Editing Ruby character

{{Short description|Small characters that show pronunciation}}
{{About|Ruby characters in the East Asian cultural sphere|the programming language|Ruby (programming language)|other uses|Ruby (disambiguation)}}
'''Ruby characters''' or '''rubi characters''' ({{CJKV|j=ルビ|r=rubi|k=루비|rr=rubi}}) are small, annotative [[gloss (annotation)|glosses]] that are usually placed above or to the right of [[logogram|logographic]] characters of languages in the [[East Asian cultural sphere]], such as [[Sinitic languages|Chinese]] [[Chinese characters|''hanzi'']], [[Japonic languages|Japanese]] ''[[kanji]]'', and [[Korean language|Korean]] ''[[hanja]]'', to show the logographs' pronunciation; these were formerly also used for [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ''[[chữ Hán]]'' and ''[[chữ Nôm]]'', and may still occasionally be seen in that context when reading archaic texts. Typically called just '''ruby''' or '''rubi''', such annotations are most commonly used as pronunciation guides for characters that are likely to be unfamiliar to the reader.

== Examples ==
Here is an example of Japanese ruby characters (called ''[[furigana]]'') for [[Tokyo]] ("{{lang|ja|東京}}"):

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Hiragana]]
! [[Katakana]]
! [[Romaji]]
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="ja" | {{ Ruby line | 東: とう | 京: きょう }}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="ja" | {{ Ruby line | 東: トウ | 京: キョウ }}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="ja" | {{ Ruby line | 東: Tō | 京: kyō }}
|}

Most {{lang|ja-Latn|furigana}} are written with the ''hiragana'' syllabary, but ''[[katakana]]'' and ''[[romaji]]'' are also occasionally used. Alternatively, sometimes foreign words (usually English) are printed with furigana to provide the meaning, and vice versa. Textbooks sometimes<!--In my experience, actually almost never; but this was "usually," which is simply false.--> render [[Kanji#On'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading)|on-readings]] with katakana and [[Kanji#Kun'yomi (native reading)|kun-readings]] with hiragana.

Here is an example of ruby characters for [[Beijing]] ("{{lang|zh-hant|北京}}") in Zhuyin (a.k.a. Bopomofo), [[Xiao'erjing]], and Pinyin.

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Bopomofo|Zhuyin]]
! [[Xiao'erjing]]
! [[Pinyin]]
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="zh" | {{ Ruby line | 北: ㄅㄟˇ | 京: ㄐㄧㄥ }}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="fa" | {{ Ruby line | 京: ڭٍ | 北: بِی }}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="zh" | {{ Ruby line | 北: {{Transliteration|zh|ISO|Běi}} | 京: {{Transliteration|zh|ISO|jīng}} }}
|}

In Taiwan, the main syllabary used for Chinese ruby characters is ''[[Bopomofo|Zhuyin fuhao]]'' (also known as ''Bopomofo''); in mainland China ''[[pinyin]]'' is mainly used. Typically, unlike the example shown above<!--TODO: Edit example when support for CSS (ruby-position: side;) is implemented in browsers or a better kludge than was used.-->, zhuyin is used with a vertical traditional writing and zhuyin is written on the right side of the characters. In mainland China, horizontal script is used and ruby characters (pinyin) are written above the Chinese characters.

[[Xiao'erjing]] is a Perso-Arabic alphabet, adopted by [[Hui people|Hui Muslims]] and at times utilized as ruby characters in various manuscripts. This system does have its shortcomings, mainly that it has no way of indicating tones. With the spread of pinyin, the usage of this system has been in decline in the past decades. Most manuscripts that do mark the characters with Xiao'erjing, do so from right-to-left, which is quite unique, compared to other systems. This is because usually such manuscripts include Arabic texts such as the Quran, and the Chinese writing is the explanation or translation.

Books with phonetic guides (especially pinyin) are popular with children and foreigners learning Chinese.

