Editing Rotunda

{{Short description|Building with a circular ground plan}}
{{about||the geometric shape|Rotunda (geometry)|other uses|Rotunda (disambiguation)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2011}}
[[File:Pantheon section sphere.svg|thumb|Cross-section of the Pantheon's rotunda.]]

A '''rotunda''' ({{etymology|la|rotundus}}) is any roofed building with a circular [[floor plan|ground plan]], and sometimes covered by a [[dome]]. It may also refer to a round room within a building (an example being [[United States Capitol rotunda|the one]] below [[United States Capitol dome|the dome]] of the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]). The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome is perhaps the most famous, and is the most influential rotunda. A ''band rotunda'' is a circular [[bandstand]], usually with a dome.

==Classical architecture==	
[[File:Rome.Hercules Victor.01.JPG|thumb|[[Temple of Hercules Victor]], in the [[Forum Boarium]] in Rome]]
{{main|Tholos (architecture)}}
The terminology of [[Ancient Greek architecture]] and [[Roman architecture]] distinguishes between two types of rotunda: a [[Tholos (architecture)|tholos]] is enclosed by a wall, while a [[monopteros]] is just a circular colonnade with a roof (like a modern bandstand or park pavilion).  It is not clear that any Greek example was actually a [[Greek temple]],<ref>Lawrence, 183–188</ref> but several were [[Roman temple]]s, though mostly much smaller than the Pantheon, and with very different designs.  The [[Temple of Hercules Victor]] and [[Temple of Vesta]] in Rome, along with the [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli]], are the best known and best preserved examples. 

The few large Greek ''tholoi'' had varied functions, not all of which are now clear. Several are at major religious sanctuaries, but seem not to have been conventional temples. At most only the foundations and a few columns remain in place. They include the [[Tholos of Delphi]], the [[Philippeion]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], a small memorial to the family of [[Philip of Macedon]], and a large building at the [[Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus]].  The largest Greek tholos, of uncertain function, was built in the [[Samothrace temple complex]] in the 260s BC. It is often called the Arsinoeum, as a dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen [[Arsinoe II]] of Egypt has survived.  The sanctuary was a great [[Hellenistic]] centre of [[Greco-Roman mysteries]] and the building probably played some role in these.<ref>Lawrence, 183–188</ref>

The oldest, the Tholos of Athens, was a large and plain rotunda used as a dining hall, and perhaps more, by the city's ruling council.<ref>Lawrence, 183</ref>

Later, very large, Roman rotundas include the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]] in Rome, built in the 130s as a [[mausoleum]] for the emperor [[Hadrian]], and in the Middle Ages turned into a castle, and the 4th-century [[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|Rotunda]] in [[Thessaloniki]], probably also intended as an imperial mausoleum, but later used as a church and a mosque.  The church of [[Santa Costanza]] in Rome is a circular funerary chapel of the 4th century, probably built for one or more of the daughters of [[Constantine the Great]], originally placed next to a [[funerary hall]] that is now only a ruined wall.

==India==
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| caption_align = center
| image1   = Remnants_of_Stupa.jpg
| width1   = 200
| caption1 = Remains of the circular temple at [[Bairat]]. A stupa was located in the center, with a colonnade and a circular wall around. 3rd century BCE.
| image2   = Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg
| width2   = 80
| caption2 = Ashoka's circular [[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[Bharhut]]
}}
Some of the earliest free-standing temples in India are thought to have been of a circular type, as the Buddhist [[Bairat Temple]] in [[Bairat]], [[Rajasthan]], formed of a central ''[[stupa]]'' surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall, built during the time of Emperor [[Ashoka]] and near which were found several [[Minor Rock Edicts]].<ref name=BA233>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |pages=233–237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref> Ashoka also built the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] circa 250 BC, possibly also a circular structure, next to the [[Bodhi tree]]. Representations of this early temple structure are found [[:File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg|on a 100 BCE relief]] from the ''stupa'' railing at [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], as well as in [[Sanchi]].<ref>"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I" by John C. Huntington. ''Orientations'', November 1985 pg 61</ref> These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as [[Tulja Caves]] or [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli]].  Circularity in [[Buddhist architecture]] was generally to allow a path for ''[[pradakshina]]'' or devotional circling of a round and solid ''stupa''.<ref name=BA233/> 

