Editing Rugii

{{short description|Ancient Germanic people}}
{{redirect|Rugians|the Slavic tribe|Rani (tribe)}}
[[File:Rugii.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Settlement areas of the Rugii: [[Rogaland]], [[Pomerania]] (since the first century), [[Rugiland]] (5th century); [[Rügen]] (uncertain)]]

The '''Rugii''', '''Rogi''' or '''Rugians''' ({{langx|grc|Ρογοί|Rogoi}}), were one of the smaller [[Germanic peoples]] of [[Late Antiquity]] who are best known for their short-lived 5th-century kingdom upon the Roman frontier, near present-day [[Krems an der Donau]] in [[Austria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bjornlie |first1=Shane |author-link1=Shane Bjornlie |date=2018 |chapter=Rugians |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4118? |editor1-last=Nicholson |editor1-first=Oliver |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191744457 |access-date=January 26, 2020 |quote=Rugians. Germanic people prominent in provincial politics of the Danube frontier region during the last half of the 5th century... }}</ref> This kingdom, like those of the neighbouring [[Heruli]] and [[Sciri]], first appears in records after the death of [[Attila]] in 453. The Rugii, Heruli, Sciri and others are believed to have moved into this region from distant homelands under pressure from the [[Huns]], and become part of Attila's Hunnic empire which also moved and came to be based in this region. The Rugii were subsequently part of the alliance which defeated Attila's sons and the [[Ostrogoths]] at the [[Battle of Nedao]] in 454, giving their kingdom independence. In 469 they were part of a similar alliance who lost to the Ostrogoths at the [[Battle of Bolia]], weakening their kingdom significantly.

Many Rugii, once again along with Sciri, Heruli and other Danubians, joined [[Odoacer]] in Italy and became part of his kingdom there. Fearing new plots against him, he nevertheless invaded the Rugian kingdom in 487, and the Rugian lands were then settled by the [[Lombards]] from the north. Most Rugii still in the Danubian region eventually joined the Ostrogoth [[Theoderic the Great]] who killed Odoacer and replaced him with a Gothic-led regime in Italy. The Rugii were based in Pavia and played an important role in the Italian kingdom until it was destroyed by [[Justinian]]. The third last king was the Rugian [[Eraric]] who died in 541. After him the Rugians disappear from history.

It is generally accepted that the Rugii were first clearly recorded by [[Tacitus]] in the first century, in his ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''. He mentioned a people called the ''Rugii'' living near the south shore of the [[Baltic Sea]], near the [[Lemovii]] and east of the [[Gutones]] who apparently lived near the mouth of the [[Vistula]]. The 6th century writer Procopius included them among the "Gothic peoples", grouping them with Goths, [[Gepids]], [[Vandals]], [[Sciri]], and the non-Germanic [[Alans]], who were mainly associated with Eastern Europe.<ref>See for example {{harvtxt|Wolfram|2005|p=77}} and {{harvtxt|Steinacher|2017|p=28}}.</ref> 

Various other records mentioning places or peoples with similar names have been associated with the Danubian Rugii as possible relatives, mainly on the basis of similar names which all appear to be related to the grain [[rye]]. In the 2nd century, [[Ptolemy]] mentioned the ''Rutikleioi'', and the place known as Rougion, on the southern Baltic coast. In the 6th century [[Jordanes]] listed "Rugi" among the tribes supposedly living in Scandinavia in his own time, near the Dani ([[Danes]]) and ''Suetidi'' ([[Swedes (tribe)|Swedes]]). He also listed the "Rogas" as an Eastern European people of the 4th century. Much later, the medieval [[Rygir]] were a tribe residing in [[Rogaland]] of southwestern Norway, around the [[Boknafjord]]. The coastal island known today as [[Rügen]] is also sometimes associated with the Rugii. The Rugii are also associated with the ''Ulmerugi'' mentioned by Jordanes. Their name probably means "island Rugii", and he described them as a people who had many centuries before him lived on the Baltic coast near the Vistula, at the time when he believed the [[Goths]] arrived by boat from Scandinavia. A similar island name, ''Holmrygir'', is known from much later medieval Norway, in the area near Rogaland.

