Editing Rostov Veliky

{{Short description|Town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Rostov Veliky
|ru_name=Ростов Великий
|image_skyline={{Photo montage
| photo1a = Rostov Veliky panoramic crop.png{{!}}
| photo2a = Варницкий-монастырь-шелапутин-2014-7767.jpg{{!}}
| photo2b = Rostov KekinSchool 1652.jpg{{!}}
| photo3a = Rostov Kremlin ResurrectionChurch crop.jpg{{!}}
| photo3b = Spaso-Jakowlewskij-Kloster.jpg{{!}}}}
|image_caption=Spasso-Yakovlevsky Monastery
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|leader_title=Mayor
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|leader_name=Andrey Los'
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'''Rostov Veliky'''  ({{lang-rus|Ростов Великий|p=rɐˈstof vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj}}, ''Rostov the Great'') is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] in [[Yaroslavl Oblast]], [[Russia]], one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the [[Golden Ring of Russia|Golden Ring]]. It is located on the shores of [[Lake Nero]], {{convert|202|km|sp=us}} northeast of Moscow. Population: {{ru-census|p2021=30,406|p2010=31,792|p2002=34,141|p1989=35,707}}

The name of the town was officially changed to Rostov Veliky in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Путин подписал закон о переименовании Ростова |url=https://ria.ru/20241228/putin-1991808650.html |url-status=live |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=РИА Новости}}</ref> The name of the town railway station is [[Rostov-Yaroslavsky railway station|Rostov Yaroslavsky ]], due to its location in [[Yaroslavl Oblast]].

==History==
Rostov was preceded by [[Sarskoye Gorodishche]], which some scholars interpret as the capital of the [[Volga Finns|Finnic]] [[Merya people|Merya]] tribe, while others believe it was an important [[Viking]] trade enclave and fortress guarding the [[Volga trade route]]. It is known from Norse sources as {{lang|non|Rostofa}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Tatjana |date=2003 |title=The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature |url= https://www.academia.edu/1633879 |journal=Middelalderforum |location=Oslo |issue=1–2 |quote-page=40 |quote="Old Norse sources have preserved the names of the twelve towns that are considered by the medieval authors, as well as by their modern publishers, to have been Old Russian towns. These are ''Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kœnugarðr, Súrdalar, Pallteskia, Smaleskia, Móramar, Rostofa, Sýrnes, Gaðar, Alaborg, Danparstaðir''. The first eight of them are practically unanimously associated with Novgorod, Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov."}}</ref> or {{lang|non|Raðstofa}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Melnikova |first=Elena Aleksandrovna |title=Drevne-skandinavskie geograficheskiye sochineniya: teksty, perevod, kommentariy |trans-title=Old Scandinavian Geographic Works: Texts, Translation, Commentary |script-title=ru: Древне-скандинавские географичесие сочинения: тексты, перевод, комментарий |series=The Earliest Sources on History of Peoples of the USSR |date=1986 |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |language=ru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mUdAAAAMAAJ |isbn=9785020180826 |quote-page=44 |quote="Автор саги об Одде-Стреле осмысляет название Ростов как Rađstofa [The author of the Örvar-Odds saga interprets the name Rostov as Rađstofa]"}}</ref> [[Scythians]] also settled there. These different ethnicities, such as the Vikings, Scyths, Slavs and Finns, were likely the ancestors of many of today's people in that region. First mentioned in documents in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 10th century Rostov became the capital city of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], one of the most prominent principalities in Rus'. It was incorporated into the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] in 1474.<ref name=rbth/>

After losing its independent status, Rostov was still an ecclesiastic center – from 988 it was the [[Episcopal See|see]] of the [[Diocese of Yaroslavl]], one of the first Russian bishoprics. In the 14th century, the bishops of Rostov became [[archbishop]]s, and late in the 16th century, [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]]s. In 1608 Rostov was completely destroyed by Poles during the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)|Polish invasion]]. After that  metropolitan [[Iona Sysoyevich|Iona (Jonah) Sysoyevich]] (c. 1607–1690) commissioned the town's main landmark: the [[Rostov Kremlin]]. This is regarded by some as the finest outside that of [[Moscow]].<ref name=rbth>{{cite web
 |author      = Brumfield, W.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/travel/330933-cathedral-rostov-great
 |title       = The Cathedral of Rostov the Great: Reclaiming Russia's past
 |publisher   = Russia Beyond the Headlines
 |date        = 2019-09-06
 |access-date  = 2020-01-29
}}</ref> Late in the 18th century, the metropolitan see was transferred to [[Yaroslavl]].