It has been suggested that these circular structures with colonnades may have originated with the Greek circular tholos temple, as in the [[Tholos of Delphi]], but circular wooden huts in India are a more likely source of inspiration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sanchi Stupa from Eastern gate, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|[[Sanchi Stupa]] in India, a Buddhist pilgrimage site
File:Tulja_Lena_Chaitya_remains.jpg|Remains of a circular [[Chaitya]], [[Tulja Caves]]
File:Tulja Lena Chaitya cave plan and elevation.jpg|Tulja Lena [[Chaitya]], plan and elevation
File:Bodhi_tree_temple_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg|[[Sanchi]] depiction of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]
File:Bairat_Temple_reconstitution.jpg|Reconstruction of the [[Bairat Temple]] 
</gallery>

==Medieval and Renaissance Europe==
[[File:Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Tempietto del Bramante|Tempietto]]'' at [[San Pietro in Montorio]], Rome by [[Donato Bramante]] c. 1502]]
The [[Pisa Baptistery]] is the outstanding late medieval rotunda, taking from 1152 to 1363 to build, and including [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and classicizing or [[Proto-Renaissance]] elements. There are a number of other [[round church]]es. 

The rotunda with columns was revived in one of the most influential buildings in [[Renaissance architecture]], the ''[[Tempietto del Bramante|Tempietto]]'' in a courtyard of the church of [[San Pietro in Montorio]] in Rome. This was designed by [[Donato Bramante]] around 1502 in strongly classicizing style. It is a small building whose innovation, as far as Western Europe was concerned, was to use the tholos form as the base for a dome above; this may have reflected a Byzantine structure in [[Jerusalem]] over the tomb of Christ.  The Roman [[Temple of Vesta]] (which has no dome) was probably also an influence.  This pairing of tholos, now called a drum or [[tholobate]], and dome became extremely popular raised high above main structures which were often based on the [[Roman temple]].<ref>Freiburg, Jack, [https://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/temple_tabernacle_and_sepulchre_the_legacy_of_bramantes_tempietto "Temple, Tabernacle, and Sepulchre: The Legacy of Bramante’s Tempietto"], ''Sacred Architecture Journal'', Vol 39, 2021; Summerson, 41–42; Loth</ref>

==Central Europe==
A great number of [[parochial church]]es were built in this form in the 9th to 11th centuries CE in [[Central Europe]]. These [[round church]]es can be found in great number in [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Croatia]] (particularly [[Dalmatia]]), [[Austria]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]], and the [[Czech Republic]]. It was thought of as a structure descending from the Roman Pantheon. However, it can be found mainly not on former Roman territories, but in Central Europe. Generally its size was 6–9 meters inner diameter and the [[apse]] was directed toward the east. Sometimes three or four apses were attached to the central circle and this type has relatives even in the [[Caucasus]].
<gallery>
File:Ac.galerius2.jpg|The famous [[Arch and Tomb of Galerius|Rotunda church]] in [[Thessaloniki]], Greece
File:Pisa Campo Miracoli.jpg|The [[Pisa Baptistery]] at the [[Piazza dei Miracoli]], [[Pisa]], Italy
File:ØsterlarsRundkirke.JPG|The most well known Danish rotunda is the village parochial church at [[Østerlars Church|Østerlars]].
File:Rotunda-stary-plzenec.jpg|Rotunda in [[Starý Plzenec]], Czech Republic from the 10th century
File:Saint Nicholas church in Cieszyn (1).jpg|[[Rotunda of Saint Nicolas in Cieszyn|St. Nicholas Rotunda]] in [[Cieszyn]], Poland, 12th century
</gallery>

