Editing Round goby

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = A_large_neogobius_melanostomus.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn| author1 = Freyhof, J. | author2-link = Maurice Kottelat | author2 = Kottelat, M. | name-list-style = amp |year = 2008 | title = ''Neogobius melanostomus''| page = e.T14524A4442374 | doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14524A4442374.en| author1-link = Jörg Freyhof|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
| range_map = Round goby range.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the round goby and introduction sites
| taxon = Neogobius melanostomus
| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)
| synonyms =
*''Gobius affinis'' <small>[[Karl Eichwald|Eichwald]], 1831</small>
*''Gobius cephalarges'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Gobius chilo'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Gobius exanthematosus'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Gobius grossholzii'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1894</small>
*''Gobius lugens'' <small>[[Alexander von Nordmann|Nordmann]], 1840</small>
*''Gobius marmoratus'' <small>(non Risso or Pallas) [[Grigore Antipa|Antipa]], 1909</small>
*''Gobius melanio'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Gobius melanostomus'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Gobius sulcatus'' <small>Eichwald, 1831</small>
*''Gobius virescens'' <small>Pallas, 1814</small>
*''Neogobius cephalarges'' <small>(Pallas, 1814)</small>
*''Apollonia melanostoma'' <small>(Pallas, 1814)</small>
*''Ponticola cephalarges'' <small>(Pallas, 1814)</small>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{GBIF|taxon=''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1814)|id=2379089|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-954-9746-29-7|pages=75–79|title=Atlas of the Gobies (Gobiidae) in Bulgaria|last1=Vassilev|first1=Milen|last2=Apostolou|first2=Apostolos|last3=Velkov|first3=Boris|last4=Dobrev|first4=Dobrin|last5=Zarev|first5=Velislav|publisher=Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|location=Sofia|year=2012|url=http://www.iber.bas.bg/sites/default/files/Bulgarian_Gobies_Atlas.pdf|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

The '''round goby''' ('''''Neogobius melanostomus''''') is a [[euryhaline]] bottom-dwelling species of fish of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Gobiidae]]. It is native to Central [[Eurasia]], including the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]. Round gobies have established large non-native populations in the [[Baltic Sea]], several major Eurasian rivers, and the North American [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012">{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 22268429
| year = 2012
| last1 = Kornis
| first1 = M. S.
| title = Twenty years of invasion: A review of round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' biology, spread and ecological implications
| journal = Journal of Fish Biology
| volume = 80
| issue = 2
| pages = 235–85
| last2 = Mercado-Silva
| first2 = N
| last3 = Vander Zanden
| first3 = M. J.
| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03157.x
}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Round gobies are small, soft-bodied fish characterized by a distinctive black spot on the first dorsal fin. The eyes are large and protrude slightly from the top of the head and, like most gobies, the pelvic fins are fused to form a single disc (shaped like a suction cup) on the belly. Round gobies range in length from {{convert|4|to|10|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=off}}, with a maximum size of {{convert|24.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}. They weigh between {{convert|0.176|and|2.816|oz|g|order=flip|abbr=off}}, their weight increasing with age. Male round gobies are larger than females. Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with grey, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated by the shape of their urogenital papilla, which in males is white to grey and long and pointed and in females is brown, short, and blunt-tipped. {{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Distribution and habitat==
Round gobies are widespread in the [[Sea of Marmara]] and in the rivers of its basin and can also be found in the Black Sea and the [[Sea of Azov]], along all coasts and [[fresh water]]s of their basins as well as in the coastal [[lake]]s and [[lagoons]].  They are also found in the rivers of [[Crimea]] and the [[Caucasus]] ([[Mezib]], [[Pshada]], [[Vulan]], [[Kodori River|Kodori]], and [[Çoruh River|Çoruh]]) and in the Caspian Sea, represented by [[subspecies]] ''Neogobius melanostomus affinis''.

