Editing Roseate spoonbill

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Roseate spoonbill
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Pleistocene|present}}
| image = Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja JG.jpg
| image_caption = At Orlando Wetlands Park,Orange County, [[Florida]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Platalea ajaja'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22697574A93621961 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697574A93621961.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Platalea
| species = ajaja
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms = ''Ajaia ajaja'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
| range_map = Platalea ajaja map.svg
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#7137C8|Year-round}}{{leftlegend|#5F8DD3|Nonbreeding}}
}}

The '''roseate spoonbill''' ('''''Platalea ajaja''''') is a social [[Wader|wading bird]] of the [[ibis]] and [[spoonbill]] family, [[Threskiornithidae]]. It is a resident breeder in both South and North America. The roseate spoonbill's pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the [[carotenoid]] pigment [[canthaxanthin]], like the [[American flamingo]].

==Taxonomy==
The roseate spoonbill was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the current [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Platalea ajaja''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=140 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727047 }}</ref> Linnaeus largely based his account on the "Aiaia" that been described and illustrated over a century earlier by the German naturalist [[Georg Marcgrave]] in his book ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Marcgrave  | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Marcgrave | year=1648 | title=Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus | language=Latin | location=Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden) | publisher=Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium | page=204 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289297 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as South America but this is now restricted to Brazil.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Berlepsch | first=Hans von | author-link=Hans von Berlepsch | year=1908 | title=On the birds of Cayenne | journal=Novitates Zoologicae | volume=15 | pages=103–324 [301]| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2987947 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=268 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108908 }}</ref> The genus name ''Platalea'' is [[Latin]] and means "broad", referring to the distinctive shape of the bill; the specific epithet ''ajaja'' is from the name for the species in the [[Tupi language]] as reported by Marcgrave.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n157/mode/1up 157], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n37/mode/1up 37]}}</ref> The species is treated as [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 July 2024 }}</ref>

The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed in its own genus – ''Ajaia''. A 2010 study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and [[yellow-billed spoonbill]]s were each other's closest relatives, and the two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be classified within the genus ''[[Spoonbill|Platalea]]'' or alternatively the two placed in the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genera ''Platibis'' and ''Ajaia'', respectively. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one genus made more sense.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Chesser, R.Terry |author2=Yeung, Carol K.L. |author3=Yao, Cheng-Te |author4=Tians, Xiu-Hua |author5=Li Shou-Hsien |year=2010|title=Molecular phylogeny of the spoonbills (Aves: Threskiornithidae) based on mitochondrial DNA|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2603 |issue= 2603|pages=53–60|issn=1175-5326|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2603.1.2 }}</ref>

==Description==
The roseate spoonbill is {{convert|71|-|86|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a {{convert|120|–|133|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan and a body mass of {{convert|1.2|-|1.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Roseate_Spoonbill/lifehistory|title=Roseate Spoonbill Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|website=www.allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> The [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] measures {{convert|9.7|-|12.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak#Culmen|culmen]] measures {{convert|14.5|-|18|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the wing measures {{convert|32.3|-|37.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and thus the legs, bill, neck and spatulate [[beak|bill]] all appear elongated.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hancock, Kushlan|author2=Kahl|name-list-style=amp|title=Storks, Ibises, and Spoonbills of the World| publisher=Academic Press |year=1992| isbn=978-0-12-322730-0}}</ref> Adults have a bare greenish head ("golden buff" when breeding<ref name=Howell1995>{{cite book|last1=Howell|first1=SNG|last2=Webb|first2=S|year=1995|title=A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/147 147–8]|isbn=978-0-19-854012-0|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/147}}</ref>) and a white neck, back and breast (with a tuft of pink feathers in the center when breeding), and are otherwise a deep pink. The bill is grey. There is no significant [[sexual dimorphism]].

Like the [[American flamingo]], their pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the [[carotenoid]] pigment [[canthaxanthin]]. Another carotenoid, [[astaxanthin]], can also be found deposited in [[flight feather|flight]] and body feathers.<ref name=Brush1990>Brush, A. H. 1990. Metabolism of cartenoid pigments in birds. ''[[The FASEB Journal]]''. 4:2969-2977.<br />Fox, D. L. 1962. Carotenoids of the Roseate Spoonbill. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology'' 6:305-310.<br />(Mentioned in the [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/490/articles/appearance#14.1.1.9 Cornell Lab of Ornithology page]).</ref> The colors can range from pale pink to bright magenta, depending on age, whether breeding or not, and location.  Unlike [[heron]]s, spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. They alternate groups of stiff, shallow wingbeats with glides.<ref name=S&H>{{Cite book|last1=Howell|first1=SNG|last2=Webb|first2=S|year=1995|title=A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/147 147–8]|isbn=978-0-19-854012-0|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/147}}</ref>