===Carpathian Basin===
[[File:Skalica st george.jpg|thumb|upright|Rotunda of St. George in [[Skalica]], Slovakia from 11th century]]
Several types of rotundas are found in the [[Carpathian Basin]], within the former boundaries of [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Building of rotundas in Carpathian basin started already in 9th century in [[Great Moravia]]. According to the research and [[radiocarbon dating]] of plaster, Rotunda of st. George in [[Nitrianska Blatnica]] was built sometimes around the year 830, what makes it one of the oldest still standing buildings in the area of Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dennikn.sk/990122/rotunda-sv-juraja-je-zrejme-najstarsou-zachovanou-sakralnou-stavbou-v-strednej-europe/|title=Rotunda sv. Juraja je zrejme najstaršou zachovanou sakrálnou stavbou v strednej Európe|last=Dorica|first=Jozef|date=2018-01-05|website=Denník N|language=sk|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apsida.sk/c/3890/nitrianska-blatnica|title=Nitrianska Blatnica|last1=Podolinský|first1=Alexandra|last2=Podolinský|first2=Štefan|website=apsida.sk|language=sk|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> Similar rotunda was standing in hillfort Kostolec in Ducové (only foundations remained). The role and form of rotundas developed from gradual enlargements of ancient small village churches. Many of them still stand today, e.g. in Nagytótlak, Kallósd and Kissikátor in [[Hungary]] or in [[Bíňa]] and [[Šivetice]] in [[Slovakia]]. Rotunda in Šivetice is the biggest one in Central Europe, with diameter of 11 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gotickacesta.sk/romanska-rotunda-v-siveticiach/|title=Šivetice, Rotunda sv. Margity Antiochijskej – Gotická cesta|date=27 October 2018 |language=sk-SK|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> In many places the ancient foundations have been excavated and conserved. The village church of [[Sárospatak]] is complete with a simple circular nave and an eastern apse. The church of Alagimajor at [[Dunakeszi]] was enlarged toward the apse in the 14th century. More significant enlargement of the central rotunda is seen at [[Isaszeg]] where the extension extended toward the East and West; the rotunda foundations can also be seen in the central portion of the nave of the Gothic church. In many cases the rotunda was used as the apse of the village's new and larger church (Bagod-Szentpál, [[Hidegség]], Vágkeresztur, Ipolykiskeszi, [[Herencsény]], [[Szalonna (town)|Szalonna]]). Such semi-circle apses are preserved all over the Carpathian Basin. Rotundas of six apses, a most interesting form, are found at [[Karcsa]], [[Kiszombor]] in Hungary, at Horjany in Ukraine and several places in [[Armenia]] (Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti).

<gallery>
File:Nagytotlak.JPG|Romanesque village church in Selo, Slovenia
File:Öskü - Rotunda.jpg|Rotunda, [[Öskü]], Hungary
File:Kiszombor, körtemplom.jpg|Rotunda, [[Kiszombor]], Hungary
File:Szalonna church.jpg|Rotunda rebuilt into bigger church in Szalonna, Hungary
File:Jurko2.jpg|Great Moravian rotunda of St. George. [[Nitrianska Blatnica]], Slovakia
File:Sivetice rotunda.jpg|Rotunda of St. Margaret the Virgin in [[Šivetice]], Slovakia; the biggest rotunda in Central Europe
File:Ducove.jpg|Foundations of Great Moravian rotunda in Kostolec gord in [[Ducové]], Slovakia
</gallery>

==Caucasus==
There is an interesting connection between Central European and [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] rotundas of the 9th to 11th centuries AD. Several Armenian built rotunda churches have sixfold arched central apsis, i.e. at Aragatz, [[Bagaran, Armenia|Bagaran]], Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti in [[Armenia]]. At the same time eightfold arched central buildings (rotunda) are also frequently occurring in Armenia: [[Ani]], Irind, Varzhahan. It was a suggestion (Csemegi J.) that there was not only western European but Eastern Caucasian relation for architects of Hungary in this age of [[Stephen I of Hungary|King Stephen I of Hungary]].

Good example of Georgian rotunda church is [[Bana cathedral]] which is now located on territory of Turkey.

==East Asia==
* [[Temple of Heaven]] construction completed on 1420 during [[Yongle Emperor]] who also constructed [[Forbidden City]] of China
* [[Fujian Tulou]] is a traditional rural dwellings of the [[Hakka]] in [[Fujian]] region of China. They are built between the 12th and the 20th centuries.

<gallery>
File:Temple of Heaven 20160323 01.jpg|Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the largest building in the Temple of Heaven
File:Snail pit tulou.jpg|Tianluokeng [[tulou]] cluster
File:Zhenchenglou 4 rings.JPG|4 concentric ring architecture of [[Fujian_tulou#Chengqi_Lou|Chengqi lou]]
</gallery>

==Notable rotundas==
[[File:SIF-Beehive-3-Cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Beehive (New Zealand)|Beehive]], Wellington, New Zealand]]
[[File:Rotunda interior steinway hall nyc mia laberge art case piano.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of the rotunda at New York City's [[Steinway Hall]] with an [[Steinway & Sons#Special designs|Art Case Piano]] by artist [[Mia LaBerge]] in the foreground]]
[[File:Rotunda, Birmingham July 2007.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Rotunda (Birmingham)|Rotunda]] office and Residential building in [[Birmingham]], England is an example of modern rotunda buildings]]
[[File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Church of St. George, Sofia|St. George Rotunda]] (4th century) and some remains of [[Serdica]] can be seen in the foreground.]]