Since 1990, the round goby has been registered as [[invasive species|introduced]] in the North American Great Lakes, in parts of Europe, and in the Baltic Sea as an invasive species.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jude D.J. |author2=Reider R.H. |author3=Smith G.R. |year=1992|title= Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes basin|journal= Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.|volume= 49|issue=2 |pages= 416–421|doi=10.1139/f92-047}}</ref> The first catch in North America was documented by Jude et al. 1992 and Crossman et al. 1992, caught by an angler in [[Sarnia, Ontario]], fishing the [[St. Clair River]] on June 28, 1990. The studies of Jude, Crossman, together with Jude et al. 1995 found a range of sizes between {{convert|29 and 180|mm|in|frac=8}} in the St. Clair.<ref name="Charlebois-et-al-1997">{{cite book | last1=Charlebois | first1=Patrice M. | last2=Marsden | first2=J. Ellen | last3=Goettel | first3=Robin G. | last4=Wolfe | first4=R. Kirby | last5=Jude | first5=David J. | last6=Rudnika | first6=Svetlana | title=The round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas) : a review of European and North American literature | publisher=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] | series=Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication | number=20 | date=1997 | issn=0888-9546 | hdl=2142/111690 | isbn=9780852382363 | oclc=38041117}}</ref> Round gobies are also rapidly expanding into tributaries of the Great Lakes in North America and were recently discovered in at least one of the [[Finger Lakes]] in New York State ([[Cayuga Lake]]). The first round goby in the [[Hudson River]] was discovered by the state of New York in 2021.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Round gobies are [[euryhaline]] (salt-tolerant) and live in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, up to a mineralization of 18–24%. They are commonly found on [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] with sandy and rocky bottoms with low silting at depths from {{Convert|1–2|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|10–17|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Feeding==
Round gobies actively feed both [[nocturnal]]ly and [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]]ly and are believed to detect prey only while stationary. The primary diet of round gobies includes [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[worm]]s, fish eggs, [[zebra mussel]]s, small fish, [[insect]] [[larva]]e, and other small invertebrates (insects and amphipods) living on the bottom of lakes and streams.<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012"/> In spring, the main elements of their diet in the [[Sasyk Lagoon]] are ''[[Hydrobia]]'', ''[[Cerastoderma glaucum|Cerastoderma]]'', and ''[[Abra (bivalve)|Abra]]''.<ref>{{Fauna of Ukraine, 8(5)}}</ref> In the same season, near the [[Romania]]n coasts of the Black Sea, the round goby feeds on [[polychaete]]s, [[crustaceans]] (''[[Idotea balthica]]'', ''[[Pachygrapsus marmoratus]]'', ''[[Xantho poressa]]'', etc.), and juvenile gobies.<ref>Porumb I.I. (1961) Contribuţii la cunoşterea biologiei guvisilor (''Gobius batrachocephalus'', ''Gobius cephalarges'' şi ''Gobius melanostomus'') din dreptul litoralului Romînesc al Mării Neagre (date preliminare), Hidrobiologia, 3, 271–282.</ref> Near [[Sevastopol]], the round goby feeds on [[molluscs]] (''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'' and ''[[Abra (bivalve)|Abra]]'' sp.).<ref>Khirina V.A. (1950) Materialy po pitaniju nekotoryh bentosnyh ryb v pribrezhnoj zone Chernogo moria u Karadaga. Trudy Karadagskoy biologicheskoy stantsii, No 10: 53–65.</ref> In the [[Baltic Sea]], they impact ''[[Blue mussel|Mytilus edulis]]'' populations.<ref>Neogobius melanostomus (Gobie arrondie). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neogobius_melanostomus/</ref>

In the [[Gulf of Odessa]], twenty-three items are identified in the diet of the round goby;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y. | last2 = Zamorov | first2 = V. | year = 2001 | title = Feeding preferences of the round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' and mushroom goby ''Neogobius cephalarges'' in the Odessa Bay | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451598 | journal = Oceanological Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 3–4| pages = 91–101 }}</ref> ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis]]'', ''[[Setia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'', ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum]]'', ''[[Idotea balthica]]'', and ''[[Alitta succinea|Alitta (Nereis) succinea]]'' dominate in the spring, while in the summer, the diet consists mainly of ''[[Sphaeroma pulchellum]]'' and ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum|L. mediterraneum]]''. The [[mussels]] ''M. galloprovincialis'' and ''M. lineatus'' are important in all seasons.