Here is an example of the Korean ruby characters for [[Korea]] ("{{lang|ko|韓國}}"):

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Hangul]]
! [[Romaja]]
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="ko" | {{ Ruby line| 韓: 한 | 國: 국 }}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="ko" | {{ Ruby line | 韓: Han | 國: guk }}
|}

Romaja is normally used in foreign textbooks until Hangul is introduced. Ruby characters can be quite common on signs in certain parts of South Korea.

Here is an example of the Vietnamese ruby characters ({{Lang|vi|Chữ Quốc Ngữ}}) for [[Hanoi]] ("{{lang|vi|河內}}"):

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Vietnamese alphabet|''chữ Quốc ngữ'']]
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 2.2em;" lang="vi" | {{ Ruby line | 河: Hà | 內: Nội }}
|}

[[File:SecondPageOfTamthientugiaidichquocngu.png|thumb|Chữ Hán characters are glossed with chữ Nôm and the Vietnamese alphabet.]]
Chinese characters and its derivations of it (''chữ Hán'' and ''chữ Nôm'') which was used by the [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] have fallen out of use in favour of [[Latin script|Latin]]-based script ''[[Vietnamese alphabet|chữ Quốc ngữ]]'' during the French colonial period when it was made a part of compulsory education (1920s onwards). Currently still used by [[Gin people]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Uses ==
Ruby may be used for different reasons:

* because the character is rare and the pronunciation unknown to many—personal name characters often fall into this category;
* because the character has more than one pronunciation, and the context is insufficient to determine which to use;
* because the intended readers of the text are still learning the language and are not expected to always know the pronunciation or meaning of a term;
* because the author is using a nonstandard pronunciation for a character or a term

Also, ruby may be used to show the meaning, rather than pronunciation, of a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word. This is generally used with spoken dialogue and applies only to Japanese publications. The most common form of ruby is called ''furigana'' or ''yomigana'' and is found in Japanese instructional books, newspapers, comics and books for children.

In Japanese, certain characters, such as the [[sokuon]] ({{lang|ja|促音}}) (little ''tsu'', {{lang|ja|っ}}) that indicates a pause before the consonant it precedes, are normally written at about half the size of normal characters. When written as ruby, such characters are usually the same size as other ruby characters. Advancements in technology now allow certain characters to render accurately.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}<ref name="w3c-spec">{{cite web
|author1=Marcin Sawicki |author2=Michel Suignard |author3=Masayasu Ishikawa |author4=Martin Dürst |author5=Tex Texin |title=Ruby Annotation
|date=2001-05-31
|work=[[W3C Recommendation]]
|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]
|access-date=2007-02-14
|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/ruby
}}</ref>

In Chinese, the practice of providing phonetic cues via ruby is rare, but does occur systematically in grade-school level text books or dictionaries. The Chinese have no special name for this practice, as it is not as widespread as in Japan. In Taiwan, it is known as "[[Bopomofo|zhuyin]]", from the name of the phonetic system employed for this purpose there. It is virtually always used vertically, because publications are normally in a vertical format, and zhuyin is not as easy to read when presented horizontally.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Where zhuyin is not used, other Chinese phonetic systems like [[pinyin]] are employed.

In academic settings, Vietnamese text written in {{lang|vi|[[chữ Hán]]}} or {{lang|vi|[[chữ Nôm]]}} may be glossed with {{lang|vi|[[chữ quốc ngữ]]}} ruby for modern readers.{{sfn|Lunde|2009|p=529}}

Sometimes [[interlinear glosses]] are visually similar to ruby, appearing above or below the main text in smaller type. However, this is a distinct practice used for helping students of a foreign language by giving glosses for the words in a text, as opposed to the pronunciation of lesser-known characters.

Ruby annotation can also be used in handwriting.