The name of the Rugii continued to be used after the sixth century to refer to Slavic-speaking peoples near the Danube, and Rügen, and even as a Latin name for the [[Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia|Rus]] in [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steinacher |first1=Roland |author-link1=:de:Roland Steinacher |year=2010 |chapter=The Herules: Fragments of a History |editor-last=Curta |editor-first=Florin |editor-link=Florin Curta |title=Neglected Barbarians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wXHSgAACAAJ  |publisher=[[Brepols|ISD]]|isbn=9782503531250  }} pp.43-44.</ref>{{fv|date=February 2025}}

==Etymology==
The tribal name ''Rugii'' is believed to originate from the name of the cereal [[rye]] and would thus have meant "rye eaters" or "rye farmers".{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} The [[Proto-Germanic]] word for rye has been reconstructed as ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rugiz|*rugiz]]'', and versions of the word exist in both [[West Germanic]] (reconstructed as ''*rugi''), [[North Germanic]] languages (Old Norse ''[[wikt:rugr#Old_Norse|rugr]]''), but are not known from [[East Germanic]]. They are also known in the other language families of the [[Baltic region]]: [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] (reconstructed in Proto-Finnic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/rugis|*rugis]]'');  [[Baltic languages|Baltic]]; and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] (''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rъžь|rŭžĭ]]''). Andersson notes that etymology limits the possible places that we might expect the Rugii to have had their original homeland. For example, the cultivation rye, which was originally cultivated in the Middle East, is not known in Norway in the Roman era, which implies that the later Rygir of Norway were not living in the original Rugian homeland.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}

Other historical terms associated with the Rugii:
*''Ulmerugi'', the coastal region near the Vistula which was mentioned by Jordanes, can be translated as "island Rugii", containing the Proto-Germanic word reconstructed as ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hulmaz|*hulmaz]]'' (English ''[[wikt:holm#English|holm]]'', Old Norse ''holmr''). An equivalent word in Old Norse ''holmrygir'' is found in Norway, near the tribe who were called the Rygir.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}
*Ptolemy's ''Rutikleioi'' have been interpreted as a scribal error for ''Rugikleioi'' (in Greek). The meaning of the second part of this name form is unclear, but it has, for example, been interpreted as a Germanic diminutive.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}
*Uncertain and disputed is the association of the Rugii with the name of the isle of [[Rügen]] and the tribe of the [[Rugini]]. Though some scholars have suggested that the Rugii passed their name to the Isle of Rügen in modern Northeastern Germany, other scholars have presented alternative hypotheses of Rügen's etymology associating the name to the mediaeval [[Rani (tribe)|Rani (Rujani) tribe]].{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Rives311/>
*The ''Rugini'' are mentioned only once, in a list of Germanic tribes still to be Christianised drawn up by the English monk [[Bede]] in his {{lang|la|Historia ecclesiastica}} of the early 8th century.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Fraesdorff55/>

==Origins==
===Scandinavia===
Jordanes makes a references to a people called the Rugii still living in Scandinavia in the sixth century, in the area near the Dani, who are normally presumed to be the Danes.<ref>Jordanes, ''Getica'', L,261.266; LIV,277</ref>{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}

According to an old proposal, the Rugii possibly migrated from southwest Norway to [[Pomerania]] in the 1st century AD.<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512463/Rugi |title=Rugi (people) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> [[Rogaland]] or Rygjafylke is a region (fylke) in south west Norway. Rogaland translates "Land of the Rygir" (Rugii), the transition of ''rygir'' to ''roga'' being sufficiently explained with the general linguistic transitions of the [[Norse language]].{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}

Scholars suggest a migration either of Rogaland Rugii to the southern Baltic coast, a migration the other way around, or an original homeland on the islands of Denmark in between these two regions.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} None of those theories is so far backed by archaeological evidence.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} Another theory suggests that the name of one of the two groups was adapted by the other one later without any significant migration taking place.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} 

Scholars such as Andersson regard it as very unlikely that the name meaning "rye-eaters" or "rye-farmers" was invented twice. In favour of a Scandinavian origin, despite doubts about the early cultivation of Rye, he cites the sixth century claim of Jordanes that Scandinavia was the "womb of nations".{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} Others such as Pohl have argued that the similarity of names has been uncritically interpreted to indicate tribal kinship or identity, feeding a debate about the location of an "original homeland" without any reference to historical sources. Pohl also suggests that one possibility suggested by the work of [[Reinhard Wenskus]] and the [[Vienna School of History]] is that the name of the Rugii could have been spread by small elite groups who moved around, rather than mass migration.{{sfn|Pohl|2003}}