In the [[Great Lakes]], where it is invasive, they prey on ''[[Dreissena polymorpha]]'', another Great Lakes exotic from the same native region. A complete lateral line system allows them to feed in complete darkness. In the Great Lakes, they also eat the young and eggs of ''[[Cottus bairdii]]'', ''[[Percina caprodes]]'', ''[[Etheostoma]]'' spp., and ''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'', among other species, making them a threat to those native populations.<ref>Neogobius melanostomus (Gobie arrondie). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neogobius_melanostomus/</ref>

==Reproduction==
[[Image:Round goby eggs.jpg|thumb|left|Round goby eggs on rocks, [[Dniester Estuary]], [[Ukraine]]]]

Female round gobies reach sexual maturity in one to two years while males do so in three to four years. Gobies in the [[Laurentian Great Lakes]] typically mature up to one year earlier than in their native habitat in Europe. Females can [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]] up to six times during the spawning season, which spans April to September in most areas.

Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. They then release a steroid sex pheromone that attracts females to their territory. Males also use visual displays, including posturing and changing color from beige to black during mating season, and can produce sounds during courtship. The females deposit their eggs in male-guarded crevices between rocks. Eggs are {{Convert|4 by 2.2|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in size, while egg clutches can contain up to five thousand eggs. Males are territorial and will defend eggs from predators as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water. This results in successful hatch rates of up to 95%.

==Invasive species==
[[Image:Neogobius melanostomus1.jpg|thumb|left|Round goby from the [[Great Lakes]], United States]]

The species was accidentally introduced into the North American Great Lakes by way of ballast water transfer in cargo ships. First discovered in North America in the [[St. Clair River]] in 1990, the round goby is considered an [[invasive species]] with significant ecological and economic impact.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1023/B:BINV.0000022136.43502.db| title = The Round Goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'', a Fish Invader on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean| journal = Biological Invasions| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 173| year = 2004| last1 = Corkum | first1 = L. D. | last2 = Sapota | first2 = M. R. | last3 = Skora | first3 = K. E. | s2cid = 24355546}}</ref> The consequences of introduction are quite complex, as the fish both competes with native species and provides an abundant source of food for them, while consuming other invasive species itself.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Lydersen|first=Karl|title=The Round Goby, an Uninvited Resident of the Great Lakes, Is Doing Some Good|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/us/27cncgoby.html|access-date=May 27, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2011|quote=their ecological impact has not been devastating, but complicated — even beneficial in some cases.}}</ref> In other words, the round goby behaves much like most biological invasive controls. An aggressive fish, the round goby outcompetes native species such as the [[sculpin]] and [[logperch]] for food (such as [[snails]] and [[mussels]]), shelter, and nesting sites, substantially reducing their numbers. Round gobies are also voracious predators of eggs of native fish, many of them important to the angling industry. The goby's robust ability to survive in degraded environmental conditions has helped to increase its competitive advantage compared to native species.