Rostov is renowned for manufacturing [[vitreous enamel|enamels]].

On August 24, 1953, the town was hit by an F3 [[tornado]], causing severe damage. The tornado traveled 6 kilometers with a maximum width of up to 550 meters.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=15422680233&force_static_map=true%3B | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430154535/https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=15422680233&force_static_map=true%3B | archive-date=April 30, 2022 | title=European Severe Weather Database }}</ref>

==Administrative and municipal status==
[[File:Kremlin in Rostov Velikiy.jpg|thumb|{{center|Rostov Kremlin at spring}}]]

Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Rostov serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Rostovsky District]], even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="Ref154">Law #12-z</ref> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|town of oblast significance]] of Rostov'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Yaroslavl Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref154" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the town of oblast significance of Rostov is incorporated within Rostovsky Municipal District as '''Rostov Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="Ref269">Law #65-z</ref>

==Main sights==
[[File:Stamp-russia2009-kremlins-3.png|thumb|right|Definitive stamp of Russia showing Rostov Kremlin.]]

The architecture of the city shows many examples of early Russian Orthodox architecture. The central town square of Rostov is occupied by the Assumption Cathedral. It is unknown when the present building was erected, the mid-16th century being the most likely date. Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century. The ponderous bell tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century. Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia - each has its own name. The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs {{convert|32,000|kg}}. It is named Sysoy to honor the city's founding father. The church is home to the [[incorruptibility|incorrupt body]] of Saint [[Leontius of Rostov]].<ref>[https://www.brewiarz.pl/czytelnia/swieci/05-23a.php3 Internetowa Liturgia Godzin]</ref>

An area situated between the cathedral square and the lake was chosen by Iona Sysoevich as a place for his fairy-tale [[House|residence]]. All the construction works were carried out between 1667 and 1694. Major buildings include the ornate Savior Church-na-Senyakh (1675), the sombre Church of St. Gregory (1670), and the [[barbican]] churches of St. John the Apostle (1683) and of the Resurrection of Christ (1670). The residence, often erroneously called [[Kremlin (fortification)|kremlin]], also includes eleven ornate tower bells, numerous palaces, several small belfries, and the diminutive [[baroque]] Church of Our Lady of [[Smolensk]] (1693). All the churches are elaborately painted and decorated.

The cathedral and four tall kremlin churches with their silver "blind" domes were imitated throughout the city. This is particularly evident in the Savior-on-the-Market church and the cathedral church of the Nativity convent, both dating from the 17th century and situated near the kremlin walls. The oldest church within the town center was consecrated to St.&nbsp;Isidore the Blessed in 1565. They{{who|date=March 2012}} say that [[Ivan the Terrible]] had the architect executed, because his church was so much smaller than its predecessor.

The kremlin is flanked by two monasteries, both facing the Lake Nero. To the right from the kremlin stands the [[Abraham]] monastery, founded in the 11th century and one of the oldest in Russia. Its cathedral, commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1553 to commemorate the [[conquest of Kazan]], inspired numerous churches in the region, particularly in [[Yaroslavl]].

[[Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery]], situated to the left from the Kremlin on the town's outskirts, has been venerated as the shrine of St. [[Dmitry of Rostov]]. Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] style. There are also two 17th-century churches: the Conception of St. Anna, and the Transfiguration of Our Savior. Unlike most other churches in the town, the monastery belongs to the [[Russian Orthodox]]y and houses a theological [[seminary]].