== History ==
{{see also|Ruby (typography)}}
[[File:Hunmin jeong-eum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''[[Hunmin Jeongeum]] Eonhae'' uses [[hanja]] and small [[hangul]] for ruby to the lower-right of the hanja characters.]]{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
In British typography, ''[[Ruby (typography)|ruby]]'' was originally the name for type with a height of 5.5 [[point (typography)|points]], which printers used for interlinear annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, rather than referring to a font size, the word became the name for typeset ''furigana''.  When transliterated back into English, some texts rendered the word as ''rubi'' (a typical [[romanisation]] of the Japanese word {{lang|ja|ルビ}}, instead of {{lang|ja|ルビー}} (''rubī''), the expected transliteration of ''ruby''). However, the spelling "ruby" has become more common since the [[W3C]] published a recommendation for ''ruby [[markup language|markup]]''. In the US, the font size had been called "[[Agate (typography)|agate]]", a term in use since 1831 according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.

== HTML markup ==
{{anchor|HTML}}

In 2001, the W3C published the Ruby Annotation specification<ref name="w3c-spec" /> for supplementing [[XHTML]] with ruby markup. Ruby markup is incorporated into the XHTML 1.1 specification and in HTML5.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Ruby Markup Reference|url=https://www.w3.org/International/articles/ruby/markup.en.html}}</ref>

For browsers that do not support Ruby natively, Ruby support is most easily added by using [[CSS]] rules that are available on the web.<ref name="ruby_stylesheet_hack">[http://web.nickshanks.com/stylesheets/ruby.css CSS Ruby Support] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228150240/http://web.nickshanks.com/stylesheets/ruby.css |date=2007-02-28 }}—Works in all modern browsers</ref>

Ruby markup is structured such that a fallback rendering, consisting of the ruby characters in parentheses immediately after the main text, appears if the browser does not support ruby.

The W3C is also working on a specific ruby module for [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] level 2, which additionally allows the grouping of ruby and automatic omission of furigana matching their annotated part.<ref name="css2_ruby">{{cite web
|access-date = 2021-03-03|url = https://drafts.csswg.org/css-ruby/|title=CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1}}</ref>

=== Markup examples ===
Below are a few examples of ruby markup. The markup is shown first, and the rendered markup is shown next, followed by the unmarked version. Web browsers either render it with the correct size and positioning as shown in the table-based examples above, or use the fallback rendering with the ruby characters in parentheses:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || colspan="2" | XHTML || CSS level 2<ref name="css2_ruby" />
|-
! scope="row" | Markup
| <syntaxhighlight lang="html">
<ruby> 
東京 <rp>(</rp> <rt>とうきょう</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>

</syntaxhighlight>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="html">
<ruby>
北 <rp>(</rp><rt>ㄅㄟˇ</rt><rp>)</rp>
京 <rp>(</rp><rt>ㄐㄧㄥ</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
</syntaxhighlight>
| <syntaxhighlight lang="html">
<ruby>
<rbc><rb>振</rb><rb>り</rb><rb>仮</rb><rb>名</rb><rp>(</rp></rbc>
<rtc><rt>ふ</rt><rt>り</rt><rt>が</rt><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp></rtc>
</ruby>
</syntaxhighlight>
|- style="height:70px"
! scope="row" | Rendered
| <ruby style="font-size:2em;" lang="ja">
<rb>東京</rb><rp>(</rp>
<rt>とうきょう</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
| <ruby style="font-size:2em;" lang="zh-Hant">
<rb>北</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ㄅㄟˇ</rt><rp>)</rp>
<rb>京</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ㄐㄧㄥ</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
| <ruby style="font-size:2em;" lang="ja">
<rb>振</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ふ</rt><rp>)</rp>り</ruby><ruby style="font-size:2em;" lang="ja"><rb>仮</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>が</rt><rp>)</rp><rb>名</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby><br />
<small>By default, the code above will come to the effect below. To achieve this effect, you may need further CSS styling.</small>
|- style="height:70px"
! scope="row" | Unmarked
| style="font-size:1.2em" lang="ja"      | 東京(とうきょう)
| style="font-size:1.2em" lang="zh-Hant" | 北(ㄅㄟˇ)京(ㄐㄧㄥ)
| style="font-size:1.2em" lang="ja"      | 振り仮名(ふりがな)
|}

Note that Chinese ruby text would normally be displayed in vertical columns to the right of each character. This approach is not typically supported in browsers at present.