Many native predatory fish such as [[smallmouth bass]], [[largemouth bass]], [[walleye]], salmon, and trout have begun to prey on round gobies. The incorporation of the round goby into native [[foodweb]]s, coupled with the goby's ability to consume large numbers of invasive mussels ([[zebra mussel|zebra]] and [[quagga mussel|quagga]]), may result in greater [[bioaccumulation]] of toxins such as PCBs higher in the food chain, since these mussels filter-feed and are known to accumulate persistent contaminants. However, this is partly beneficial because even though they do not reduce the population of zebra mussels, they do control their population. Hence, it prevents a large-scale spread of the zebra mussel, which is also an invasive species in the Great Lakes. Another unintended benefit of the round goby's introduction is that the [[Lake Erie watersnake]], once listed as a [[threatened species]], has found the goby to be a highly favorable addition to its diet. A recent study found the introduced fish now accounts for up to 90% of the snake's prey. The new food supply means that the water snake is now staging a comeback.<ref>Williams, Rebecca (producer). [http://environmentreport.org/story.php?story_id=2796 "Ten Threats: Natives Bite Back"]. ''[[The Environment Report]]'', October 10, 2005. Accessed 11 February 2010.</ref> Round gobies also serve as food for a variety of predatory fishes in the Great Lakes, including bass, [[lake trout]], [[lake whitefish]], [[burbot]], [[lake sturgeon]], and [[walleye]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=G. R. |title=Invasive species alter ontogenetic shifts in the trophic ecology of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Niagara River and Lake Ontario |journal=Biological Invasions |date=2017 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1533–1546 |doi=10.1007/s10530-017-1376-6 |s2cid=40123286 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-017-1376-6/fulltext.html|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The round goby is also considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in parts of Europe. This process was started by its introduction to the [[Gdańsk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]] (southern Baltic Sea) in 1990.<ref>Skóra K.E., Stolarski J. (1993) New fish species in the Gulf of Gdańsk ''[[Neogobius]]'' sp. [cf. ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas 1811)]. Bull. Sea Fisheries Inst., 1(128): 83.</ref> Locations recently invaded by round gobies include the [[Aegean Sea]],<ref>Eryilmaz L. (2002) A new fish record for the Aegean Sea: round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1814) (Gobiidae). Israel J. Zool., 48: 251–252.</ref> different parts of the Baltic Sea,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10530-004-9035-0| title = Spread of alien (non-indigenous) fish species ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the Gulf of Gdansk (south Baltic)| journal = Biological Invasions| volume = 7| issue = 2| pages = 157| year = 2005| last1 = Sapota | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Skóra| first2 = K. E. | s2cid = 12882124}}</ref> the [[North Sea]] basin,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = van Beek | first1 = G.C.W. | year = 2006 | title = The round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' first recorded in the Netherlands | url = http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2006/AI_2006_1_1_van_Beek.pdf | journal = Aquatic Invasions | volume = 1 | pages = 42–43 | doi=10.3391/ai.2006.1.1.10| doi-access = free }}</ref> and the [[Danube]] and [[Rhine]] basins.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00688.x| title = The recent distribution and abundance of non-native Neogobius fishes in the Slovak section of the River Danube| journal = Journal of Applied Ichthyology| volume = 21| issue = 4| pages = 319| year = 2005| last1 = Jurajda | first1 = P.| last2 = Cerny | first2 = J.| last3 = Polacik | first3 = M.| last4 = Valova | first4 = Z.| last5 = Janac | first5 = M.| last6 = Blazek | first6 = R.| last7 = Ondrackova | first7 = M.| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=van Kessel N. |author2=Dorenbosch M. |author3=Spikmans F. |year=2009|url=http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2009/AI_2009_4_2_vanKessel_etal.pdf |title=First record of Pontian monkey goby, ''Neogobius fluviatilis'' (Pallas, 1814), in the Dutch Rhine|journal=Aquatic Invasions|volume= 4|issue=2|pages =421–424|doi=10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.24|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the [[Germany|German]] part of the Baltic Sea this fish was first noted near [[Rügen]] Island.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Winkler | first1 = H.M. | year = 2006 | title = Die Fischfauna der südlichen Ostsee | journal = Meeresangler-Magazin | volume = 16 | pages = 17–18 }}</ref> It is now distributed all along the southwestern Baltic Sea coast, including [[Szczecin Lagoon|Stettiner Haff (Szczecin Lagoon)]], the [[Unterwarnow]] ([[Warnow]] river estuary), the mouth of the [[Trave]], and the [[Kiel Canal|Nord-Ostsee (Kiel) Canal]].

