Editing Rosette Nebula

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{{short description|Emission nebula in the constellation Monoceros}}
{{Infobox nebula
| name = Rosette Nebula
| image = SHO_Final_with_copyright.jpg
| caption= Rosette Nebula in narrowband with Hubble pallette
| type = H II region
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| ra = {{RA|06|33|45}}<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad
  | title=NGC 2237
  | access-date=2006-10-23}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+04|59|54}}<ref name="simbad" />
| dist_ly = 5,200<ref name="Phelpsetal2005">{{cite journal
  | author=Phelps, Randy L. | author2=Ybarra, Jason E.
  | title=A Parsec-Scale Outflow in the Rosette Molecular Cloud?
  | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
  | date=2005
  | volume=627
  | issue=2
  | pages=845–849
  | bibcode=2005ApJ...627..845P
  | doi=10.1086/430431
| doi-access=free
  }}</ref>
| dist_pc= 1,600
| appmag_v = 9.0
| size_v = 1.3 [[Degree (angle)|°]]
| constellation  = [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]]
| radius_ly = 65
| absmag_v = 
| notes = Multipart nebula
| names = SH 2-275,<ref name="simbad" /> CTB 21,<ref name="simbad" /> [[Caldwell catalogue|Caldwell]]&nbsp;49
}}
The '''Rosette Nebula''' (also known as '''Caldwell 49''') is an [[H II region]] located near one end of a giant molecular cloud in the [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]] region of the [[Milky Way|Milky Way Galaxy]]. The [[open cluster]] [[NGC 2244]] (Caldwell 50) is closely associated with the nebulosity, the [[star]]s of the cluster having been [[nebular hypothesis|formed]] from the nebula's matter. 

The nebula has been noted to be having a shape reminiscent of a human skull, and is sometimes referred to as the "Skull Nebula". It is not to be confused with [[NGC 246]], which is also nicknamed the "Skull Nebula".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/14/world/rosette-nebula-heart/index.html | title=A hole in the heart of the Rosette Nebula | website=[[CNN]] | date=14 February 2018 | access-date=2025-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://astrobackyard.com/caldwell-49-rosette-nebula/ | title=The Rosette Nebula &#124; Astrophotography Through a Telescope | website=astrobackyard.com | access-date=2025-02-18 }}</ref> 

==Description==

The complex has the following [[New General Catalogue]] (NGC) designations:
*NGC 2237 – Part of the nebulous region (Also used to denote whole nebula)
*NGC 2238 – Part of the nebulous region
*NGC 2239 – Part of the nebulous region (Discovered by [[John Herschel]])
*[[NGC 2244]] – The open cluster within the nebula<ref>{{cite journal | display-authors=1
 | title=Looking Deep into the Rosette Nebula's Heart: The (Sub)stellar Content of the Massive Young Cluster NGC 2244
 | last1=Mužić | first1=Koraljka | last2=Scholz | first2=Alexander
 | last3=Peña Ramírez | first3=Karla | last4=Jayawardhana | first4=Ray
 | last5=Schödel | first5=Rainer | last6=Geers | first6=Vincent C.
 | last7=Cieza | first7=Lucas A. | last8=Bayo | first8=Amelia
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=881 | issue=1 | at=id. 79 | date=August 2019
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab2da4 | doi-access=free
 | arxiv=1907.00617
 | bibcode=2019ApJ...881...79M
}}</ref> (Discovered by [[John Flamsteed]] in 1690)
*NGC 2246 – Part of the nebulous region

The cluster and nebula lie at a distance of 5,000 [[light-year]]s from [[Earth]]<ref name="Camb-CaldCat">{{cite book | title=Cambridge Deep Sky Companions - The Caldwell Objects | first1=S. J. | last1=O'Meara | first2=P. | last2=Moore | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-82796-5 |year=2002 }}</ref> and measure roughly 130 light years in diameter. The [[radiation]] from the young stars excites the [[atom]]s in the nebula, causing them to emit radiation themselves producing the emission nebula we see. The [[mass]] of the nebula is estimated to be around 10,000 [[solar mass]]es.

[[File:Rosette X-ray and Optical.jpg|thumb|left|Chandra X-ray image overlaying an optical image reveals hundreds of young stars (red points inside the boxes).]]