This is a table-based example of vertical columns:
{|
|style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em; vertical-align:middle" |{{lang|zh-Hant|瓶}} || style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; vertical-align:middle" | {{lang|zh-tw|ㄆ<br />ㄧ<br />ㄥˊ}}
|-
|style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em; vertical-align:middle" | {{lang|zh-Hant|子}} || style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; vertical-align:middle" | {{lang|zh-tw|˙<br />ㄗ}}
|}

=== Complex ruby markup ===
Complex ruby markup makes it possible to associate more than one ruby text with a base text, or parts of ruby text with parts of base text.<ref name="complex_ruby">[http://www.w3.org/TR/ruby/#complex Complex ruby markup]</ref>

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Specials (Unicode block)}}
[[Unicode]] and its companion standard, the [[Universal Character Set]], support ruby via these ''interlinear annotation'' characters:<ref>{{cite book|title = The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0|chapter = 23.8 Specials: Annotation Characters|publisher = Unicode, Inc|date = September 2022|location = Mountain View, CA|url = https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch23.pdf#G15944}}</ref>
* Code point <code>FFF9</code> ([[hexadecimal|hex]])—Interlinear annotation anchor—marks start of annotated text
* Code point <code>FFFA</code> (hex)—Interlinear annotation separator—marks start of annotating character(s)
* Code point <code>FFFB</code> (hex)—Interlinear annotation terminator—marks end of annotated text

Few applications implement these characters. Unicode Technical Report #20<ref name="unicode20">{{cite web |author1=Martin Dürst |author2=Asmus Freytag |title=Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages |date=2007-05-16 |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] and [[Unicode Consortium]] |url=https://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr20/ |access-date=2018-03-23 |archive-date=2005-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219010527/http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr20/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> clarifies that these characters are not intended to be exposed to users of markup languages and software applications, and are instead for internal use either in systems or the applications themselves. It suggests that ruby markup be used instead, where appropriate.

The interlinear annotation characters are part of the "Specials" Unicode block:
{{Unicode chart Specials}}

== ANSI ==
[[ISO/IEC 6429]] (also known as [[Ecma International|ECMA]]-48) which defines the [[ANSI escape code]]s also provided a mechanism for ruby text for use by text terminals, although few terminals and terminal emulators implement it.  The PARALLEL TEXTS (PTX) escape code accepted six parameter values giving the following escape sequences for marking ruby text:
* <code>[[Control Sequence Introducer|CSI]] 0 \</code> (or simply <code>CSI \</code> since 0 is used as the default value for this control) – end of parallel texts
* <code>CSI 1 \</code> – beginning of a string of principal parallel text
* <code>CSI 2 \</code> – beginning of a string of supplementary parallel text
* <code>CSI 3 \</code> – beginning of a string of supplementary Japanese phonetic annotation
* <code>CSI 4 \</code> – beginning of a string of supplementary Chinese phonetic annotation
* <code>CSI 5 \</code> – end of a string of supplementary phonetic annotations

== See also ==
*{{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles|Ruby characters}}, and [[Furigana]] (Japanese)
*[[Emphasis point]]s, marks use for [[Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]], which can be implemented similarly to ruby
*[[Harakat]]&nbsp;– vocalised [[Arabic script]] diacritical marks that provide phonetic assistance for reading texts in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
*[[Niqqud]]&nbsp;– vocalised [[Hebrew script]] vowel pointings that provide phonetic assistance for reading [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].  (The Hebrew [[abjad]] represents only the consonants.)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=CJKV Information Processing|first=Ken|last=Lunde|author-link=Ken Lunde|location=Sebastopol, California|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-596-51447-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA92uQqTB-AC&pg=PA529|via=Google Books}}

<!-- Categories -->
[[Category:Ruby characters| ]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Japanese writing system]]
[[Category:Phonetic guides]]
[[Category:Typography]]
[[Category:HTML]]
[[Category:East Asian typography]]