===Southern Baltic coast===
{{Further|Early history of Pomerania}}
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Roman Empire]] under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138): the Rugii inhabit a region corresponding to modern [[Pomerania]] (northern Germany and Poland)]]
The Rugii were first mentioned by [[Tacitus]]<ref>Tacitus, ''Germania'', [[wikisource:Germania#XLIV|Germania.XLIV]]</ref> in the late first century.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Rives311/> Tacitus' description of their contemporary settlement area was at the "ocean", adjacent to the [[Lemovii]] and [[Gutones]]> The Gutones are generally considered to be early [[Goths]], and also mentioned by [[Ptolemy]], who placed them east of the [[Vistula]]. This is generally seen as the southern coast of the [[Baltic Sea]], the later [[Pomerania]].{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Oxfordtranslation836/><ref name=Rives311/> Tacitus distinguished the Rugii, Gutones and Lemovii from other Germanic tribes, saying they carried round shields and short swords, and obeyed kings.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Oxfordtranslation836>The Works of Tacitus: The Oxford Translation, Revised, With Notes, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, p.836, {{ISBN|0-559-47335-4}}</ref><ref name=Rives311>J. B. Rives on Tacitus, Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.311, {{ISBN|0-19-815050-4}}</ref>

In 150 AD, the geographer [[Ptolemy]] did not mention the Rugii in this region, but he did mention a place named ''Rhougion'' (also transliterated from Greek as ''Rougion'', ''Rugion'', Latinized ''Rugium'' or ''Rugia'') and a tribe named the ''Routikleioi'' in roughly the same area, between the rivers Vidua and Vistula.<ref>Ptolemaeus II,11,12</ref> Both these names have been associated with the Rugii.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Rives311/>

In the 6th century, Jordanes wrote an origin story (''[[Origo gentis]]'') about the Goths, the ''[[Getica]]'', which claims that the Goths and many other peoples came from Scandinavia, the "womb of nations", many centuries before his time. Upon the arrival by boat of the Goths from Scandinavia, in the coastal area of "[[Gothiscandza]]", the Goths expelled a people called the ''Ulmerugi''.<ref>Jordanes, Getica, IV,26</ref>{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}<ref name=Rives311/> 

The [[Oxhöft culture]] is associated with parts of the Rugii and [[Lemovii]].<ref name=Rives311/> The archaeological [[Gustow group]] of [[Western Pomerania]] is also associated with the Rugii.<ref>Magdalena Ma̜czyńska, Tadeusz Grabarczyk, ''Die spätrömische Kaiserzeit und die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Mittel- und Osteuropa'', Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Łódź, 2000, p.127, {{ISBN|83-7171-392-4}}</ref><ref>Horst Keiling, ''Archäologische Funde von der frührömischen Kaiserzeit bis zum Mittelalter aus den mecklenburgischen Bezirken'', Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Schwerin, 1984, pp.8:12</ref> The remains of the Rugii west of the Vidivarii, together with other Gothic, [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]], and [[Gepids|Gepid]] groups, are believed to be identical with the archaeological [[Dębczyn culture]].{{sfn|Machajewski|2003|p=282}}

According to an old proposal, in the 2nd century AD, eastern Germanic peoples then mainly in the area of modern Poland, began to expand their influence, pressing peoples to their south and eventually causing the [[Marcomannic Wars]] on the Roman Danubian frontier. Given the coincidence of the same name on the Baltic and Danube, the Rugii are one of the peoples thought to have been involved. While modern authors are sceptical of some elements of the old narrative, the archaeology of the [[Wielbark culture]] has given new evidence to support this idea.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heather|first=Peter|year=2009|title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989226-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho8sAQAAIAAJ}}, pp.96-107</ref> 

In his ''Getica'' Jordanes claimed that the 4th-century Gothic king [[Ermanaric]], who was one of the first rulers west of the [[Don river]] to confront the [[Huns]] as they entered Europe, ruled an empire stretching from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]]. In a list of the peoples conquered by him the name "Rogas" appears.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|loc=ch. 6}}