===Religious===
*[[Baptistery]] at the [[Piazza dei Miracoli]], [[Pisa]], Italy
*[[Pantheon, Rome]], Italy, originally built as a [[temple]] to the seven [[god|deities]] of the seven [[planet]]s in the [[Religion in ancient Rome|state religion]] of [[Ancient Rome]]; now used as a [[minor basilica|basilica]] informally named ''Santa Maria della Rotonda''
* [[Santo Stefano Rotondo]], Rome
* The Church of the Rotonda in [[Thessaloniki]], built as the "[[Tomb of Galerius]]" in 306 AD
* [[Church of St George, Sofia|St George Rotunda]] in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], a 4th-century Early Christian church
* [[St. George]] Cathedral Church at [[Zvartnots, Armenia]]
* St. Martin's Rotunda in [[Vyšehrad|Vyšehrad Castle]], [[Prague]], Czech Republic
* [[Rotunda of Saint Catherine]] in [[Znojmo]], Czech Republic
* [[St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw|St. Alexander's Church]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland
* [[Rotunda of St Marija Assunta]] in [[Mosta]], Malta
* [[Temple Church]] in [[London]]
* Chausathi Yogini temples at [[Chausathi Jogini Temple|Hirapur]], [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Jabalpur]] and [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Morena|Morena]] in India
* [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] in [[Willmette, Illinois]], US
* [[Rotunda, Aldershot|The Rotunda]] in [[Aldershot]] in the UK, built in 1876 and demolished in the 1980s

===Monuments===
*[[Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)|Qabus Tower]], in [[Gonbad-e Kavus]], Iran. Built in 1006 AD. It is the burial place of [[Qabus]], an emir of [[Ziyarid dynasty]]. at 61 meters, it is one of the highest historical buildings of its' kind.
*[[Resket Tower]], in [[Resket-e Olya]], Iran. Probably built in 1021, it is the grave of an emir of [[Bavand dynasty]]. it is 20 kilometres away from the similar [[Lajim Tower]].
*[[Lajim Tower]], in [[Lajim]], Iran. built in 1022 AD, it is the grave of an emir of [[Bavand dynasty]].
*[[Toghrol Tower]], in [[Ray, Iran]]. Many consider it to be the burial place of [[Tughril I]], founder of [[Seljuk Empire]], who died in 1063 AD.
*[[Aladdin Tower]], in [[Varamin]], Iran. Built in 1298 AD, it is the grave of a local governor of [[Ilkhanate]].
*[[Dome of Soltaniyeh]], in [[Soltaniyeh]], Iran. Built in 1312 AD, it is the maosuleum of [[Öljaitü]], Mongol ruler of [[Ilkhanate]]. it is still one of the biggest unreinforced domes in the world.

===Entertainment===
*[[Ranelagh Gardens]] in London, built in the 1740s and demolished in 1805. It was painted by [[Canaletto]].
*[[Takyeh Dowlat]], in [[Tehran]], built in 1868, demolished in 1947. it was located in [[Golestan Palace]] and was used for religious ceremonies.
*[[Pantheon, London]], opened 1772, demolished in 1937.
*The leisure centre at [[Fort Regent]], in [[Saint Helier|St Helier]], [[Jersey]], a regular venue for shows, concerts and events
* The internal Rotunda in the [[Michael Maddox]] Petrovsky Theatre, Moscow (burnt down in 1805).
*[[Gate Theatre]] in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]] (formerly part of the [[Rotunda Hospital]], built in 1757).
*[[Roundhouse (venue)|Roundhouse]] in [[London]], originally built in 1847 as a [[Turntable (railroad)|turntable]] [[Motive power depot|engine shed]], it was used as a [[gin]] store till being converted into a theatre in the 1960s.
*[[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]], [[England]].
*[[British Film Institute|IMAX Theatre]] in [[London]], [[England]].
*The Jackie Robinson Rotunda at [[Citi Field]].
*[[Romanian Athenaeum]] in [[Bucharest]]. It is a concert hall and a landmark of the Romanian capital city. Opened in 1888, the ornate, domed, circular building is the city's main concert hall and home of the "George Enescu" Philharmonic and of the George Enescu annual international music festival.
* [[Ohio Stadium]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]], built in 1922
*[[Riding Mountain (roller coaster)]], 18th century entertainment pavilion in [[Tsarskoe Selo]], Russia architected by [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] had a rotunda interior