==Distribution==
In the United States, the species is locally common in [[Texas]], [[Florida]], and southwest [[Louisiana]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Roseate Spoonbill |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/roseate-spoonbill |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref> Generally, the species occurs in South America mostly east of the [[Andes]], and in coastal regions of the [[Caribbean]], [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], and the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]],<ref name=Audubon>{{cite web|title=Roseate Spoonbill|work=Waterbird Conservation|publisher=National Audubon Society|url=http://web1.audubon.org/waterbirds/species.php?speciesCode=rosspo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024171610/http://web1.audubon.org/waterbirds/species.php?speciesCode=rosspo|archive-date=2008-10-24|access-date=2009-07-23}}</ref><ref name=BNA>Dumas, Jeannette V. 2000. [http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/490 Roseate Spoonbill (''Platalea ajaja'')], The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2009-11-12. {{Subscription required}}</ref> and from central Florida's Atlantic coast<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham Jr.|first=Frank|title=Birds: A Wing and a Prayer|journal=Audubon Magazine |date=July–August 2001|pages=87–91}}</ref> at [[Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge]], adjoined with NASA [[Kennedy Space Center]] at least as far north as South Carolina's [[Myrtle Beach]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/natural-world/at-huntington-beach-state-park-in-murrells-inlet-south-carolina-a-menagerie/|title=Huntington Beach State Park in Murrells Inlet, South Carolina: White Heron, Roseate Spoonbill, American Alligator|first=Joe|last=Quinn|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

[[Plume hunting]] in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schools |first=Ben |date=2020-09-03 |title=The Roseate Spoonbill: A welcome presence, set to stay |url=https://www.charlestonmercury.com/single-post/2020/09/02/the-roseate-spoonbill-a-welcome-presence-set-to-stay |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Charleston Mercury |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> However, following decades of conservation efforts, and the effects [[climate change|of climate change]], the range of the roseate spoonbill has expanded considerably in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Suzannah |date=2020-10-22 |title=Follow the colorful life of the roseate spoonbill {{!}} Charleston Magazine |url=https://charlestonmag.com/features/follow_the_colorful_life_of_the_roseate_spoonbill |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=CHARLESTON SC {{!}} |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> For instance, the species was recorded breeding in the state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] for the first time in 2011. Moreover, its presence in [[South Carolina]] has expanded significantly since the 1970s,<ref name=":1" /> as well as a single sighting of the bird in both Michigan and Wisconsin. The last known recorded log of the bird in the state of Wisconsin was of a deceased specimen in 1845 in Rock County. It made an historic reappearance 178 years later when a specimen was sighted by a crew that was doing birding surveys on the restricted-access Cat Island Causeway on July 27, 2023.

In the summer of 2021, sightings of the bird were reported well outside its typical range, including in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[upstate New York]], and even [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropical Pink Bird Spotted In D.C. For The First Time (It's Not A Flamingo)|url=https://dcist.com/story/21/08/04/tropical-pink-bird-spotted-in-d-c-for-the-first-time-its-not-a-flamingo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804181848/https://dcist.com/story/21/08/04/tropical-pink-bird-spotted-in-d-c-for-the-first-time-its-not-a-flamingo/|url-status=live|archive-date=August 4, 2021|access-date=2021-08-04|website=DCist|language=en}}</ref>  A large flock was spotted in [[Huntley Meadows Park]] in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]], drawing a large crowd of spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.mountvernongazette.com/news/2021/aug/01/rarely-seen-spoonbills-draw-fans-huntley-meadows-p/|title = Rarely-seen Spoonbills Draw Fans to Huntley Meadows Park}}</ref>

In [[Florida Bay]], roseate spoonbills are an ecological and scientific [[Bioindicator|indicator species]]. The number of nests varies with both the amount of fresh water and the depth of seawater there, as wetlands turn into open ocean. The birds are choosing to nest further north and inland in Florida, with sharp changes in nest locations noted in the years 2006–2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Audubon |date=Winter 2022 |pages=18–27 |first=Hannah |last=Waters |url=https://www.audubon.org/magazine/winter-2022/the-flight-spoonbills-holds-lessons-changing |title=Flight of the Spoonbills |quote=Over the past 20 years the nesting range of Florida’s Roseate Spoonbills has shifted north … Rising seas have seeped into the birds’ historical foraging grounds in Florida Bay, driving them into shallower areas of Everglades National Park and beyond. |access-date=January 2, 2023 }}</ref>