==Danubian and Italian Rugii==
[[File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png|thumb|right|300px|Europe at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD]]
One of the first clear records of the Rugii interacting with the Roman empire is in the [[Laterculus Veronensis]] of about 314. In a list of barbarians under the emperors it lists them together with their future neighbours the Heruli, but in a part of the list between the Scottish barbarians and the tribes north of the lower Rhine. Unlike the Heruli, they do not appear in other such 4th-century lists.{{sfn|Liccardo|2023}}

The Rugii are listed as one of the northern peoples who were led by Attila over the Rhine, to invade Gaul, and eventually fight the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]] in 451. After Attila's death in 453, the Rugii were among the Hunnic confederates who successfully rebelled against his sons, defeating them and the Ostrogoths at the [[Battle of Nedao]] in 454. Whether or not the Rugian kingdom existed before then, and in what form, is unknown. 

A group of Rugii were settled near Constantinople after Nadao, in [[Bizye]] and [[Lüleburgaz|Arcadiopolis]] where they provided troops to the empire.{{sfn|Steinacher|2017|p=114}}

With Roman power now also weakened along the Danube, the majority of the Rugii became part of the independent Rugian kingdom, ruled by [[Flaccitheus]] in [[Rugiland]], a region presently part of lower Austria (ancient [[Noricum]]), north of the Danube.<ref name=Foulke31ff>William Dudley Foulke, Edward Peters, ''History of the Lombards'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974, pp.31ff, {{ISBN|0-8122-1079-4}}</ref> After Flaccitheus's death, the Rugii of Rugiland were led by king [[Feletheus]], also called Feva, and his wife Gisa.<ref name=Foulke31ff/> Yet other Rugii had already become [[foederati]] of [[Odoacer]], who was to become the first [[king of Italy]] in 476.<ref name=Foulke31ff/> 
By 482 the Rugii had converted to [[Arianism]].<ref name=britannica/> 

Feletheus' Rugii were utterly defeated by Odoacer in 487; many came into captivity and were carried to Italy; and Rugiland was settled by the [[Lombards]].<ref name=Foulke31ff/> Records of this era are made by [[Procopius]],<ref>Procopius, ''Bellum Gothicum'' VI,14,24; VII,2,1.4</ref> [[Jordanes]] and others.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}

Two years later, Rugii joined the [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogothic]] king [[Theodoric the Great]] when he invaded Italy in 489. Within the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in Italy, they kept their own administrators and avoided intermarriage with the Goths.<ref>"At the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, Theodoric of the Ostrogoths invades Italy and founds a kingdom based in Rome. Many of the remaining Rugii join Theodoric in his invasion and settle in self-contained communities, refusing intermarriage with the Ostrogoths and other Germanic peoples there. They retain their identity until the fall of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy. The Langobards migrate into the former Rugii territory to fill this vacuum."[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianRugii.htm Germanic Tribes: Rugii]</ref><ref name=britannica/> They disappeared after [[Totila]]'s defeat in the [[Gothic War (535–554)]].<ref name=britannica/>

==Legacy==
===Possible continuations in the north===
It is assumed that Burgundians, Goths and Gepids with parts of the Rugians left [[Pomerania]] during the late Roman Age and that during the [[Migration Period]], remnants of Rugians, [[Vistula Veneti]], [[Vidivarii]] and other [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] remained and formed units that were later [[Slavs|Slavicized]].{{sfn|Machajewski|2003|p=282}} The Vidivarii themselves are described by [[Jordanes]] in his Getica as a [[melting pot]] of tribes that in the mid-6th century lived at the lower [[Vistula]].<ref>Andrew H. Merrills, ''History and Geography in Late Antiquity'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.325, {{ISBN|0-521-84601-3}}</ref><ref name=DeJong>[[Mayke de Jong]], Frans Theuws, Carine van Rhijn, ''Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages'', Brill, 2001, p.524, {{ISBN|90-04-11734-2}}</ref> Though differing from the earlier [[Wielbark culture]], some traditions were continued.<ref name=DeJong/> One hypothesis, based on the sudden appearance of large amounts of Roman solidi and migrations of other groups after the breakdown of the [[Hun]] empire in 453, suggest a partial re-migration of earlier emigrants to their former northern homelands.<ref name=DeJong/>