===Residential===
*[[Villa Capra "La Rotonda"]] by the [[Italian Renaissance]] architect [[Andrea Palladio]] in [[Vicenza]], [[Italy]].
*[[Ickworth House]] in [[Suffolk]], [[England]].
*[[Mereworth Castle]] in Kent, England.
*[[Rotunda (Birmingham)|The Rotunda in Birmingham, England]], built as an office building in 1964.
*The Rotunda Building, Norfolk, Virginia, rebuilt in 2007.

===Learning===
* The [[Radcliffe Camera]], [[Oxford]], completed in 1748.
* [[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda at the University of Virginia]] built in 1826.
* [[British Museum Reading Room]], [[London]], built in 1857.
* The [[Rotunda Museum]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire]].
* The [[Manchester Central Library|Central Library]], [[Manchester]].
* [[Dallas Hall]] at [[Southern Methodist University]], [[Dallas, Texas]], built in 1911.
* [[Grawemeyer Hall]] at the [[University of Louisville]], built in 1926.
* [[Stockholm Public Library]], [[Stockholm]], built in 1928.
* [[Umeå University]], [[Umeå]], built in 1972.
* [[Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal]] built in 1933.
* [[Science Museum of Virginia]] built in 1919
* [[Vanderbilt University]]'s Wyatt Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/newspub/bjfTyg?id=2166|title=Sitemason Outage|work=vanderbilt.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927020145/http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/newspub/bjfTyg?id=2166|archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>
* [[Drew University]]'s Dorothy Young Center for the Arts built in 2002, and opened in 2003.
* The Campus Activity Centre at [[Thompson Rivers University]], [[Kamloops]], [[British Columbia]].
* [[Ruffner Hall]] at [[Longwood University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwood.edu/admissions/virtualtour/ruffner.htm|title=Ruffner Hall|work=longwood.edu}}</ref> built in 1839, reconstructed in 2004
*[[University Community Center (University of West Georgia)]] built in 1962.

===Government===
[[File:Cherokee_County_Courthouse_in_Murphy,_North_Carolina_11.jpg|thumb|Interior of a rotunda at the [[Cherokee County Courthouse (North Carolina)|Cherokee County Courthouse]] in [[North Carolina]]]]
*[[San Francisco City Hall]]
*[[Beehive (building)|The Beehive]], the executive wing of the [[New Zealand Parliament Building]]s
* [[California State Capitol]] Rotunda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=495|title=California State Capitol Museum|first=California State Parks, State of|last=California|website=CA State Parks|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> in [[Sacramento, California]].
* [[Library of Parliament]], a library for Canadian Parliamentarians. The only component of the Centre Block of Parliament to survive the [[Centre Block#Great fire|1916 fire]]
* The Rotundas, Marsham Street, a subterranean structure in [[Marsham Street]] in [[London]]
* The Samsad Bhavan, or the federal [[Parliament of India]], in [[New Delhi]]
* [[San Jose City Hall]] rotunda in San Jose, California, an all-glass, postmodern structure
* [[United States Capitol rotunda]]
* [[West Virginia State Capitol]]
* [[Wisconsin State Capitol]] Rotunda<ref>http://tours.wisconsin.gov/pub/Content.aspx?p=Photo Tour – Rotunda</ref>
* [[Vermont State Capitol]]

===Commercial===
* [[Capitol Records Building]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
* [[PKO Rotunda]], Warsaw, Poland

==See also==
* [[Rotunda (disambiguation)|Rotunda]] (disambiguation)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*[[A. W. Lawrence|Lawrence, A. W.]], ''Greek Architecture'', 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art

=== Further reading ===
* Vera, Gervers-Molnár (1972): A középkori Magyarország rotundái. (Rotunda in the Medieval Hungary). Akadémiai, Budapest
* József, Csemegi (1949): A tarnaszentmáriai templom hajójának stíluskritikai vizsgálata. (Studies on the Nave of the Church at Tarnaszentmária.) in: Antiquitas Hungarica III (1949), 92–107.
* Osterlar Church in Danmark {{illm|Osterlar Church |sv|%C3%98sterlars_kyrka}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rotundas}}

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