<gallery>
File:Успенский собор в Ростове Великом.jpg|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos
File:RostovKremlin 5911.JPG|The citadel of Rostov seen from Lake Nero
File:RostovKremlin.jpeg|Rostov Kremlin in summer (1911)
File:Rostov (Kremlin) (8).JPG|The courtyard in the kremlin
File:Озеро Неро на закате 2.jpg|Lake Nero
</gallery>

==Surroundings==
[[File:Ishnya Church 1687.jpg|thumb|[[Ishnya Church]] (1687–1689)]]

The vicinity of Rostov is rich in old architecture. For example, [[Ishnya Church|an old wooden church]] (1687–1689) may be seen in [[Ishnya]]. One of the best preserved monasteries in Russia, named after the saints [[Boris and Gleb]], is situated in [[Borisoglebsky, Yaroslavl Oblast|Borisoglebsky]], about {{convert|20|km|sp=us}} west of the town. The monastery was favored by [[Ivan the Terrible]], who personally supervised the construction of towered walls and bell-tower around an even more ancient cathedral. The only addition made to the monastery after Ivan's death is a [[barbican]] church, commissioned by the metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich.

==Twin towns/sister cities==
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jämsä]], [[Finland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ystävyyskaupungit|url=http://www.svkk.fi/tietoa_venajasta/venaja-verkosto_suomessa/ystavyyskaupungit|publisher=Suomalais-venäläinen kauppakamari|access-date=May 7, 2012|language=fi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919130549/http://www.svkk.fi/tietoa_venajasta/venaja-verkosto_suomessa/ystavyyskaupungit|archive-date=September 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]], USA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Stevens%20Point,%20Wisconsin |title=Interactive City Directory |access-date=July 10, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064113/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Stevens%20Point,%20Wisconsin |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Rostov in films==
* ''Peter I'' ({{langx|ru|Пётр Первый}}) ([[1937 in film|1937]]), by Vladimir Petov
* ''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future]]'' ({{langx|ru|Иван Васильевич меняет профессию}}, Ivan Vasilievich Changes His Profession) ([[1973 in film|1973]]), by [[Leonid Gaidai]]

== Notable people ==
* [[Dmitry Borisovich]] (1253–1294), Russian nobleman
* [[Konstantin of Rostov]] (1186–1218), the eldest son of [[Vsevolod the Big Nest]] and [[Maria Shvarnovna]]
* [[Vasilko Konstantinovich]] (1209–1238), the first Prince of Rostov
* [[Demetrius of Rostov]] (1651-1709), Archbishop 
*[[Olena Kryvytska]] (born 1987), Ukrainian fencer
* [[Lev Naumov]] (1925–2005), Russian classical pianist, composer and educator
* [[Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin]] (1901–1952), geologist
* [[Aleksandr Safoshkin]] (1976-) Russian gymnast

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|yar|adm|law}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|yar|mun|list}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor-first=Trudy |editor-last=Ring |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Northern Europe |year= 1995|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-136-63944-9 |chapter=Rostov |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA623 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.rostmuseum.ru Website of Rostov Kremlin]
* [http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/rostov1/index.htm Landmarks of Rostov] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205000717/http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/rostov1/index.htm |date=December 5, 2004 }}) {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/rostov2/index.htm More landmarks of Rostov] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205001209/http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/rostov2/index.htm |date=December 5, 2004 }}) {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/borisogleb1/index.htm The Monastery of Sts Boris and Gleb] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031155539/http://www.adm.yar.ru/illustr/borisogleb1/index.htm |date=October 31, 2004 }}) {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://img-2004-05.photosight.ru/20/495448.jpg Interior view of the Rostov Kremlin]
* [http://img-2003-06.photosight.ru/19/234485.jpg Moonlight view of the Yakovlevsky Monastery from the Lake Nero]
* [http://rostov.orthodox.ru The orthodox newspaper of Rostov Veliky] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/12/28/rostov_the_great.html Rostov the Great] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712055857/http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/12/28/rostov_the_great.html |date=July 12, 2012 }}

{{Cities and towns in Yaroslavl Oblast}}
{{Golden Ring}}
{{Gardariki}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yaroslavl Oblast]]
[[Category:Golden Ring of Russia]]
[[Category:Rostovsky Uyezd (Yaroslavl Governorate)]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List]]
[[Category:Rus' settlements]]