==Behavior==
Little is known about the roseate spoonbill's behavior outside of their foraging habits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dumas |first=Jeannette V. |date=2020 |title=Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rosspo1/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.rosspo1.01|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This species feeds in shallow fresh or coastal waters by swinging its bill from side to side as it steadily walks through the water, often in groups. Moreover, the spoon-shaped bill allows it to sift easily through mud.<ref name=":0" />

The bird feeds on [[crustacean]]s, bits of plant material, [[aquatic insects]], [[mollusc|mollusk]]s, [[frog]]s, [[newt]]s and very small [[fish]] (such as [[minnow]]s) ignored by larger waders.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago - ''Ajaia ajaja'' (Roseate Spoonbill) |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Ajaia%20ajaja%20-%20Roseate%20Spoonbill.pdf |website=University of the West Indies St. Augustine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ajaia_ajaja/ | title=Ajaia ajaja (Roseate spoonbill) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> In Brazil, researchers found roseate spoonbill diets to consist of fish, insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and seeds, all foraged from [[Limnetic zone|limnetic]]/freshwater habitats. This habitat specialization, combined with the relative plasticity of great egret foraging behavior, allows the two species to minimize competition during the breeding season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Britto |first1=Vanessa O. |last2=Bugoni |first2=Leandro |date=2015 |title=The contrasting feeding ecology of great egrets and roseate spoonbills in limnetic and estuarine colonies |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=744 |issue=1 |pages=187–210 |doi=10.1007/s10750-014-2076-1|bibcode=2015HyBio.744..187B |s2cid=254541980 }}</ref> Roseate spoonbills must compete for food with other freshwater birds, such as [[snowy egret]]s, [[great egret]]s, [[tricolored heron]]s and [[American white pelican]]s.{{citation needed|date= June 2023}} Roseate spoonbills are often trailed by egrets when foraging in a commensal "beater-follower" relationship, as the spoonbill's disturbance of the sediment makes prey more available to the egret (follower).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=James K. |date=1978 |title=Effects of Interspecific Dominance among Egrets Commensally Following Roseate Spoonbills |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085177 |journal=The Auk |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=608–610|doi=10.1093/auk/95.3.608 |jstor=4085177 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) young adult Rio Napo.jpg|young adult, Ecuador
Roseate Spoonbill by Dan Pancamo1.jpg|On [[High Island, Texas]], United States
Roze Lepelaar.jpg|At GaiaZoo, [[Netherlands]]
Merritt island-0480.jpg|Foraging roseate spoonbills at [[Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge|Merritt Island]], Florida, United States
Roseate Spoonbill feeding with Northern Shovellors, Merritt Island.ogv|Video of feeding behavior, [[Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge|Merritt Island]], Florida, United States
2019-02-15 074 Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) at Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.jpg|In flight at [[Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve]], Mexico
</gallery>

===Breeding===
The roseate spoonbill nests in shrubs or trees, often [[mangrove]]s, laying two to five [[bird egg|eggs]], which are whitish with brown markings.<ref name=S&H/> Immature birds have white, feathered heads, and the pink of the [[plumage]] is paler. The bill is yellowish or pinkish. Nestlings are sometimes killed by [[turkey vulture]]s, [[bald eagle]]s, [[raccoon]]s and invasive [[Red imported fire ant|fire ants]].<ref name="BNA" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Platalea ajaja -parent and two chicks on nest-8a.jpg|Adult with two juveniles on a nest
</gallery>

==Conservation and threats==
Plume hunting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction. However, it is currently considered not threatened. Information about [[predation]] on adults is lacking. In 2022, an 18-year-old [[Bird ringing|banded]] bird was discovered, making it the oldest known wild individual.<ref name=Care88664>{{cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/oldest-known-roseate-spoonbill-identified-thanks-lucky-photograph |title= Oldest Known Roseate Spoonbill Identified Thanks to Lucky Photograph Researchers: Oldest Wild Spoonbill Found - National Audubon Society|publisher=Audubon.org |date=2022-04-18 |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Platalea ajaja|Roseate spoonbill}}
{{Wikispecies|Platalea ajaja}}
* {{EBirdSpecies|rosspo1|Roseate Spoonbill}}
* {{VIREO|Roseate+Spoonbill|Roseate spoonbill}}
* {{NeotropicalBirds|rosspo1|Roseate spoonbill}}
* [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Roseate_Spoonbill Species account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{IUCN_Map|22697574/93621961|Platalea ajaja}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q389664}}
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[[Category:Platalea|roseate spoonbill]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|roseate spoonbill]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|roseate spoonbill]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances]]