A survey of the nebula with the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] has revealed the presence of numerous new-born stars inside optical Rosette Nebula and studded within a dense molecular cloud. Altogether, approximately 2500 young stars lie in this [[star formation|star-forming complex]], including the massive [[O star|O-type stars]] HD 46223 and HD 46150, which are primarily responsible for blowing the ionized bubble.<ref name=Kuhn15>
{{cite journal
 |display-authors=1|last1=Kuhn |first1=M. A.
 |last2=Getman | first2=K. V.
 |last3=Feigelson | first3=E. D.
 |date= 2015
 |title= The Spatial Structure of Young Stellar Clusters. II. Total Young Stellar Populations
 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume= 802 |issue=1 |pages= 60
 |bibcode=2015ApJ...802...60K
 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/60
|arxiv = 1501.05300 |s2cid=119309858 }}</ref><ref name=Wang08>
{{cite journal
 |display-authors=etal |last1=Wang |first1=J.
  |title=AChandra ''Study'' of the Rosette Star-forming Complex. I. The Stellar Population and Structure of the Young Open Cluster NGC 2244 |date= 2008
 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume= 675 |issue=1 |pages= 464–490
 |bibcode=2008ApJ...675..464W
 |doi=10.1086/526406
|arxiv = 0711.2024 |s2cid=11144784 }}</ref>
Most of the ongoing star-formation activity is occurring in the dense molecular cloud to the south east of the bubble.<ref name=Ybarra13>
{{cite journal
 |display-authors=etal |last1=Ybarra |first1=J. E.
  |title=The Progression of Star Formation in the Rosette Molecular Cloud |date= 2013
 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume= 769 |issue=2 |pages= 140
 |bibcode=2013ApJ...769..140Y
 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/140
|arxiv = 1303.1226 |s2cid=119214676 }}</ref>

A diffuse [[X-ray]] glow is also seen between the stars in the [[Stellar-wind bubble|bubble]], which has been attributed to a super-hot plasma with temperatures ranging from 1 to 10&nbsp;million&nbsp;K.<ref name=Townsley03>
{{cite journal
 |display-authors=etal |last1=Townsley |first1=L. K.
  |date= 2003
 |title= 10 MK Gas in M17 and the Rosette Nebula: X-Ray Flows in Galactic H II Regions
 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume= 593 |issue=2 |pages= 874–905
 |bibcode=2003ApJ...593..874T
 |doi=10.1086/376692
|arxiv = astro-ph/0305133 |s2cid=16188805 }}</ref>
This is significantly hotter than the 10,000&nbsp;K plasmas seen in [[HII regions]], and is likely attributed to the shock-heated winds from the massive O-type stars.

On April 16, 2019, the Oklahoma Legislature passed HB1292 making the Rosette Nebula as the official state astronomical object. Oklahoma Governor [[Kevin Stitt]] signed it into law April 22, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=HB1292&Session=1900|title=Bill Information|website=www.oklegislature.gov|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{annotated link|List of largest nebulae}}
*[[Lists of astronomical objects]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rosette Nebula}}
*[http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/n2244.html Rosette Nebula (SEDS)]
*[https://chandra.harvard.edu/press/01_releases/press_090601wind.html ''Chandra Observatory'' study of the Rosette Nebula]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040402173903/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr04/pr0403.html NOAO; "Fitful Young Star Sputters to Maturity in the Rosette Nebula"]
*[http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/rosette_nebula NightSkyInfo.com – Rosette Nebula]
*[[Astronomy Picture of the Day]]
**[https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070606.html Dust Sculptures in the Rosette Nebula] – 2007 June 6
**[https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091202.html Dust Sculptures in the Rosette Nebula] – 2009 December 2
**[https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100214.html Field of Rosette] – 2010 February 14
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165011/http://www.seventer.nl/ozn/images/Rosette_HaO3_bicolor.jpg Rosette Nebula from the Netherlands]
*[http://www.starpointing.com/ccd/rosetta.html Deep image of the Rosette Nebula]
*[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120312.html The Scale of the Universe] ([[Astronomy Picture of the Day]] 2012 March 12)
{{WikiSky|z=7}}
*[https://rockchucksummit.com/rosette-nebula/ Creative Commons Rosette Nebula, Data Download & Processing Guide]

{{Caldwell catalogue}}
{{Ngc25}}
{{Monoceros}}
{{Sh2 objects}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}

[[Category:H II regions]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:Monoceros]]
[[Category:Caldwell objects|049b]]
[[Category:Sharpless objects]]
[[Category:Star-forming regions]]
[[Category:3C objects|163]]