunnosgb/problema.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}]

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{{Coord|43.5328|5.2715|region:FR-U_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Ancient Celtic religion]]
[[Category:Celtic archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:History of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]
[[Category:Celtic art]]
[[Category:Salyes]]