As of 2010, the westernmost site of round goby occurrence in Europe was the lower [[Scheldt]], including the [[tidal zone]] in the river mouth, and [[Albert Canal]], Belgium.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Verreycken H. |author2=Breine J.J. |author3=Snoeks J. |author4=Belpaire C. |year=2011|url=http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2010/2_2/pdf/11_1060_FULLTEXT.pdf |title=First record of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Belgium|journal= Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria|volume= 41|issue=2|pages= 137–140|doi=10.3750/aip2011.41.2.11|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2011, the round goby began invading the fresh waters of France; the species appeared in the [[Rhine River]] (on the border between France and Germany) and in the French part of the [[Moselle River]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Manné S. |author2=Poulet N. |author3=Dembski S. |year=2013|url=http://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/pdf/2013/04/kmae120090.pdf |title=Colonisation of the Rhine basin by non-native gobiids: an update of the situation in France|journal= Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems|volume= 411|issue= 2}}</ref>

==Parasites==
In total, fifty-two [[parasite]] species are registered in the round goby in its native area.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2002|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451595 |title=Round goby's parasites in native habitats and in a place of invasion|journal= Oceanological Studies|volume= 31|issue=1–2|pages= 51–57}}</ref> The most abundant parasites of the Black Sea round goby are [[metacercariae]] of [[trematodes]] of the [[Heterophyidae]] [[family (biology)|family]], such as ''Cryptocotyle concavum'', ''C.&nbsp;lingua'', and ''Pygidiopsis genata''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2005|url=http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/5_2/pdf/ACTA_35(2)_paper_06.pdf |title=A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: Gobiidae) from the North-Western Black Sea|journal= Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria|volume= 35|issue=2|pages= 103–110|doi=10.3750/AIP2005.35.2.06|doi-access=free}}</ref> The trematodes ''C.&nbsp;lingua'' and ''P.&nbsp;genata'' can infest humans.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Youssef M.M. |author2=Mansour N.S. |author3=Awadalla H.N. |author4=Hammouda N.A. |author5=Khalifa R. |author6=Boulos L.M. |year=1987|title= Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt|journal=J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol.|volume= 17|pages= 474–479}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 19312928
| year = 1975
| last1 = Zimmerman
| first1 = M. R.
| title = A probable case of accidental inhumation of 1,600 years ago
| journal = Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
| volume = 51
| issue = 7
| pages = 828–37
| last2 = Smith
| first2 = G. S.
| pmc = 1749564
}}</ref> In the 1950s, along the coast of the [[Gulf of Taganrog]] ([[Sea of Azov]]), the round goby was registered as a [[Host (biology)|host]] of [[epizootic]] [[nematodes]] ''Tetrameres fissispina'' and ''Streptocara crassicauda'', which were fatal to [[ducklings]].<ref>Kovalenko I.I. (1960) "Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e". ''Doklady AN SSSR'', 133(5): 1259–1261. (In Russian)</ref>

