Editing Rumsen language

{{Short description|Extinct Utian language of California}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Rumsen
| nativename       = San Carlos, Rumsun, Rumsien
| states           = [[United States]]
| region           = [[California]]
| ethnicity        = [[Rumsen people]]
| extinct          = May 21st, 1939, with the death of [[Isabel Meadows]]
| ref              = <ref name="Hinton430"/>
| familycolor      = penutian
| fam1             = [[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]]
| fam2             = [[Utian languages|Utian]]
| fam3             = [[Costanoan languages|Costanoan]]
| fam4             = Southern
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3             = none
| iso3comment      = (included in {{ISO 639|css|link=yes}} [css])
| glotto           = rums1243
| glottorefname    = Rumsen
}}

[[File:Mission Carmel1.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo]], where many Rumsen were brought to live in the Mission Era.]]

The '''Rumsen language''' (also known as '''Rumsien''', '''Rumsun''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Callaghan |first=Catherine A. |date=October 1988 |title=Karkin Revisited |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/466096 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=436–452 |doi=10.1086/466096 |issn=0020-7071|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''San Carlos Costanoan'' and ''Carmeleno'') is one of eight [[Ohlone languages]], historically spoken by the [[Rumsen people]] of [[Northern California]]. The Rumsen language was spoken from the [[Pajaro River]] to [[Big Sur, California|Point Sur]], and on the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as on the [[Salinas River (California)|Salinas]] and [[Carmel River (California)|Carmel River]]s, and the region of the present-day cities of [[Salinas, California|Salinas]], [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] and [[Carmel, California|Carmel]].
[[File:Rumsen_Myth_of_Coyote.wav|thumb|Myth of the Coyote in the Rumsen language recorded by [[A. L. Kroeber|Alfred L. Kroeber]] in 1902]]
[[File:Rumsen_body_parts.svg|thumb|Body parts in Rumsen]]

== History ==
One of eight languages within the [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone]] branch of the [[Utian languages|Utian family]], it became one of two important native languages spoken at the [[Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo]] founded in 1770, the other being the [[Esselen language]].

The last fluent speaker of Rumsen was [[Isabel Meadows]],<ref name="Hinton430">[https://books.google.com/books?id=nq5dzUTSiBsC&pg=PA430 Hinton 2001:430]</ref> who died in 1939. The [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] linguist [[John Peabody Harrington]] conducted very extensive fieldwork with Meadows in the last several years of her life. These notes, still mostly unpublished, now constitute the foundation for current linguistic research and revitalization efforts on the Rumsen language.<ref name="Hinton430" /> The Costanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe has been in the process of reestablishing their language. They have begun efforts to teach their tribal members Rumsen and are working to complete a revised English - Rumsen Dictionary.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} 

==Rumsen-speaking tribes==
Dialects of the Rumsen language were spoken by four independent local tribes, including the ''Rumsen'' themselves, the ''Ensen'' of the Salinas vicinity, the ''Calendaruc'' of the central shoreline of Monterey Bay, and the ''Sargentaruc'' of the [[Big Sur]] Coast. The territory of the language group was bordered by Monterey Bay and the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west, the [[Awaswas]] Ohlone to the north, the [[Mutsun]] Ohlone to the east, the [[Chalon people|Chalon]] Ohlone on the south east, and the [[Esselen]] to the south.<ref name="Milliken 1987">Milliken, Randall. 1987. ''Ethnohistory of the Rumsen''. Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.</ref>

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes<ref name="JPH Rumsen Notes">{{cite web|title=John Peabody Harrington Papers|url=http://collections.si.edu/search/slideshow_embedded?xml=%22http://sirismm.si.edu/naa/viewer/Harrington_mf2_r36_Gallery/viewer_Harrington_mf2_r36.xml%22|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705072206/https://collections.si.edu/search/slideshow_embedded?xml=%22http%3A%2F%2Fsirismm.si.edu%2Fnaa%2Fviewer%2FHarrington_mf2_r36_Gallery%2Fviewer_Harrington_mf2_r36.xml%22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!
! scope="col" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! scope="col" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! scope="col" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! scope="col" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! scope="col" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
| 
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|ṭ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| 
| {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|ts}}
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|č}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| 
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|ṣ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}}
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|x}}
| 
|-
! scope="row" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|rr}}
|
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel phonemes<ref name="JPH Rumsen Notes" />
!
! scope="col" align="center"|[[Front vowel|Front]]
! scope="col" align="center"|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! scope="row"align="center"|[[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|-
! scope="row" align="center"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
|-
! scope="row" align="center"|[[Open vowel|Open]]
| 
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɑ}} {{angbr|a}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Ohlone villages#Monterey Bay Area|Ohlone tribes and villages in the Monterey Bay Area]]
* [[Abalone]], which is an English word loaned from Rumsen

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat. 1994. Rumsen Seasonality and Population Dynamics. In ''The Ohlone Past and Present'', pp.&nbsp;183–197, Lowell J. Bean, editor. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press.
* Hackel, Steven W. 2005. ''Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769-1850''. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2988-9}}
* Hinton, Leanne. 2001. ''The Ohlone Languages'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nq5dzUTSiBsC&pg=PA425 The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice]'', pp.&nbsp;425–432. Emerald Group Publishing {{ISBN|0-12-349354-4}}.
* Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C: ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
* Levy, Richard. 1978. ''Costanoan'', in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', Vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. {{ISBN|0-16-004578-9}} / 0160045754, pages 485–495.
* Milliken, Randall. 1987. ''Ethnohistory of the Rumsen''. Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.
* Teixeira, Lauren. ''The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide''. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997. {{ISBN|0-87919-141-4}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.costanoanrumsen.org/ Costanoan Rumsen Chino Tribe]
*[http://www.ohlonecostanoanesselennation.org/ Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation Tribal Website]
*{{Cite web
| title = Rumsen / Southern Ohlone sound recordings
| work = Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution
| access-date = 2012-07-20
| url = http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?date.slider=&date.slider=&fq=online_media_type%3A%22Sound+recordings%22&fq=online_visual_material%3Atrue&q=&q=%22Tubatulabal%22&q=%22Chumash%22&fq=language:%22Ohlone%2C+Southern%22
}}
*[https://archive.org/stream/relaciondelviage00espi#page/172/mode/2up Spanish-Rumsen-Esselen Glossary], 1802

{{Ohlone}}
{{Languages of California}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rumsen Language}}
[[Category:Ohlone languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Salinas Valley]]
[[Category:History of Monterey County, California]]