The ninth-century [[Old English]] [[Widsith]], a compilation of earlier oral traditions, mentions the tribe of the ''Holmrycum'' without localizing it.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} ''Holmrygir'' are mentioned in an [[Old Norse]] [[skaldic]] poem, ''[[Hákonarmál]]'' and probably also in the [[Haraldskvæði]].<ref>Skj, B I,57</ref>{{sfn|Andersson|2003}}

[[James Campbell (historian)|James Campbell]] has argued that, regarding Bede's "Rugini", "the sense of the Latin is that these are the peoples from whom the [[Anglo-Saxons]] living in Britain were derived".<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Essays in Anglo-Saxon history|last=Campbell |first=James|date=1986|publisher=Hambledon Press|isbn=090762832X|location=London|oclc=458534293}}</ref>{{rp|53}} The Rugini would thus be among the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons.<ref name= ":9" />{{rp|123–124}} Whether the Rugini were remnants of the Rugii is speculative.{{sfn|Andersson|2003}} Despite the identification by Bede as Germanic, some scholars have attempted to link the Rugini with the [[Rani (tribe)|Rani]].<ref name=Fraesdorff55>David Fraesdorff, ''Der barbarische Norden: Vorstellungen und Fremdheitskategorien bei Rimbert, Thietmar von Merseburg, Adam von Bremen und Helmold von Bosau'', Akademie Verlag, 2005, p.55, {{ISBN|3-05-004114-5}}</ref><ref>Joachim Herrmann, ''Welt der Slawen: Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur'', C.H. Beck, 1986, p.265, {{ISBN|3-406-31162-8}}</ref>

===The continuation of the name===
According to Pohl, the name was taken up in a historicising manner from the 10th century onwards to refer to Slavic peoples on the lower Austrian Danube (Pohl refers to Raffelstettener customs ordinance shortly after 900), on the Baltic Sea (citing Otto of Freising, Chronica 7, 9) or also the Rus (citing the Continuatio Reginonis a. 959-60).{{sfn|Pohl|2003}}

==See also==
*[[Eraric|Eraric the Rugian]]
*[[Gustow group]]
*[[Rugiland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Biography==
*{{citation|first=Thomas |last=Andersson |chapter=Rugier 1. Namenkundliches |title=Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde |edition=2 |volume=25 |year=2003 |pages=452ff |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017733-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7cXiqNmd1EC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Arne Søby |author-link=Arne Søby Christensen |year=2002 |title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=9788772897103 }}
*{{citation|last=Liccardo|first=Salvatore |year=2023|chapter=The Laterculus Veronensis"|title=Old Names, New Peoples: Listing Ethnonyms in Late Antiquity|pages=37–97 |publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004686601_004|isbn=9789004686601}}
*{{citation|first=Henryk |last=Machajewski|chapter=Pommern| title=Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|page=282 |isbn=3-11-017535-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LGgd3UGdf0C |volume=23|year=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter }}
*{{citation| first=Walter |last=Pohl| title =Rugier § 2. Historisches|encyclopedia= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |volume=25 |edition=2 | editor1-first=Heinrich |editor1-last=Beck |editor2-first=Dieter |editor2-last=Geuenich |editor3-first= Heiko |editor3-last=Steuer| year=2003 | isbn=978-3-11-017733-6 }}
*{{citation|last=Steinacher|first=Roland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIt4DwAAQBAJ|title=Rom und die Barbaren. Völker im Alpen- und Donauraum (300-600) |year=2017| publisher=Kohlhammer Verlag |isbn = 9783170251700}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |author-link=Herwig Wolfram |year=2005 |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520244900 }}
{{Owl}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507905/ancient-Rome/26693/The-barbarian-invasions |title=Ancient Rome: The barbarian invasions |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=January 16, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58257/Barbarian-migrations-and-invasions |title=History of Europe: The Germans and Huns |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=January 16, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231063/Germanic-peoples |title=Germanic peoples |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=January 16, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58075/The-press |title=Germany: Ancient History |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=January 16, 2015}}

{{Germanic peoples}}

[[Category:Rugii| ]]
[[Category:West Slavs]]
[[Category:Early Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:History of Pomerania]]
[[Category:Iron Age Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Prehistory of Norway]]