In the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, the parasites of the invasive round goby consist of twelve species.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00436-006-0311-z| pmid = 17048001| title = Metazoa parasites of the invasive round goby ''Apollonia melanostoma'' (''Neogobius melanostomus'') (Pallas) (Gobiidae: Osteichthyes) in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, Poland: A comparison with the Black Sea| journal = Parasitology Research| volume = 100| issue = 4| pages = 767–74| year = 2006| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y. | last2 = Skóra | first2 = K. E.| s2cid = 2945139|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6747735 }}</ref> The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of [[trematode]] [[metacercariae]]: ''C.&nbsp;concavum'' and ''[[Diplostomum]] spathaceum''.  Also in the Baltic Sea, the round goby is a [[paratenic host]] of the [[invasive species|invasive]] nematode ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2004|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451606 |title=The Far-Eastern nematode ''Anguillicola crassus'' – new parasite of the invasive round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the Baltic Sea|journal= Vestnik Zoologii|volume= 38|issue=2|pages= 38}}</ref> In the [[Vistula Lagoon]], the most abundant parasites of the round goby are [[nematodes]] ''Hysterothylacium aduncum'' and ''Anguillicoloides crassus''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rolbiecki L. |year=2006|url=http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/484rolbi.pdf |title=Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1811), an invasive species in the Polish fauna of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem|journal= Oceanologia|volume= 48|pages= 545–561}}</ref>

Twenty-five species of parasites are noted in the round goby in the American Great Lakes.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Camp J.W. |author2=Blaney L.M. |author3=Barnes D.K. |year=1999|title= Helminths of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Southern Lake Michigan, Indiana|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 66|pages= 70–72|url=http://www.reabic.net/publ/Camp_etal_1999.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Muzzall P.M. |author2=Peebles C.R. |author3=Thomas M.V. |year=1995|title= Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'', and tubenose goby, ''Proterorhinus marmoratus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 62|issue=2|pages= 226–228|url=http://bionames.org/bionames-archive/issn/1049-233X/62/226.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pronin N.M. |author2=Fleischer G.W. |author3=Baldanova D.R. |author4=Pronina S.V. |year=1997|title= Parasites of the recently established round goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'') and tubenose goby (''Proterorhinus marmoratus'') (Gobiidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA|journal= Folia Parasitol.|volume= 44|issue=1|pages= 1–6|url=http://www.paru.cas.cz/folia/pdfs/showpdf.php?pdf=21146|pmid=9229568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2| title = Metazoan Parasites of Introduced Round and Tubenose Gobies in the Great Lakes: Support for the "Enemy Release Hypothesis"| journal = Journal of Great Lakes Research| volume = 34| pages = 23–35| year = 2008| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y. | last2 = Stepien | first2 = C. A. | s2cid = 54784967}}</ref> The trematode ''D.&nbsp;spathaceum'' is the most abundant core species overall, while the [[cestode]] ''Proteocephalus'' sp. and the [[trematode]] ''Neochasmus umbellus'' are also well represented. The round goby may prevent some of the [[metacercariae]] of ''N.&nbsp;umbellus'' from completing their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01024.x| title = The invasive round goby Apollonia melanostoma (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) – a new intermediate host of the trematode Neochasmus umbellus (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) in Lake Erie, Ohio, USA| journal = Journal of Applied Ichthyology| volume = 24| pages = 103–105| year = 2008| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y.| last2 = Stepien | first2 = C. A.| doi-access = free}}</ref> The parasite "load" on the invasive gobies in the Great Lakes appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neogobius melanostomus}}
* [http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/biology/corkum/goby/goby.htm Round Goby, an invasive species in the Great Lakes]
* [http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/roundgoby Aquatic Invasive Species - Minnesota Sea Grant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103215920/http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/roundgoby |date=2017-01-03 }}
* [https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=657 Global Invasive Species Database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030514174013/http://www.protectyourwaters.net/hitchhikers/fish_round_goby.php Harmful Aquatic Hitchhikers]
* [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/roundgoby/index.html Minnesota DNR]
* [https://www.invadingspecies.com/invaders/fish/round-goby-2/ InvadingSpecies.com], Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
* [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713 USGS Non-indigenous species]
* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/round-goby Species Profile - Round Goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Round Goby.
* University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. [https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Neogobius_melanostomus.html Neogobius melanostomus].
* [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatLakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet], United States Geological Survey
{{Taxonbar|from=Q838199}}

[[Category:Fish described in 1814]]
[[Category:Fish of the Black Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Sea of Azov]]
[[Category:Fish of West Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Neogobius]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas]]